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Controlled Temperature Short Sea Shipping As Feasible and Sustainable Alternative to Road Transport

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Controlled Temperature Short Sea Shipping As Feasible and Sustainable Alternative to Road Transport Faculty of Civil and Industrial Engineering Master Degree in Transport System Engineering A.Y. 2016/2017 CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE SHORT SEA SHIPPING AS FEASIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO ROAD TRANSPORT Supervisor: Candidate: Stefano Ricci Gabriele Pistilli External supervisor: Adriana Diaz Alonso For the preparation and elaboration of this thesis, special thanks to: - Adriana Diaz Alonso, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Eduard Rodes, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Viviana Zappa, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Concha Palacios, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Eva Marco, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Marta Miquel, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Xavier Lluch, Escola Europea – Intermodal Transport; - Melanie Chhuan, MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology; - Carles Rua Costa, Port de Barcelona; - Guim Compte, Port de Barcelona; - Nathalie Thomas, Port de Barcelona; - Juan Carlos Suari Aniorte, Universitat de Barcelona; - Aida Boix Gregori, Port Authority of Alicante; - Fernando Santamaria Libano, FRS; - Jesus Pena Martin, Port Authority of Malaga; - Santiago Muelas, GAM Grimaldi Agencies Maroc; - Philippe Guillaumet, Port Authority of Marseille Fos; - Francois Trouquet, Plateforme Multimodale MP2; - Juan Josè Aguilar Pacheco; Port Authority of Algeciras Bay. Contents INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED TRANSPORT ....................................................................... 7 1.1 PRECOOLING ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2 REFRIGERATION METHODS ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (CA) ........................................................................ 10 1.3 VESSELS AND VEHICLES ........................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 VESSELS ............................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 VEHICLES.............................................................................................................. 19 1.4 FERRIES AND SHORT SEA SHIPPING ........................................................................ 27 2. RULES AND LAWS ............................................................................................................ 33 2.1 EU LEGISLATION FOR PERISHABLE PRODUCTS ........................................................ 33 2.1.1 BIP/PIF ................................................................................................................. 34 2.2 ACCORD TRANSPORT PERISHABLE (ATP) ................................................................ 38 2.3 URS, SOP, SLA .......................................................................................................... 40 2.4 NEW ROAD TRANSPORT REGULATION.................................................................... 41 2.5 DRIVING TIME, BREAK AND REST PERIOD RULES FOR DRIVERS.............................. 42 2.6 MAXIMUM SULPHUR CONTENT .............................................................................. 43 2.7 MOROCCO AND EUROPEAN UNION ....................................................................... 44 3. PERISHABLE PRODUCTS MARKET AND EXCHANGES ....................................................... 46 3.1 SPANISH FREIGHT TRANSPORTS .............................................................................. 46 3.1.1 MARITIME TRANSPORT ....................................................................................... 47 3.1.2 ROAD TRANSPORT ............................................................................................... 48 4. PORTS AND MARKETS ..................................................................................................... 51 4.1 TANGER MED ........................................................................................................... 51 4.2 BAHIA DE ALGECIRAS .............................................................................................. 52 4.3 MALAGA .................................................................................................................. 55 4.4 MOTRIL .................................................................................................................... 56 4.5 ALICANTE ................................................................................................................. 57 4.6 VALENCIA ................................................................................................................. 58 4.7 BARCELONA ............................................................................................................. 59 4.8 SETE ......................................................................................................................... 61 4.9 MARSEILLE ............................................................................................................... 62 4.10 MERCAMADRID ............................................................................................... 63 4.11 SAINT CHARLES INTERNATIONAL MARKET ..................................................... 64 5. THE MODEL ..................................................................................................................... 66 5.1 MARITIME SIDE ....................................................................................................... 66 5.2 ROAD SIDE ............................................................................................................... 68 6. APPLICATION OF THE MODEL TO OUR CASE OF STUDY.................................................. 70 6.1 MARITIME SIDE ....................................................................................................... 70 6.1.1 DIRECT COST ........................................................................................................ 71 6.1.2 AIR POLLUTION COSTS ........................................................................................ 73 6.1.3 CLIMATE CHANGE COSTS .................................................................................... 81 6.1.4 COSTS OF UP AND DOWN STREAM PROCESSES ................................................. 89 6.1.5 TOTAL MARITIME COSTS ..................................................................................... 93 6.2 ROAD SIDE ............................................................................................................... 95 6.2.1 DIRECT COSTS ...................................................................................................... 96 6.2.2 EXTERNAL COSTS ............................................................................................... 103 6.2.3 TOTAL ROAD COSTS ........................................................................................... 106 6.3 TOTAL COSTS ......................................................................................................... 108 7. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED ................................................................................. 109 7.1 COMPARISON OF THE BEST CHOICES WITH THE ALGECIRAS ALTERNATIVE ......... 111 7.2 MARITIME TRANSPORT AS ALTERNATIVE TO ROAD TRANSPORT ......................... 115 8. CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................... 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 122 WEBSITES .............................................................................................................................. 125 INDEX OF TABLES................................................................................................................... 126 INDEX OF FIGURES................................................................................................................. 132 Introduction INTRODUCTION In recent years, the consumer demand of fruits and vegetables has been growing constantly. The worldwide growth of this particular industry is due primarily to the deregulation and liberalization of the market in many export countries, to the new preference of consumers for fresh, healthy, and natural products, and, most importantly, to the preference of consumers to have products available year- round instead of only seasonally. All of this is currently possible thanks to the current development of the so-called cold chain. The logistics, tracking, packaging, containers and state-of-the-art reservation systems can deliver perishable products in record times while ensuring that they are always perfectly preserved and still able for markets. Typical products that require this type of supply chain, in addition to fruit and vegetables, are pharmaceuticals, sea-related products, meat, cereals, milk and frozen goods. These are all goods, which are capable of deteriorating over time or after exposure to adverse temperature, humidity, or other environmental conditions. Protecting these valuable assets with proven, precise, and strict temperature control can save companies millions of dollars in lost inventory. For this reason, more than 50% of the producers of perishable goods prefer to contract the process of delivery externally from specific transport companies. This choice can lead to an increase of shelf price of up
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