ICONIC, You Said ? (Part One)

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ICONIC, You Said ? (Part One) ICONIC, You said ? (Part one) Moins majestueux que Buckingham Palace, moins gigantesques que the « House of Parliament », ces éléments « iconic » du quotidien anglais et dont il est question ici n’en demeurent pas moins attachés aux images et autres clichés que l’Angleterre peut projeter à travers le monde. A chaque séjour au Royaume-Uni, nous les croisons, les utilisons, les empruntons… Tout simplement, l’Angleterre ne serait pas tout à fait l’Angleterre sans eux. Peut-on en effet imaginer les rues de Londres sans ses cabines téléphoniques quadrillées de rouge écarlate, sans ses bus à impérial, ou bien encore sans ses boites aux lettres cylindriques ou ses taxis si typiques? S’ils font partie prenante du quotidien des Anglais, malgré une modernisation menaçante, connaissons-nous vraiment ces objets cultes ? Voici donc la petite histoire de ces incontournables. La cabine téléphonique ou red phone box La première cabine téléphonique (la K1) est apparue en 1921. Cette cabine avait une forme de pagode et fut reproduite à 1000 exemplaires. Le modèle K1 Il n’en reste de nos jours que de très rares exemplaires. Ce modèle ne fit pas l’unanimité, loin de là. The London Metropolitan Boroughs, organe politique gestionnaire du Grand Londres résista fortement à l’installation de ces cabines dans les rues de la ville. Pour cette raison, en 1924, la Poste anglaise décide de lancer un concours de design pour créer la futur cabine téléphonique qui deviendra la référence dans toute l'Angleterre. C'est l'architecte Sir Giles Gilbert Scott qui remportera le concours avec la cabine K2. Alignement de cabines K2, à Covent Garden La traditionnelle cabine téléphonique anglaise mesure 90 cm de large, et est haute de 2.40 mètres. Elle est construite en métal et pèse environ 700 kilos. La couleur rouge dont on les peint (poppy red) est juste un choix pragmatique afin qu’elles soient repérables de loin. Seule ombre au tableau, cette cabine (K2) revient tellement chère à produire, qu'elle sera assemblée uniquement pour la ville de Londres. En 1935, la K2 est détrônée par la cabine téléphonique de type K6, qui malgré ses fragilités et son aspect moins avantageux deviendra la cabine téléphonique la plus répandue en Angleterre. La cabine téléphonique K6 à été dessinée pour le jubilé d’argent du roi Georges V.Elle fut produite à un peu plus de soixante dix mille exemplaires disséminées dans tout le Royaume. Modèle K6, la cabine téléphonique la plus répandue au Royaume-Uni A ce jour, il ne reste que treize mille cabines qui sont considérées comme les joyaux de Sa Majesté. Comme en France, et partout en Occident, la concurrence du téléphone portable est implacable. Afin de ne pas les voir disparaitre du paysage anglais, deux mille d'entre elles ont même été classées monument historique. De nombreuses variantes existent dans les territoires autrefois colonies ou dans les dépendances de la couronne. Sur l’ile de Jersey, le modèle K6 est peint en crème et jaune alors qu’à Guenesey, on les trouve jaunes avec leur quadrillage vitré blanc. Cabines visibles à Chypres Une red phone box, couleur crême Aujourd'hui, une cabine téléphonique anglaise peut s'arracher à prix d'or, les personnes qui souhaitent en acquérir sont prêtes à débourser plus de 5000€ pour en avoir une dans leur salon. Les prix ne cessent d'augmenter. Les cabines sont modifiées en aquarium, bar, vitrine, bibiliothèque ou en cabine de douche. La célèbre cabine téléphonique rouge vif écrit aujourd'hui une nouvelle page de sa longue histoire. Le taxi anglais Parallèlement aux fiacres qui circulaient dans Londres (certains ont continué à exercer jusqu’aux années 1930-le dernier rendant sa licence en 1947), c’est en 1897 que Londres voit son premier taxi à moteur ... électrique ! Surnommé « le colibri » en raison de son bruit, le Bersey souffre de gros défauts : principalement son autonomie et ses coûts d'entretien. Premier taxi à moteur à essence, le Prunel (de fabrication française) fait son apparition à Londres en 1903. En 1906, la Compagnie Française des Automobiles de Place crée à Londres la General Motor Cab Company avec 500 véhicules Renault de couleur rouge, tous équipés de taximètre. Un concessionnaire automobile (Mann & Overton) importe un taxi français de marque Unic qui rencontre un grand succès. La fin de la Première Guerre Mondiale marque aussi la fin des grandes flottes de taxis. Beaucoup de fabricants se retirent trouvant le marché trop petit. C’est dans ce contexte que la William Beardmore & Co Ltd lance un nouveau taxi. En raison de sa robustesse et de son confort, il est rapidement connu comme étant la « Rolls-Royce des cabs ». Beardmore proposera divers modèles de taxis jusqu'en 1967. En 1929, Mann & Overton a l’idée de demander à Austin de modifier le chassis d’une voiture pour en faire un taxi. C'est le début d'une lignée à succès : Low Loader (1934), FX3 (1947), FX4 (1958), TXI (1997), TXII (2002), TX4 (2006). 1929 : High Lot En 1929, un concessionnaire automobile (Mann & Overton) a l’idée de demander à Austin de modifier le châssis d’une voiture (la 12 / 4) pour en faire un taxi et répondre aux normes imposées par la « London Conditions of Fitness » (notamment un rayon de braquage de 25 pieds, soit 7,62 mètres). Surnommé « High Lot » du fait de sa hauteur importante, ce taxi remporte un succès immédiat. 1934 : LL (Low Loader) Le succès du High Lot pousse Austin a sortir en 1934 une version « surbaissée » de ce taxi. Austin Low Loader Bon marché, fiable, facile à obtenir, le « LL » devient le taxi le plus répandu de la décennie. 1947 : FX3 La guerre a dévasté le secteur des taxis. En 1947, Mann & Overton, Carbodies, et Austin s'associent pour produire un nouveau taxi : le « FX3 ». D’abord livré avec un moteur à essence, il reçoit en 1952 un moteur diesel Ferguson. En 1954, Austin développe son propre moteur diesel de 2,2 litres. Comme ses prédécesseurs, il est caractérisé par un espace confortable réservé aux passagers et isolé du conducteur. Les bagages prennent place à la gauche du poste de conduite. Modèle Austin FX3 Le FX3 domine rapidement le marché des taxis londoniens. 1958 : LE FX4 Le « FX4 » fait ses débuts en 1958. Il prend la succession du FX3, mais garde en grande partie les particularités du FX3 (et des taxis d'avant-guerre) : un châssis séparé, un « compartiment à bagages » à gauche du chauffeur, un important volume accueillant les clients, des portes arrières « suicide » s'ouvrant à 90°, le fameux rayon de braquage de 25 pieds, etc.. Parmi les nouveautés, citons des freins hydrauliques, des strapontins pour deux passagers additionnels, et des commandes séparées (avant/arrière) de chauffage et d'éclairage. Ce sont toujours Mann & Overton, Carbodies, et Austin qui sont à l'origine du projet. Sa longévité en a fait « LE » taxi anglais. Construit pendant 39 ans sans changement esthétique, le FX4 bénéficie toutefois au fur et à mesure de « petites » transformations. À l'origine livré avec un moteur diesel 2.2, il est proposé avec une option d'essence en 1961. En 1982, Austin en grandes difficultés financières vend les droits de production du FX4 à Carbodies. Le moteur Austin est remplacé par un moteur Land Rover. La London Taxis International (LTI) est créée en 1984 par la Manganese Bronze Ltd, société propriétaire de Carbodies et de Mann & Overton. En 1989, le FX4 est fortement révisé. Un nouveau moteur Nissan de 2,7 litres et la possibilité d'accueillir une personne à mobilité réduite sur son fauteuil roulant en sont les principaux changements. 1997 : TX1 Le « TX1 » est lancé en 1997 pour remplacer le FX4 vieillissant tout en gardant ce qui en a fait le succès. Plus moderne, sa silhouette apporte une meilleure visibilité au chauffeur et un meilleur confort aux passagers. Son moteur reste le Nissan qui équipait le FX4 depuis 1989 . 2002 : TXII Le taxi de LTI devient « TXII » en 2002. Il intègre un moteur Ford de 2,5 litres pour de meilleures performances (+21% de couple). Mais la principale innovation reste une refonte majeure des suspensions pour supprimer (ou réduire) l’effet de roulis dans les virages. La ligne du véhicule reste celle du TX1. 2006 : TX4 Pour respecter les normes antipollution Euro 4, un nouveau moteur est utilisé : le diesel turbocompressé VM Motori. Le confort des passagers est aussi amélioré avec un nouveau système d’interphone et une climatisation (en option). Mais la carrosserie ne change pas ! Clin d'oeil au « 4 » de la norme, ce nouveau taxi prend le nom de « TX4 » (et non TX3). En 2008, le géant automobile chinois Geely sauve de la faillite LTI. Le TX4 est désormais fabriqué en Chine, au Venezuela, et en Afrique du Sud ... pour une clientèle bien éloignée de Londres. A savoir: Depuis 1831, le nombre de taxis n'est plus limité. Conducteur et véhicule doivent chacun disposer d'une licence. C'est à cette époque qu'est instauré le « Knowledge » pour les chauffeurs de taxi. Il s'agit pour eux de connaître les 25,000 rues de Londres, l’emplacement de lieux importants (hôpitaux, gares, hôtels, parcs, restaurants, gendarmeries, théâtres…). Il faut habituellement trois ans pour passer cet examen. Aucune loi n'impose aux taxis de Londres d'être de couleur noir. Jusqu'à la fin des années 1970, le FX3 puis le FX4 n'étaient proposés qu'en noir par souci d'économie. Depuis de nombreuses années, la publicité recouvre tout ou partie de la carrosserie des taxis londoniens. « Taxi » est une abréviation de taximètre. Le taximètre équipa les premiers « fiacres automobiles ».
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