Chapter 19. Heat Engines and Refrigerators That’S Not Smoke

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Chapter 19. Heat Engines and Refrigerators That’s not smoke. It’s clouds of water vapor rising from the cooling towers around a large power plant. The power plant is generating electricity by turning heat into work. Chapter Goal: To study the physical principles that govern the operation of heat engines and refrigerators.

Topics: • Turning Heat into Work • Heat Engines and Refrigerators • Ideal-Gas Heat Engines • Ideal-Gas Refrigerators • The Limits of Efficiency • The Carnot Cycle

A. Refrigerator B. Thermal motor C. Heat engine D. Carnot cycle E. Otto processor

A. the work done by the system during one complete cycle. B. the work done on the system during one complete cycle. C. the thermal energy change of the system during one complete cycle. D. the heat transferred out of the system during one complete cycle.

A. its design. B. the amount of heat that flows. C. the maximum and minimum pressure. D. the compression ratio. E. the maximum and minimum temperature.

A. Brayton cycle. B. Joule cycle. C. Carnot cycle. D. Otto cycle. E. Diesel cycle.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Turning Heat into Work • Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that studies the transformation of energy. • Many practical devices are designed to transform energy from one form, such as the heat from burning fuel, into another, such as work. • Chapters 17 and 18 established two laws of thermodynamics that any such device must obey.

• A heat engine is any closed-cycle device that extracts heat from a hot reservoir, does useful work, and exhausts heat to a cold reservoir. • A closed-cycle device is one that periodically returns to its initial conditions, repeating the same process over and over. • All state variables (pressure, temperature, thermal energy, and so on) return to their initial values once every cycle. • A heat engine can continue to do useful work for as long as it is attached to the reservoirs.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Heat Engines For practical reasons, we would like an engine to do the maximum amount of work with the minimum amount of fuel. We can measure the performance of a heat engine in terms of its thermal efficiency η (lowercase Greek eta), defined as

We can also write the thermal efficiency as

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. EXAMPLE 19.1 Analyzing a heat engine I

QUESTION:

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Refrigerators • Understanding a refrigerator is a little harder than understanding a heat engine. • Heat is always transferred from a hotter object to a colder object.

• The gas in a refrigerator can extract heat QC from the cold reservoir only if the gas temperature is lower than

the cold-reservoir temperature TC. Heat energy is then transferred from the cold reservoir into the colder gas.

• The gas in a refrigerator can exhaust heat QH to the hot reservoir only if the gas temperature is higher

than the hot-reservoir temperature TH. Heat energy is then transferred from the warmer gas into the hot reservoir.

QUESTION:

Everyone knows that heat can produce motion. That it possesses vast motive power no one can doubt, in these days when the steam engine is everywhere so well known. . . . Notwithstanding the satisfactory condition to which they have been brought today, their theory is very little understood. The question has often been raised whether the motive power of heat is unbounded, or whether the possible improvements in steam engines have an assignable limit. Sadi Carnot

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The Limits of Efficiency A perfectly reversible engine must use only two types of processes: 1. Frictionless mechanical interactions with no heat transfer ( Q = 0) 2. Thermal interactions in which heat is transferred in

an isothermal process ( ∆Eth = 0).

Any engine that uses only these two types of processes is called a Carnot engine .

A Carnot engine is a perfectly reversible engine; it has the

maximum possible thermal efficiency ηmax and, if operated as a refrigerator, the maximum possible

coefficient of performance Kmax .

The Carnot cycle is an ideal-gas cycle that consists of the two adiabatic processes ( Q = 0) and the two isothermal processes

(∆Eth = 0) shown. These are the two types of processes allowed in a perfectly reversible gas engine.

As a Carnot cycle operates,

1. The gas is isothermally compressed at TC. Heat energy QC = |Q12 | is removed. 2. The gas is adiabatically compressed, with Q = 0, until the gas temperature reaches TH. 3. After reaching maximum compression, the gas expands isothermally at temperature TH. Heat QH = Q34 is transferred into the gas. 4. The gas expands adiabatically, with Q = 0, until the temperature decreases back to TC.

Work is done in all four processes of the Carnot cycle, but heat is transferred only during the two isothermal processes. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The Maximum Efficiency

QUESTION:

work Wout performed by these four heat engines.

A. Wb > Wa > Wc > Wd B. Wd > Wa = Wb > Wc C. Wb > Wa > Wb = Wc D. Wd > Wa > Wb > Wc E. Wb > Wa > Wb > Wc

work Wout performed by these four heat engines.

A. Wb > Wa > Wc > Wd B. Wd > Wa = Wb > Wc C. Wb > Wa > Wb = Wc D. Wd > Wa > Wb > Wc E. Wb > Wa > Wb > Wc

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. It’s a really hot day and your air conditioner is broken. Your roommate says, “Let’s open the refrigerator door and cool this place off.” Will this work? A. Yes. B. No. C. It might, but it will depend on how hot the room is.

A. 4 B. 0.50 C. 0.10 D. 0.25

E. Can’t tell without knowing QC.

A. 4 B. 0.50 C. 0.10 D. 0.25

E. Can’t tell without knowing QC.

A. It violates the second law of thermodynamics. B. It violates the third law of thermodynamics. C. It violates the first law of thermodynamics. D. Nothing is wrong.

A. No. B. Yes. C. It’s impossible to tell without knowing what kind of cycle it uses.