DOCSLIB.ORG

Turkey's Transboundary Watercourses and the Euphrates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Turkey's Transboundary Watercourses and the Euphrates Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 1 TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS AND TURKEY Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 2 Proceedings of Conference on Transboundary Waters and Turkey This book consists of the papers submitted at the Transboundary Waters and Turkey Conference organized by Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering and realized in Istanbul on October 13, 2008. 1st Edition, February 2009, Istanbul Edited by Prof. Mehmet Karpuzcu (Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chairman) Prof. Mirat D. Gürol (San Diego State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering) Dr. Senem Bayar (Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering) Graphic design and pre-press production Burcu Kayalar Printing DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, İdari ve Mali İşler Dairesi Başkanlığı Matbaası Ankara All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, on any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN: 978-975-8316-18-2 © Organized by Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 3 TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS AND TURKEY Mehmet Karpuzcu Mirat D. Gürol Senem Bayar Gebze Institute of Technology Department of Environmental Engineering Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 4 Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee . 6 Opening Speeches, Invited Papers . 7 Preface . 8 International Dimension of Transboundary Watercourses Y. Yakış . 13 Turkey’s Transboundary Watercourses and the Euphrates-Tigris Basin Ü. Öziş, Y. Özdemir . 21 A Hydro-Climate Model of the Tigris-Euphrates Watershed for the Study of Water Balancces M. L. Kavvas, Z. Q. Chen, M. L. Anderson, N. Ohara, J. Y. Yoon . 61 The Euphrates-Tigris Rivers and the Determination of Turkey S. Oğuz . 79 Transboundary Waters in and Around Turkey, Historical Development, Legal Dimensionsand Proposed Solutions C. Zehir, M. E. Birpınar . 99 EU Water Framework Directive, Transboundary Rivers and Turkey İ. Kaya . 125 Water Issues and Hegemonic Policies İ. Kapan . 139 Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 6 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Prof. Ahmet Samsunlu (‹stanbul Technical University) Prof. Hasan Tosun (Eskiflehir Osmangazi University) Prof. Mehmet Karpuzcu (Gebze Institute of Technology) Doç. İsmail Koyuncu (‹stanbul Technical University) Dr. Senem Bayar (Gebze Institute of Technology) Senior Civil Engineer A. Cüneyt Gerek (State Hydraulic Works) Senior Civil Engineer Selami Oğuz (‹stanbul Metropolitan Municipality) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Alinur Büyükaksuy (Gebze Institute of Technology) Prof. Ayşegül Tanık (‹stanbul Technical University) Prof. Bilsen Beler Baykal (‹stanbul Technical University) Prof. Dr. İlter Turan (Bilgi University) Prof. Dr. Necdet Alpaslan (Dokuz Eylül University) Prof. Dr. Orhan Şahin (Gebze Institute of Technology) Prof. A. Ünal Şorman (Middle East Technical University) Doç. Cemal Zehir (Gebze Institute of Technology) Doç. Dr. Cengiz Toklu (Yeditepe University) Doç. Güleda Engin (Gebze Institute of Technology) Doç. Dr. Gün Kut (Bo€aziçi University) Doç. Dr. İbrahim Kaya (Çanakkale 18 Mart University) 6 Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 7 OPENING SPEECHES Prof. Mehmet Karpuzcu Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Prof. Oktay Tabasaran 5th World Water Forum Secretary General Prof. Hasan Zuhuri Sarıkaya Undersecretary, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Prof. Doğan Altınbilek Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering Prof. Hüseyin Pazarcı Member of Parliament from Bal›kesir, International Law Expert INVITED PAPERS Yaşar Yakış Member of Parliament from Düzce, Chairman of the EU Committee in the Turkish Parliament Prof. Ünal Öziş Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department Prof. Mustafa Levent Kavvas Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Dr. İsmail Kapan Türkiye Newspaper Senior Civil Engineer Selami Oğuz Istanbul Municipality Project Assessment Coordination Committee Assoc. Prof. Cemal Zehir Gebze Institute of Technology Faculty of Business Administration Assoc. Prof. İbrahim Kaya Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 7 Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 8 PREFACE Water, which has been the most essential matter for mankind’s survival since the beginning of its first existence, continues to be ever more important in our lives. Nothing is more indispensable than water in maintaining life on earth. Water also plays an important role in socio-economic development of nations. Therefore, it is crucial to use water effectively without wastage, and to develop the water resources properly on the way to developing of the nations. Unfortunately, the continuing increase in the world population, the disturbance of the ecological balance due to environmental pollution, and the changes in precipitation and stream flow patterns due to global climate change have further increased the need for water. In fact, the situation is most threatening in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Both surface and ground waters may flow over several official boundaries between countries, following natural courses before reaching their final destination. As a result, watersheds, or catchment basins that may concern more than a single country have emerged. Today, 236 such watersheds world-wide are being shared between two or more countries, and they are referred to in the literature as “transboundary waters”. The water body that is shared by the highest number of countries is Danube River with 17 riparian countries. These 236 transboundary waters serve about 50% of the world population settled in the lands that constitute 50% of the entire world. The transboundary ground waters (aquifers) are not even included in these figures. Hence, the likelihood of emergence of international conflicts over the transboundary waters is quite high. In order to minimize such conflicts, it will be necessary for the countries sharing the transboundary waters to collaborate towards the development of common projects for joint management of the water resources, for identification of real water needs over the entire watersheds, and for effective use of water. Over the last century, the world population has tripled, the world-wide water needs increased by seven folds, and the irrigable lands enlarged by six folds. In contrast, usable water resources have decreased in magnitude due to increased pollution of the resources. Accordingly, the trend is towards a higher water demand compared to the availability of usable water. The usage of water for different purposes, its transboundary characteristics, and the seasonal and locational variations in the availability of water supply have created tension among the users of these water resources. The change in global climate further exasperates the problem. 8 Engkitap6:Layout 1 2/26/09 3:56 PM Page 9 The major reasons for increasing conflicts are withdrawal of ground waters, water pollution, construction of dams and other water storage facilities, decisions related to flooding, and deviations in water beds. Yet, these are not the only reasons for the disputes. Increasing population, reducing available water, power disparity, political, economic and cultural dependences, ideological differences, and countries’ political structures all play a role in contributing to the tension. Water-related disputes instigated by so many different factors beg for answers from technical experts. Particularly, hydrologists can play an important role towards resolving the disputes among the nations sharing the transboundary watersheds by determining the real water budget in these watersheds. Hence, the first step towards resolutions should start with developing good relations and professional contact among the hydrologists from the riparian countries. Hydrologists and other water professionals can evaluate the entire watershed as a whole and exchange and collaboratively assess information obtained as a result of research and observations of the watershed. Especially, sharing information during the periods of flood, spill over and drought conditions becomes vital in development of trust. The riparian nations should pay attention to hydrologic inventory, the climate and morphology of the region, ground water resources, hydrogeology, soil characteristics, plant coverage, land use practices, rate of water withdrawal, wastewater discharge, and monitoring of quality and quantity of water resources. The distribution of hydrological conditions with respect to time and location should be recorded and the information should be shared among the riparian countries on order to understand the variations and stabilize them. The shared operation of the pollution control monitoring systems will help identify ecological impact and determine the common preventive measures to be taken. It is obvious that bringing together the technical experts of the riparian countries to manage the jointly planned projects will contribute towards elimination and/or resolution of the disputes. In addition, minimization of the disputes requires the water resources to be co-managed transparently by the riparian countries following a model jointly agreed upon. Particularly, hydrologists, ecologists, socio-economists and other groups from the riparian countries in arid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deficient Developmental Planning Leading to Water Conflicts Across Political Borders: the Way Forward
    Engineering, 2021, 13, 158-172 https://www.scirp.org/journal/eng ISSN Online: 1947-394X ISSN Print: 1947-3931 Deficient Developmental Planning Leading to Water Conflicts across Political Borders: The Way Forward Elias Salameh1, Nadhir Al-Ansari2* 1University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 2Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden How to cite this paper: Salameh, E. and Abstract Al-Ansari, N. (2021) Deficient Developmental Planning Leading to Water Conflicts across In this article, Turkey, Iran and Syria in the Middle East area are taken as Political Borders: The Way Forward. Engi- examples for deficient planning and development of water resources shared neering, 13, 158-172. with their downstream countries resulting in severe social, economic and polit- https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2021.133012 ical percussions to these neighbors. The current situation in the Middle East Received: February 24, 2021 with wars against terrorism, uprising of population groups, and COVID-19 Accepted: March 22, 2021 Pandemic have not allowed the affected countries Jordan, Iraq and Syria to Published: March 25, 2021 properly react to the assaults of upstream water development and diversions Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and on their fair shares in the transboundary waters. The rivers’ upstream deve- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. lopmental schemes have not taken advantages of recent advanced technolo- This work is licensed under the Creative gical knowhow of water efficient development and use, seemingly because the Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). arising water problems and catastrophes will not affect these upstream coun- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ tries, but their downstream neighbors.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 in Liver Transplant Recipients: 2
    1. Güven Hospital, Dept of Gastroenterology and Liver Transplantation, Ankara, Turkey COVID-19 in Liver Transplant Recipients: 2. Ege University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, İzmir, Turkey 3. Uludağ University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, Bursa, Turkey A National Cohort 4. Ankara University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey 5. Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, İzmir, Turkey 6. Medipol University School of Medicine, Dept of Liver Transplantation, İstanbul, Turkey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 G Kabaçam , İ Turan , M Kıyıcı , Z Melekoğlu Ellik , S Dolu , M Dayangaç , D Arı , D 7. Ankara City Hospital, Dept of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey Turan Gökçe7, E Yıldırım8, G Gençdal9, M Harputluoğlu10, A Kartal11, EK Dindar 8. Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, Gaziantep, Turkey Demiray12, F Gündüz13, İ Ergenç13, C Efe14, H Gökçan4, M Akdoğan Kayhan7, MT 9. Koç University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, İstanbul, Turkey 10. İnönü University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, Malatya, Turkey 8 9 15 16 17 18 5 Gülşen , M Akyıldız , Ç Arıkan , S Karademir , D Balcı , Z Dündar , M Akarsu , F 11. Kütahya Education and Research Hospital, Dept of Gastroenterology, Kütahya, Turkey Günşar2, Z Karasu2, R İdilman4 and the Turkish Association for the Study of the 12. Bitlis State Hospital, Dept of Infectious Diseases, Bitlis, Turkey Liver (TASL), Acute Liver Failure and Liver Transplantation Special Interest Group. 13. Marmara University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, İstanbul, Turkey 14. Harran University School of Medicine, Dept of Gastroenterology, Şanlıurfa, Turkey Scan to download the 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Shared Waters – Shared Opportunities World Water Day March 22 Transboundary Waters in the ESCWA Region
    Distr. LIMITED E/ESCWA/SDPD/2009/Technical material.1 2 March 2009 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) Shared Waters – Shared Opportunities World Water Day March 22 Transboundary Waters in the ESCWA Region UNITED NATIONS ESCWA The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps contained herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 09-0104 Abbreviations Used In Map Credits CNRSL Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research GORS General Organization of Remote Sensing BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources Introduction Shared water is a vital resource for many people around the world. In the ESCWA region, major shared rivers include the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates and Jordan. Many less well-known underground water reservoirs are also shared. Opportunities for negotiation and mutually beneficial use of water also exist in riparian countries, many based on principles of international law and resolutions on shared water. This fact sheet opens with an outline of the general principles of international water law and the major international conventions on shared water, before delineating the major transboundary river basins and shared water aquifers in the ESCWA region. In highlighting some of the most important transboundary water bodies in the region, it is hoped that increased focus and renewed effort will be exerted in creating cooperative agreements for better management of our most precious resource – water.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperation on Turkey's Transboundary Waters
    Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters Aysegül Kibaroglu Axel Klaphake Annika Kramer Waltina Scheumann Alexander Carius Status Report commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety F+E Project No. 903 19 226 Oktober 2005 Imprint Authors: Aysegül Kibaroglu Axel Klaphake Annika Kramer Waltina Scheumann Alexander Carius Project management: Adelphi Research gGmbH Caspar-Theyß-Straße 14a D – 14193 Berlin Phone: +49-30-8900068-0 Fax: +49-30-8900068-10 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.adelphi-research.de Publisher: The German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety D – 11055 Berlin Phone: +49-01888-305-0 Fax: +49-01888-305 20 44 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bmu.de © Adelphi Research gGmbH and the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2005 Cooperation on Turkey's transboundary waters i Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 Motive and main objectives ........................................................................................1 1.2 Structure of this report................................................................................................3 2 STRATEGIC ROLE OF WATER RESOURCES FOR THE TURKISH ECONOMY..........5 2.1 Climate and water resources......................................................................................5 2.2 Infrastructure development.........................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • The Maritsa River
    TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS Text of the intervention made by Mr. Yaşar Yakış Former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey During the INBO Conference Istanbul, 18 October 2012 TRASNBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF THE MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS ‐ Introduction ‐ The Maritsa River ‐ The Maritsa Basin ‐ Cooperation projects with Greece and Bulgaria ‐ Obligations under the EU acquis communautaire ‐ Need for trilateral cooperation ‐ Turkey and the Euphrates‐Tigris Basin ‐ Conclusion TRASNBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF THE MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS ‐ Introduction ‐ The Maritsa River ‐ The Maritsa Basin ‐ Cooperation projects with Greece and Bulgaria ‐ Obligations under the EU acquis communautaire ‐ Need for trilateral cooperation ‐ Turkey and the Euphrates‐Tigris Basin ‐ Conclusion TRASNBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF THE MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS ‐ Introduction ‐ The Maritsa River ‐ The Maritsa Basin ‐ Cooperation projects with Greece and Bulgaria ‐ Obligations under the EU acquis communautaire ‐ Need for trilateral cooperation ‐ Turkey and the Euphrates‐Tigris Basin ‐ Conclusion TRASNBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF THE MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS TRASNBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF THE MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS ‐ Introduction ‐ The Maritsa River ‐ 480 km long ‐ Tundzha, Arda, Ergene ‐ The Maritsa Basin ‐ Cooperation projects with Greece and Bulgaria ‐ Obligations under the EU acquis communautaire ‐ Need for trilateral cooperation ‐ Turkey and the Euphrates‐Tigris Basin ‐ Conclusion TRASNBOUNDARY IMPACTS OF THE MARITSA BASIN PROJECTS ‐ Introduction ‐ The Maritsa River ‐ The Maritsa Basin ‐ Flood potential
    [Show full text]
  • International Poplar Commission
    INTERNATIONAL POPLAR COMMISSION 25th Session Berlin, Germany, 13- 16 September 2016 Poplars and Other Fast-Growing Trees - Renewable Resources for Future Green Economies Synthesis of Country Progress Reports - Activities Related to Poplar and Willow Cultivation and Utilization- 2012 through 2016 September 2016 Forestry Policy and Resources Division Working Paper IPC/15 Forestry Department FAO, Rome, Italy Disclaimer Twenty-one member countries of the IPC, and Moldova, the Russian Federation and Serbia, three non-member countries, have provided national progress reports to the 25th Session of the International Poplar Commission. A synthesis has been made by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations that summarizes issues, highlights status and identifies trends affecting the cultivation, management and utilization of poplars and willows in temperate and boreal regions of the world. Comments and feedback are welcome. For further information, please contact: Mr. Walter Kollert Secretary International Poplar Commission Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 1 I-00153 Rome Italy E-mail: [email protected] For quotation: FAO, 2016. Poplars and Other Fast-Growing Trees - Renewable Resources for Future Green Economies. Synthesis of Country Progress Reports. 25th Session of the International Poplar Commission, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, 13-16 September 2016. Working Paper IPC/15. Forestry Policy and Resources Division, FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/forestry/ipc2016/en/.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blue Peace – Rethinking Middle East Water
    With support from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sweden Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Switzerland Political Affairs Div IV of the Federal Dept of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland C-306, Montana, Lokhandwala Complex, Andheri West, Mumbai 400 053, India Email: [email protected] Author : Sundeep Waslekar Project Director : Ilmas Futehally Project Coordinator and Principal Researcher : Ambika Vishwanath Research Analyst : Gitanjali Bakshi Creative Head : Preeti Rathi Motwani Research Advice and Review Group: Dr. Aysegul Kibaroglu (Turkey) Dr. Faisal Rifai (Syria) Dr. Marwan Haddad (Palestine Territories) Dr. Mohamed Saidam (Jordan) Prof. Muqdad Ali Al-Jabbari (Iraq) Dr. Selim Catafago (Lebanon) Eng. Shimon Tal (Israel) Project Advisory Group: Dr. Francois Muenger (Switzerland) Amb. Jean-Daniel Ruch (Switzerland) Mr. Dag Juhlin-Danfeld (Sweden) SFG expresses its gratitude to the Government of Sweden, Government of Switzerland, their agencies and departments, other supporters of the project, and members of the Research Advice and Review Group, for their cooperation in various forms. However, the analysis and views expressed in this report are of the Strategic Foresight Group only and do not in any way, direct or indirect, reflect any agreement, endorsement, or approval by any of the supporting organisations or their officials or by the experts associated with the review process or any other institutions or individuals. Copyright © Strategic Foresight Group 2011 ISBN 978-81-88262-14-4 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydropolitical Baseline of the Upper Jordan River
    "# ! #$"%!&# '& %!!&! !"#$ %& ' ( ) *$ +,-*.+ / %&0 ! "# " ! "# "" $%%&!' "# "( %! ") "* !"+ "# ! ", ( %%&! "- (" %&!"- (( .
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperation Among Adversaries. Regionalism in the Middle East
    Cooperation among adversaries. Regionalism in the Middle East. Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Trilingual Branch. Academic year 2009/10 Author: Supervisors: Katarzyna Krókowska Dagmar Röttsches – Dubois Matthias Wächter 1 Cooperation among adversaries. Regionalism in the Middle East. Katarzyna Krókowska Master (M.A) in Advanced European and International Studies Centre International de Formation Européenne Institut Européen des Hautes Études Internationales Trilingual Branch. Academic year 2009/10 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................................... 7 Understanding and explaining regional cooperation .................................................. 8 Chapter 1: International Relations theory: approaches to understanding regional cooperation .................................................................................................. 11 Realism ............................................................................................................................................................ 12 Transactionalism ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Game Theory ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1.1 Overview of Shared Surface Water Resources in Western Asia
    Overview of Shared Surface Water Resources in Western Asia Building Capacity for Accessing Disruptive Technologies for Improved Water Resources Management under Climate Change, Beirut, 14-15 January 2020 Joelle Comair Programme Associate Water Resources Section SDPD, ESCWA Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia The Inventory is: the first UN-led effort to take stock Objectives: of the region’s shared surface and • Identify, and document the state of shared water groundwater resources in a resources and their use comprehensive, systematic and standardized manner. • Improve the knowledge base and facilitate information access • Create awareness and stimulate informed dialogue within and between riparian countries Key Themes: • Support regional processes towards improved dialogue • hydrology, hydrogeology and cooperation over shared water resources • water resources development and use, • agreements and cross-border Launched in management efforts. September 2013 www.waterinventory.org [email protected] Euphrates River – Syrian Arab Republic Work Process & Methodology Overview Compilation of information • Pre-screening and compilation of the existing literature: ESCWA reports, regional literature, scientific publications, country papers, media reports, national statistics, national and regional maps, satellite imagery, etc to document and provide a comprehensive, descriptive analysis • Consultation with regional and international experts and involvement of ESCWA member countries through focal points for reviews and requests
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrology of Maritsa and Tundzha
    Hydrology of Maritsa and Tundzha The Maritsa/Meric River is the biggest river on the Balkan peninsular. Maritsa catchment is densely populated, highly industrialized and has intensive agriculture. The biggest cities are Plovdiv on the Bulgarian territory, with 650.000 citizens, and Edirne on the Turkish territory, with 231 000 citizens. The biggest tributaries are Tundzha and Arda Rivers, joining Maritsa at Edirne. Within Maritza and Tundja basin, a significant number of reservoirs and cascades were constructed for irrigation purposes, and for Hydro electricity production. The climatic and geographical characteristics of Maritsa and Tundja River Basins lead to specific run-off conditions: flash floods, high inter-annual variability, heavy soil erosion reducing the reservoirs' capacities through sedimentation, etc. The destructive forces of climatic hazards, manifesting themselves in the form of rainstorms, severe thunderstorms, intensive snowmelt, floods and droughts, appear to increase during recent years. After more than 20 years of relative minor floods during wet seasons, large floods started to occur more often since the end of the 90’s. Theses years of absence of large floods resulted in negligence of political action and financial investment for structural and non-structural flood mitigation measures and maintenance of the river bed and its embankments. 1 The morphology of both river systems is somewhat similar: Maritza flows between Pazarjik to Parvomay in a large flat plain where flood expansion would be very large if no dike contained the flows. However these dikes are not very well maintained out of the main cities, which actually protect them in a certain way ; In 2005 the large inundation upstream Plovdiv certainly prevented Maritza from overtopping the dikes in the city ! Downstream Parvomay, the relief becomes more hilly and the flood plains are more reduced in size until the Greek-Turkish borders where the plain becomes again wide and flat.
    [Show full text]
  • Congress of Language and Literature
    ııı. Uluslararası Dil ve Edebiyat Kongresi اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ واﻷدﺑﻴﺔ ııı. International Congress of Language and Literature Dil varoluşun evidir اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد Language is the home of existence Istanbul - Turkey 14-15 / 10 /2021 0090 539 700 63 02 [email protected] www.rimarcongress.com Rimar Academy Iğdır University ııI. International Research Congress of Language and Literature under the motto Language is the home of existence Contact us on WhatsApp 0090 539 700 63 02 sponsor This booklet is registered (ISBN - ISBN) in the Turkish Ministry of Culture Honorary Committee Mr. Amir KAPLAN Prof. Dr. Mehmet Hakkı ALMA Prof. Dr. Munir AL-SAADI Rector of Baghdad University رﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻳﻐﺪﻳﺮ Manager of Rimar Academy Rector of Iğdır University Turkey Turkey IRAQ Chairmen of committees Chairman of Chairman of Organizing Chairman of Consultative Committee Committee scientific committee Dr. Osman TÜRK اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر أﻧﻮر ﺗﻮرا Dr. Ahmet ADIGÜZEL Prof. Dr. Enver TÖRE Harran University ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أرﺗﻔﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﺮوه Iğdır University Artvin Coruh University Turkey Turkey Turkey Consultative Committee Prof. Dr. Salah Belaid Prof. Dr. Ali Salih HUSSEIN President of the Supreme Council for Rector of Aliraqia University the Arabic Language Algeria Iraq Prof. Dr. Muhtar KAZIMOĞLU Prof. Dr. Hajredin HOXHA Director of National Academy Rimar Academy of Sciences Institute of Folklore Kosova Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Khalil-M-H-ODEH An Najah National University Prof. Dr. Ghadir GÜLKARİAN Yakın Doğu University Palastine Cyprus Prof. Dr.Yacine BENABİD Dr. Nahidh Falih SULAIMAN Mohamed Lamin Debaghin University Diyala University Algeria Iraq Organizing Committee Prof. Dr. Mahmood Fawzi Abdullah ALKUBAISY Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]