The Hydropolitical Baseline of the Upper Jordan River - DocsLib

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Home , Aalma ech Chaab, Aitit, Banias River, Baraachit, Beit Yahoun, Chebaa (Hasbaiya)

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French Mandate Syria / Lebanon 1923 Israel ':; 6)51385 British Mandate Palestine 03788 358; Lebanon '2"8< ) Syria

1965 513850 2"82867 &85219$6378

1964 27 2"8 2867 &85219$6378

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“N. Banias” (Banias River

“N. Leddan” Liddan River (

“Lac du Houlé” (Huleh Lake) 01#! 8 % ,+ 1 L / L,<%'(-'4

#/ Hasbaya Springs

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#( Hasbani FRENCH MANDATE Hasbani FRENCH MANDATE Hasbani FRENCH MANDATE Hasbani Springs Hasbaya Springs Hasbaya Springs Hasbaya Springs Hasbaya LEBANON LEBANON LEBANON

Metulla Metulla Metulla Metulla Liddan Liddan Liddan Liddan Wazzani Wazzani Wazzani Wazzani Ghajar Springs Ghajar Springs Ghajar Springs Ghajar Springs Springs Springs Springs Springs Liddan Banias Liddan Banias Liddan Banias Liddan Banias River River River River Hasbani Banias Hasbani Banias Hasbani Banias Hasbani Banias River Banias Springs River Banias Springs River Banias Springs River Banias Springs River River River River

FRENCH MANDATE FRENCH MANDATE FRENCH MANDATE SYRIA SYRIA SYRIA

UPPER UPPER UPPER UPPER JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra

Huleh Huleh Huleh Huleh Lake Lake Lake Lake

BRITISH MANDATE BRITISH MANDATE BRITISH MANDATE PALESTINE PALESTINE PALESTINE

a) Pre-1916 b) 1916 Sykes- Lake of Lake of Lake of c) Border suggested Lake of d) 1923 border Ottoman Empire Picot border Tiberias Tiberias Tiberias by British in 1921 Tiberias

LOWER LOWER LOWER LOWER JORDAN RIVER JORDAN RIVER JORDAN RIVER JORDAN RIVER

Hasbani Hasbani LEBANON Springs Hasbaya LEBANON Springs Hasbaya

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ISRAEL ISRAEL

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“Mtelle” Banias demandée par the G’t anglais” (Metulla)

(Border adjustment requested by the English Goverment) ”Lac de Houlé ” (Hula Marshes) “Koneirtra” (Kuneitra)

par l’accord Sykes-Picot”

Sykes-Picot Agreement)

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Monthly and Annual Volumes in MCM (Hasbani springs station). Year Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Annual Volume 05-06 1.037 0.605 0.864 1.123 3.110 6.134 4.666 11.146 3.369 2.506 1.552 0.862 36.974 06-07 0.778 0.674 0.795 0.570 1.192 7.966 5.841 6.515 3.836 1.624 1.192 1.087 32.070 07-08 0.713 0.623 0.735 1.559 1.167 6.740 6.583 3.943 1.803 1.875 2.072 2.640 30.453 Monthly and Annual Volumes in MCM ( Fardiss Bridge). Year Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Annual Volume 68-69 0.389 0.445 0.451 28.687 51.170 26.720 17.741 9.482 4.317 3.142 2.677 1.547 146.768 69-70 1.102 0.923 0.713 1.221 6.935 5.175 17.876 5.107 2.477 1.814 0.933 0.335 44.611 71-72 0.630 0.633 0.593 2.507 6.606 11.098 4.556 4.419 3.495 2.029 1.185 0.600 38.351 72-73 0.425 0.370 0.215 0.276 0.720 1.575 8.054 1.941 0.924 0.293 0.088 0.027 14.908 73-74 0.013 0.013 0.448 1.216 11.415 11.985 17.763 10.231 3.747 1.791 0.576 0.244 59.442

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Table 2 Statistical analysis of daily streamﬂow (103 m3) in the three major tributaries of the Upper Jordan River for the period from 1/10/1969 to 31/10/2004 Station no. (IHS) Snir Hermon Dan 30122 30128 30131 Quantiles (103 m3) 100.0% Maximum 9244.8 5890.1 1070.3 99.5% 2824.9 1412.3 950.7 97.5% 1556.3 923.2 914.0 90.0% 786.7 604.8 867.2 75.0% Quartile 347.3 382.0 814.8 50.0% Median 147.0 198.7 714.4 25.0% Quartile 103.0 126.1 588.9 10.0% 78.6 97.0 452.5 2.5% 55.3 70.0 348.8 0.5% 44.1 62.2 289.5 0.0% Minimum 6.0 45.8 277.3 Moments (103 m3) Mean 324.37 291.47 690.10 Std deviation 448.84 255.21 156.10 Std error of mean 3.96 2.25 1.38 Upper 95% mean 332.14 295.89 692.81 Lower 95% mean 316.59 287.05 687.39 N 12,813 12,815 12,734

Annual streamflow (106 m3) 118 106 252 Annual baseflow (106 m3) 64 80 249 Annual surface flow (106 m3)54263 !'(81iVi! /#!(A#/( 1 #.("2,@,<*++4 0 !#*++@D*(

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285 860 100 Upper Jordan Syria 475

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4+ 1" 5 "" "" "" tq Sidon

Hassaniye Haret Saida Kfar Jarra Darb es Sim Qraiye Barti Tanbourit Aanqoun Ez Zahrani Aaddoussiye Kfar Melki Jbaa Baissariye Merouaniye Sarafand Mlikh Aaramta Sarba Jarjouaa Aazze Zefta Saksakiye Toufahta Rihane Insariye Habbouch Dlafy Kfour Babliye Louaiziye Khartoum Kaoukaba Hasbaiya Aadloun Kfar Roummane Doueir Blat Insar Aabba Marjayoun Ain Jerfa Kharayeb Harouf Cheba’a Fardis Hebbariye Arzay Jibchit Qlaiaa Qasmiye Zrariye Yohmor Kfar Hamam Braiqaa Ebel es Saqi

Kfar Sir Kfar Chouba Bourghliye Bedias Maaroub Mari Aalmane Khiam Aabbassiye Kfar Kila Borj ech Chmali Barich El Majidiye Ghandourieh Qantara Taibe Wazzani S Y R I A Tyre Jouaya Tallousa Aadaisse

Deir Qanoun Majdel Markaba Aitit Majdel Selm Soultanieh Siddiqine Houla Mansouri Aita El-Jabel Baraachit El Biyada Chaqra Sribbine Mheibib Chama’a Zabqine Beit Yahoun Tair Harfa Beit Lif aqoura Chihine Blida Jebbain Qaouzah Bent Jbail Aaitaroun Aalma ech Chaab Ramiya Yarine Maroun er Ras Aita Ech Chaab Yaroun Rmaich I S R A E L

Destruction of Housing Units S T A T E B O U N D A R I E S Totally destroyed C a z a Partially Destroyed Boundaries of occupied Cheba’a Farms equivalent to 1,800 units Severly damaged

Damages to Public Water Reservoirs 1 Reservoir Damaged Reservoir 2 Reservoirs Destroyed Reservoir Damages to housing units: UNHCR 2006 and GOL 2006; Damages to water reservoirs: 3 Reservoirs SLWE (2006), Water and Sanitation Cluster 2006 (UNICEF). Administrative boundaries: 4 Reservoirs Database of the National Master Plan for Lebanon, 2005. Mapping: Doris Summer, 2011. 53GD1qVg. 7.B " *++@ 5 %5$

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Zionist - increased Jewish Is:-state development Is: stability of water supply (quantity and quality) immigration to Palestine, water and security link Leb: state development Leb: Liberation Leb: state development FMS ff Syr: Liberation of Palestine, : State-building e orts Syr Syr: Bargaining advantage needs of Palestinian refugees : Independence

Zionist: lobbying of British and French; Is : development; military Is: occupation Is: deterrence (’remote control’) appropriation of water within Palestine; action; negotiation agricultural development; Leb: development; negot’n Leb: none, some resistance Leb: development Syr: development; military Syr: Some lobbying of French authorities Syr: none Syr: negotiation action; negotiation

Is: link between water and security Zionist: increasing ‘absorption capacity’ (scarcity + hydro-strategic) Leb: none Leb: Israel is stealing Lebanese water Syr Syr : none : Arab Nationalism; Syr: Arab Nationalism; independence Syr: Access to Lake of Tiberias Liberation of Palestine

Is: diplomacy; lobbying Is: military force; threats; Is: military force Is: military force Is: military force; threats; diplomacy diplomacy Leb Leb: military force; appeals to : diplomacy; lobbying Leb Leb: none : persuasion? 3rd parties Leb: appeals to 3rd parties Syr: diplomacy; lobbying Syr Syr: none : military force; threats Syr: none Syr: bargaining power

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1948 - 1967: no hegemon (control contested)

LEBANON SYRIA ISRAEL

RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION POSITION POTENTIAL POSITION POTENTIAL POSITION POTENTIAL

1967 - 2000: Israel as basin hegemon (control through dominance)

LEBANON SYRIA ISRAEL

POWER POWER RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION RIPARIAN EXPLOITATION RIPARIAN EXPLOITATION POSITION POTENTIAL POSITION POTENTIAL POSITION POTENTIAL

2000 - 2011: Israel as basin hegemon

LEBANON SYRIA ISRAEL

RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION RIPARIAN POWER EXPLOITATION POSITION POTENTIAL POSITION POTENTIAL POSITION POTENTIAL

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