Een Vergelijkende Analyse Met De Pende Opstand (1931)

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Een Vergelijkende Analyse Met De Pende Opstand (1931) Willem Wostyn Tweede licentie geschiedenis Academiejaar 2007-2008 Universiteit Gent DE OPSTAND IN DE DISTRICTEN LAC LÉOPOLD II EN SANKURU (1931-1932). Een vergelijkende analyse met de Pende opstand (1931). Promotor: Prof. Dr. Luc François Co-promotor: Prof. Dr. D. Vangroenweghe Verhandeling, voorgelegd ter verkrijging van de graad van licentiaat in de geschiedenis door Willem Wostyn. 1 Inhoudstabel Voorwoord.......................................................................................................3 I. Inleiding.......................................................................................................4 1.1. Probleemstelling......................................................................................5 1.2. Bronnen.....................................................................................................7 1.3. Structuur van de verhandeling...............................................................8 II. Deel 1: Opstand in de districten Lac Léopold II en Sankuru.........12 2.1. Bevolking en gebied...............................................................................13 2.1.1. Inleiding........................................................................................................13 2.1.2. Mongo etnie..................................................................................................14 2.1.2.1. Dengese-territorium 2.1.2.2. Kole-territorium 2.1.3. Territoriale organisatie...............................................................................20 2.1.4. Korte voorgeschiedenis..............................................................................25 2.2. Oorzaken.................................................................................................28 2.2.1. Inleiding........................................................................................................28 2.2.2. Territorium overschrijdende oorzaken....................................................29 2.2.2.1. Economische crisis van de jaren „30 2.2.2.2. Nkisi 2.2.2.3. Simba Bomosongo 2.2.3. Dengese-territorium....................................................................................38 2.2.3.1. Politiek 2.2.3.2. Economisch 2.2.4. Kole-territorium...........................................................................................45 2.2.4.1. Politiek 2.2.4.2. Economisch 2.2.5. Belgische visie..............................................................................................50 2.2.6. Besluit............................................................................................................53 2.3. Verloop.....................................................................................................56 2.3.1. Evenaarsprovincie.......................................................................................56 2.3.1.1. District Lac Léopold II 2.3.1.2. Equateur-district 2.3.2. Kasaï-provincie............................................................................................65 2.3.2.1. Sankuru-district 2.3.2.2. Kasaï-district 2.3.3. Gemeenschappelijke militaire operatie…………......………………….74 2.3.3.1. Militaire operatie onder Majoor Mauroy 2.3.3.2. Verloop 2 2.4. Algemene situatie begin 1932...............................................................86 2.4.1. Inleiding........................................................................................................86 2.4.2. Evenaarsprovincie.......................................................................................87 2.4.2.1. District Lac Léopold II 2.4.2.2. Equateur- district 2.4.3. Kasaï-provincie............................................................................................94 2.4.3.1. Sankuru-district 2.4.3.2. Kasaï-district 2.5. Besluit......................................................................................................98 III. Deel 2: Vergelijking met de opstand van de Pende in het Kwango district...............................................................................101 3.1. Pende-opstand......................................................................................102 3.1.1. Inleiding......................................................................................................102 3.1.2. Oorzaken.....................................................................................................103 3.1.2.1. Politiek 3.1.2.2. Economisch 3.1.3. De repressie van de opstand....................................................................107 3.1.4. Besluit..........................................................................................................112 3.2. Vergelijking met de opstand van de Dengese...................................114 3.2.1. Oorzaken.....................................................................................................114 3.2.2. Verloop........................................................................................................116 3.2.3. Maatregelen................................................................................................118 IV. Algemeen Besluit.................................................................................121 Bibliografie.................................................................................................126 Kaarten.........................................................................................................128 3 Voorwoord Deze verhandeling kwam tot stand dankzij de hulp van een aantal mensen. Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn promotor Professor Dr. Luc François oprecht bedanken voor de tijd die hij vrijmaakte om mijn onderzoek bij te sturen. Ook mijn co-promotor Prof. Dr. Vangroenweghe ben ik erg dankbaar voor zijn opmerkingen en suggesties. Deze verhandeling vormt het eindpunt van vier boeiende jaren de ik aan de universiteit van Gent heb mogen beleven. Ik wil dan ook nog mijn ouders bedanken voor de kans die ze me gegeven hebben. Tenslotte gaat mijn dank uit naar de mensen die hielpen met de opmaak en het corrigeren van deze verhandeling. 4 I. INLEIDING 5 1.1. Probleemstelling Deze licentiaatsverhandeling stelt zich tot doel een vergelijkende analyse te maken van twee grote opstanden in het interbellum: de opstand van de Pende in het Kwango-district (1931) en de opstand in de districten Lac Léopold II en Sankuru (1931-32). De Pende-opstand situeerde zich in het Kwango-district (Kasaï-provincie) en dan vooral in de Kikwit en Kandale territoria. Enkele gewelddadige incidenten in mei 1931 worden algemeen gezien als het beginpunt van de opstand, begin september 1931 normaliseerde de situatie opnieuw. De opstand in de districten Lac Léopold II (Evenaarsprovincie) en Sankuru (Kasaï- provincie) begon met een hinderlaag in het Dengese-territorium op een territoriaal administrateur op 21 augustus 1931. Het duurde tot het begin van 1932 voor de situatie in alle gebieden weer onder controle was. De twee bevolkingsgroepen, die hoofdzakelijk betrokken waren in de opstand, waren de Dengese en de Basongo- meno. De Dengese bevolkten het Dengese-territorium in het district Lac Léopold II, de Basongo-meno het Kole-territorium in het Sankuru-district. De etnische scheidingslijnen kwamen echter niet overeen met de administratieve grenzen. Zoals we zullen zien waren de Basongo-meno nauw verwant met de Dengese en leefde er een belangrijke minderheid Dengese in het Kole-territorium. Om die reden prefereren we dan ook om van de Dengese-opstand te spreken. Beide revoltes kenden een lichte uitbreiding naar andere territoria, maar voornoemde gebieden vormden de kern van de opstand. Dit onderzoek biedt in eerste instantie een gedetailleerde studie van de Dengese- opstand. Hierna maken we aan de hand van de bestaande literatuur een synthese van de Pende-revolte. Ik probeer via een vergelijking van beide opstanden tot een aanzet van typologie van opstanden te komen. Een antwoord wordt gezocht op o.a. volgende onderzoeksvragen: Waren er gemeenschappelijke oorzaken die aan de basis lagen van het verzet? Onder welke vorm manifesteerde dit verzet zich? 6 Verschilde de aanpak van de koloniale autoriteiten? Was deze aanpak effectief? Wat was de balans? Welke maatregelen werden er in de verschillende gebieden genomen om dergelijke problemen in de toekomst te voorkomen? Wat waren de gevolgen voor de autochtone bevolking? Heeft de Pende-opstand de Dengese- opstand beïnvloed - rekening houdend met de chronologische en geografische nabijheid van de feiten? De effecten van de globale economische crisis in het begin van de jaren dertig vallen in deze casussen moeilijk te onderschatten. De vraag is hoe en in welke mate de effecten van de crisis door de autochtone bevolking gevoeld werden. Onderzoek heeft reeds aangetoond dat de crisis in de kolonie tot een verhoogd passief verzet en zelfs tot een aantal gewelddadige opstanden heeft geleid. De opstanden van de Pende en de Dengese dienen dan ook in deze context gesitueerd te worden. Er werd lange tijd verkondigd dat bij de overgang van de Congo Vrijstaat naar Belgisch Congo de situatie vreedzaam was en er van politiek verzet geen sprake was. Het Belgische paternalistische beleid leidde, volgens de autoriteiten, tot een praktisch onmiddellijke en volledige installatie van de “Pax Belgica”.1 Nollet poneert in haar licentieverhandeling dat de “Pax Belgica” veeleer als ideologie dan als werkelijkheid binnen het koloniale systeem fungeerde. Onderzoeken naar actief en passief verzet tijdens het interbellum tonen aan dat subversieve handelingen door de gekoloniseerde Congolezen binnen
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