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PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 26 March, 2002) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 7 SUMMARY 7 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 10 BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT 10 THE BUILD-UP TO THE 1996-1998 CIVIL WAR 10 MOBUTU DEFEATED AND KABILA EMERGES TO POWER (MAY 1997) 12 RECOVERY FROM THE 1996-1997 CIVIL WAR INTERRUPTED BY REBELLION AGAINST KABILA (1998-1999) 12 OVERVIEW OF THE VARIOUS ARMED CONFLICTS ONGOING IN DRC (2001-2002) 14 WARRING PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE POST-AUGUST 1998 CONFLICT: AN OVERVIEW 16 PROTRACTED LEADERSHIP STRUGGLE WITHIN THE RCD/ML CAUSES TOTAL COLLAPSE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN THE NORTH-EAST (2000-2002) 21 LUSAKA CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT AND NEW PRESIDENT FOLLOWING ASSASSINATION OF KABILA IN JANUARY 2001 (1999-2001) 24 ONE OF THE DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE CONFLICT IS CONTROL OVER DRC'S NATURAL RESOURCES (2001-2002) 26 SOME PROGRESS IN THE DISARMING OF THE MILITIA AND WITHDRAWAL OF FOREIGN FORCES (SEPT 2001-FEB 2002) 28 INTER CONGOLESE DIALOGUE BETWEEN CONGOLESE ARMED REBEL MOVEMENTS, CIVILIAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND ORGANIZED CIVIL SOCIETY BUT STILL NO PEACE (2001-2002) 29 MAIN CAUSES FOR DISPLACEMENT 30 MAJOR DISPLACEMENTS DURING 1997 CIVIL WAR AND DURING ARMED REBELLION IN THE EAST AGAINST KABILA (1997-2001) 30 FIGHTING BETWEEN VARIOUS ARMED GROUPS CAUSES DESPERATE DISPLACEMENT SITUATION IN THE KIVUS ( 2000-2002) 32 IN THE KIVUS RCD-GOMA TROOPS AND HUTU ARMED GROUPS CAUSE MASSIVE DISPLACEMENT TO EXPLOIT RESOURCES MORE EASILY (2001) 34 IN MANIEMA PEOPLE FLEE VIOLENT CLASHES BETWEEN MAYI MAYI AND RCD FORCES (2001- 2002) 34 VIOLENT CONFLICT BETWEEN THE HEMA AND LENDU PEOPLE IN THE ORIENTALE PROVINCE HAS CAUSED MAJOR DISPLACEMENTS SINCE JUNE 1999 (1999-2002) 35 FIGHTING BETWEEN UGANDAN AND RWANDAN TROOPS IN KISANGANI CAUSED SUBSTANTIAL DISPLACEMENT IN JUNE 2000 (2000-2002) 37 PEOPLE FLEE FIGHTING AT THE FRONTLINE IN THE EQUATEUR PROVINCE (2000) 38 PEOPLE FLEE FIGHTING AT THE FRONTLINE IN THE KATANGA PROVINCE (1998-2001) 39 MANY DISPLACED WHO HAD FOUND REFUGE IN GOMA HAD TO FLEE AGAIN WHEN THE NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO ERUPTED (FEB 02) 40 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES 42 TOTAL NATIONAL FIGURES 42 2,275,111 IDPS AS OF FEBRUARY 2002 42 OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS INCLUDE ABOUT 200,000 PEOPLE WHO LIVE HIDDEN AND ARE TOTALLY DESTITUTE (FEB 2002) 42 OVER 2 MILLION IDPS IN DRC BY END OF SEPTEMBER 2001 42 960,000 IDPS IN DRC BY END OF 1999 43 500,000 IDPS IN DRC BY END OF 1998 44 100,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1997 44 400,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1996 45 UN OCHA'S RENEWED EFFORTS TO GATHER PRECISE DATA ON THE NUMBER OF IDPS DESPITE DIFFICULTIES (2001) 45 DISAGGREGATED FIGURES 46 DISTRIBUTION OF IDPS BY PROVINCE (JULY 99-FEB 2002) 46 DISPLACEMENT IN THE MANIEMA PROVINCE (2001-2002) 47 DISPLACEMENT IN THE KATANGA PROVINCE (2000-2001) 47 DISPLACEMENT IN THE ORIENTALE PROVINCE (2001-2002) 48 DISPLACEMENT IN THE NORTH KIVU PROVINCE (2001-2002) 49 DISPLACEMENT IN THE SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE (2001-2002) 49 DISPLACEMENT IN THE EQUATEUR PROVINCE (2001-2002) 50 DISPLACEMENT IN THE EASTERN KASAI PROVINCE (2000-2002) 51 DISPLACEMENT IN THE WESTERN KASAI PROVINCE (2001-2002) 52 DISPLACEMENT IN KINSHASA PROVINCE (2001-2002) 52 THE CIVIL WAR HAS CAUSED A LARGE NUMBER OF DISPLACED AND UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN (1999-2000) 52 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 54 GENERAL 54 IN NORTH KIVU, LARGE-SCALE DISPLACEMENT FROM AREAS RICH IN MINERAL WEALTH (2001) 54 CHANGED FRONTLINE AND STRATEGY BY ARMED GROUPS IN SOUTH KIVU MAKE THE DISPLACED FLEE GREATER DISTANCES (2000-2001) 54 IDPS REMAIN CLOSE TO THEIR PLACES OF ORIGIN (1999-2000) 55 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 57 GENERAL 57 RAPE OF GIRLS AND WOMEN OF ALL AGES HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY USED BY ALL FORCES (2000- 2002) 57 ATTACKS ON ORGANISED IDP CAMPS IN NORTH KIVU IN 2000 58 DISPLACED CHILDREN NEED PROTECTION FROM RECRUITMENT BY ARMED GROUPS (2001) 59 REBEL AUTHORITIES AND ARMED GROUPED FIGHTING ON THE SIDE OF THE GOVERNMENT ALL COMMIT HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES (2000-2002) 61 2 THE BANYAMULENGE (TUTSI) COMMUNITY IN THE KIVUS IS THREATENED BUT RECEIVES LITTLE PROTECTION FROM RCD-GOMA (2001) 62 SEVERAL IDP GROUPS SUBJECTED TO FORCED LABOUR (2000) 63 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 64 GENERAL 64 INDICATORS SHOW MORE PRESSING SUBSISTENCE NEEDS IN 2001 THAN IN 2000 (2001-2002) 64 CIVIL WAR INFLICTS UNBEARABLE HARDSHIP ON WOMEN (2000-2001) 65 IDPS SEEKING SHELTER IN THE FOREST CONSTITUTE BE THE MOST VULNERABLE IDP GROUP (2000) 66 HEALTH 67 OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN KATANGA PROVINCE (2001-2002) 67 COPING CAPACITIES OF HEALTH AUTHORITIES GREATLY REDUCED FOLLOWING VOLCANO ERUPTION NEAR GOMA (2002) 67 IDPS ARE MORE EXPOSED TO HIV/AIDS INFECTION AS A RESULT OF THE CONFLICT (2001-2002) 67 WHO SAYS CLEAR SHIFT TO PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH NEEDED TO FOCUS ON THE MAIN KILLER CONDITIONS (2000-2001) 68 CONFLICT CAUSES DEGRADATION OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM (1999-2001) 69 APPALLING HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG IDPS IN SOUTH KIVU (2000-2002) 71 VIOLENCE IS MAKING FAMILIES MORE VULNERABLE TO DISEASES SAY SURVEYS IN EQUATEUR AND KATANGA PROVINCES (2001) 72 IDPS OFTEN LIVED IN PARTICULARLY INSANITARY CONDITIONS (2001) 74 NUTRITION AND FOOD 74 MALNUTRITION ON THE INCREASE AMONG IDPS (2000-2002) 74 MALNUTRITION OF SMALL CHILDREN IN BARAKA (TERRITORY OF FIZI, SOUTH KIVU) (FEB 2002) 76 IN THE KIVUS NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT SHOWED THAT HOST FAMILIES AND IDPS ARE MALNOURISHED (OCT 2001) 76 UN AGENCIES ASSESS FOOD NEEDS IN CITY OF NORTH KIVU (2001) 76 IN KATANGA PROVINCE, WIDESPREAD MALNUTRITION REPORTED AMONG IDPS AND THE POPULATION IN GENERAL (2001) 77 CRITICAL FOOD SITUATION IN KINSHASA DUE TO THE WAR AND INFLUX OF IDPS (2001) 78 IN MANIEMA PROVINCE, IDPS HIDING IN THE FOREST ARE DYING OF DISEASE AND MALNUTRITION (JULY 2001) 80 EVIDENT SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG IDPS IN ITURI (MARCH 2000) 80 ALARMING HIGH MALNUTRITION RATES AMONG DISPLACED AND OTHER CHILDREN (2001-2002) 81 SHELTER 82 IDPS IN EASTERN DRC SEEK SHELTER IN TOWNS (2000) 82 MAJORITY OF IDPS ARE NOT HOUSED IN CAMPS BUT HAVE MERGED INTO HOST COMMUNITIES (1999-2000) 83 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 84 GENERAL 84 FOLLOWING VOLCANO IRRUPTION 45 SCHOOLS DESTROYED IN GOMA LEFT TEMPORARILY SOME 24,000 CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL (FEB 2002) 84 3 400,000 DISPLACED CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE HAVE NO ACCESS TO BASIC EDUCATION (2001) 84 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 86 GENERAL 86 DETERIORATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION DUE TO THE WAR (2001-2002) 86 MANY DISPLACED WOMEN HAVE BECOME THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD (2001) 87 ORPHANED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN, ESPECIALLY YOUNG GIRLS, ARE EXPOSED TO NEGLECT AND ABUSE (DECEMBER 2000) 88 DISRUPTION OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND COPING MECHANISMS 88 KISANGANI POPULATION, INCLUDING IDPS, IS STILL COPING WITH TRAUMA OF JUNE 2000 WAR (2001) 88 DISPLACEMENT ADDS ADDITIONAL PRESSURE ON MECHANISMS FOR SELF-RELIANCE OF HOST FAMILIES (1997-2001) 89 COPING AND SURVIVAL MECHANISMS OF IDPS IN SOUTH KIVU (2000) 91 MILITARY OPERATIONS CAUSE GENERAL DETERIORATING FOOD SECURITY (1999-2000) 92 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 93 GENERAL 93 62% OF WOMEN IN DRC MARRY UNDER CUSTOMARY LAW AND CANNOT GET INHERITANCE PRIORITY (OCT 2001) 93 PROPERTY ISSUES 94 GENERAL 94 IDPS FROM BUNIA AREA (ORIENTALE PROVINCE) MAY LOSE THEIR LAND IF DO NOT RETURN HOME WITHIN A MONTH (2001) 94 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 95 GENERAL 95 IRC SURVEY SAYS THAT 43% OF DISPLACED PERSONS WHO FLED MT NYIRAGONGO ERUPTION DO NOT WANT TO RELOCATE WEST OF GOMA (2001) 95 WITH THE CEASEFIRE HOLDING, IDPS ARE STARTING TO GO HOME (2001) 95 HUMANITARIAN ACCESS 97 LIMITATION OF ACCESS CAUSED BY THE CONFLICT 97 IMPROVED ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT CONTROLLED-AREAS BUT DECREASED ACCESS IN REBEL- HELD AREAS (2001-2002) 97 INCREASED DIFFICULTY TO REACH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN MANIEMA PROVINCE (FEB 2002) 98 FREQUENT ATTACKS ON RELIEF WORKERS HINDERS THE DELIVERING OF ASSISTANCE TO THE DISPLACED (2000-2002) 99 4 HUMANITARIAN ACCESS REDUCED DURING 2000 100 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES 102 NATIONAL RESPONSE 102 GOVERNMENT'S DECISION TO ALLOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT IN THE ENTIRE COUNTRY AIMS TO FACILITATE THE RETURN OF THE DISPLACED (2001) 102 RCD-GOMA AUTHORITIES START TAXING HUMANITARIAN DONATIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY (SEPTEMBER 2001) 102 INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 103 UN MECHANISMS FOR COORDINATION (1999-2001) 103 DEPLOYMENT OF UN MISSION, MONUC, TO HELP IMPLEMENTING LUSAKA AGREEMENT AND MONITOR SECURITY CONDITIONS (1999-2002) 104 UN SECURITY COUNCIL DEFINES NEW APPROACH TO BE TAKEN BY MONUC (FEBRUARY 2001) 107 UN AND NGO SUB-OFFICES TO GET CLOSER TO ISOLATED IDP COMMUNITIES AND OTHER VULNERABLE POPULATIONS (2000-2001) 108 PRINCIPLES OF ENGAGEMENT FOR EMERGENCY HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN THE DRC (NOVEMBER 1998) 109 UN RESPONSE 112 2002 UNITED NATIONS CONSOLIDATED INTER-AGENCY APPEAL: PROJECT REQUIREMENTS AND STRATEGY 112 REVISION OF 2002 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL FOLLOWING ERUPTION OF NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO (FEBRUARY 2002) 116 RESPONSE TO HUMANITARIAN NEEDS FOLLOWING ERUPTION OF NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO
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  • The Evolution of an Armed Movement in Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project

    The Evolution of an Armed Movement in Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project

    RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT UNDERSTANDING CONGOLESE ARMED GROUPS FROM CNDP TO M23 THE EVOLUTION OF AN ARMED MOVEMENT IN EASTERN CONGO rift valley institute | usalama project From CNDP to M23 The evolution of an armed movement in eastern Congo jason stearns Published in 2012 by the Rift Valley Institute 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1Df, United Kingdom. PO Box 30710 GPO, 0100 Nairobi, Kenya. tHe usalama project The Rift Valley Institute’s Usalama Project documents armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The project is supported by Humanity United and Open Square and undertaken in collaboration with the Catholic University of Bukavu. tHe rift VALLEY institute (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. tHe AUTHor Jason Stearns, author of Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa, was formerly the Coordinator of the UN Group of Experts on the DRC. He is Director of the RVI Usalama Project. RVI executive Director: John Ryle RVI programme Director: Christopher Kidner RVI usalama project Director: Jason Stearns RVI usalama Deputy project Director: Willy Mikenye RVI great lakes project officer: Michel Thill RVI report eDitor: Fergus Nicoll report Design: Lindsay Nash maps: Jillian Luff printing: Intype Libra Ltd., 3 /4 Elm Grove Industrial Estate, London sW19 4He isBn 978-1-907431-05-0 cover: M23 soldiers on patrol near Mabenga, North Kivu (2012). Photograph by Phil Moore. rigHts: Copyright © The Rift Valley Institute 2012 Cover image © Phil Moore 2012 Text and maps published under Creative Commons license Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/nc-nd/3.0.