2014 Calendar

Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries DOGAMI APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION LIDAR

•Resource Mapping Lidar (light detection and ranging) is a remote sensing technique similar to radar that uses light pulses instead of Base topographic maps radio waves. Lidar is typically “flown” or collected from planes and rapidly produces a large collection of very Geologic mapping dense and accurate elevation points (up to 500,000 per second) over a large area. The product can be used to Shoreline monitoring generate three-dimensional representations of the Earth’s surface and its features. Aggregate monitoring & permitting Mine site reclamation The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) uses lidar to create new-generation maps Mineral exploration that are more accurate and comprehensive than any in the past. DOGAMI, via the Oregon Lidar Consortium, is Geothermal development continually acquiring new lidar data throughout Oregon. This calendar provides a sampling of the kinds of infor- mation that can be obtained with lidar. •Asset Mapping Building extraction State-owned facilities Essential & critical facilities Utilities & energy site development Population distribution Transportation corridors

•Natural Hazard Mapping & Modeling Calendar Image Landslides Location Debris avalanches Fault displacement Channel migration Lidar Volcanic flows Acquisition Status Coastal erosion Published Climate change Lidar Data Tsunami inundation Quadrangles River & coastal flooding Volcanic lahar deposits Completed Evacuation planning Lidar Lidar in Progress

No Lidar How can DOGAMI help you? Contact us to find out! Ian Madin, DOGAMI Chief Scientist telephone (971) 673-1542 [email protected]

0 20 40 60 80 100 Miles How are lidar images made?

Bare-Earth DEM Bare-Earth Hillshade Highest-Hit Hillshade Bare-Earth Slopeshade Shades from dark gray to light gray represent Lighting effects can be added to a DEM to better Lighting effects can also be added to first-return, Change in slope can be emphasized to help elevation change from lowest to highest in the simulate topography. or highest-hit, lidar data to simulate the effect of visualize the shape of the landscape. last-return, or bare-earth, lidar data. topography with tree cover.

Lidar data acquisition systems produce a mass of points known as a point cloud. Complex algorithms classify points on the basis of relative point-to-point and absolute geome- tries. These classification methods allow lidar points representing returns off the ground surface to be discrimi- nated. Ground points are interpolated to produce a digital elevation model (DEM) typically referred to as a Colorized Canopy Model Lidar Point Cloud with elevaton color ramp Perspective-view composite image “bare-earth DEM.” The entire mass of A simple canopy model can be made by subtract- (detailed view) Lidar data can be combined, enhanced with points (ground and other points) is ing the bare-earth DEM from the highest-hit DEM. Lidar point data can be enhanced with color color, and rotated to create 3-dimensional views This results in a digital map of the height above ramps that represent elevation change. of the landscape. interpolated to a DEM using the ground of trees and structures. highest point at a given location. This produces a “highest-hit” surface model. This model includes ground, trees, buildings, and all other above-ground features.

Composite Image Different types of lidar imagery can be blended together and then enhanced with color to create intriguing imagery that also contains highly accurate elevation data. Additional GIS data and interpretive information can be combined with the imagery to create maps and graphics. N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Evolving River Channels, Willamette River and Tributaries, Central Willamette Valley, Oregon Santiam River Millersburg A lidar digital elevation model of the Willamette River displays a 50-foot elevation range, from low er iv R elevations displayed in white to higher elevations displayed in dark blue. The color range replaces the tte me illa relatively flat landscape of the valley floor with vivid paleo-channels (interpreted in figure at right), ay W W sent-D i l l Pre a m e t t e F l o o d p showing ways the river changed its course in recent millennia. This segment of the Willamette River Willamette l a i n River flows past Albany on the far right of the image northward to the communities of Monmouth and Independence at the far left (see figure at left for city boundaries). The larger stream flowing into Albany the Willamette from the bottom center is the Luckiamute River; the Santiam River flows in from the top center. Independence DOGAMI uses lidar to model flooding and channel migration in many of Oregon’s watersheds. Monmouth Luckiamute River OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Paleo-Channels in White December 2013 February 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 January 2014 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4

New Year’s Day 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Martin Luther King Jr.’s Birthday 26 27 28 29 30 31 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Lava Flow and Glacial Features, Jefferson County, Oregon Glacial Forked Butte Mount Grooves Je erson On the southern flank of Mount Jefferson, a basaltic andesite lava flow occupies a (Gray Lines) glacially carved valley. This lava flow postdates the Mount Mazama eruption that Glacial Ice Ice Recedes Tarn created the Crater Lake caldera about 7,700 years ago. The flow erupted from Forked Butte at the upper left side of the image and was confined in this channel 1 2 by a former glacier’s lateral moraines. Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of gla- cial debris that are left behind after a glacier melts. Other glacial features such as

grooves, cirques, and a tarn can be seen at the left side of the image. L Cirques a t e L a L r a l Lava Flow t a v a M e r F l o o r DOGAMI uses lidar to map the hazards that volcanoes pose to nearby communi- Fills Valley a l w a M i n Forked Butte Erupts o r e ties. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES a i n e 3 4 January 2014 March 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 February 2014 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Lincoln’s Birthday Valentine’s Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

President’s Day Washington’s Birthday 23 24 25 26 27 28 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Municipal Watershed, Bull Run Dam One and Reservoir One, Multnomah County, Oregon

r Mount Hood Completed in 1929, Bull Run Dam One impounds Reservoir One, one of the three major ive Bull Run Watershed Bull Run bia R National Forest Colum Reservoir Number One water repositories in the Bull Run watershed. This watershed, mostly located in Mount Municipal Hood National Forest, has been Portland’s main drinking water source for more than Reservoir One Watershed Boundary a century and currently provides water for over 900,000 residents in the Portland area. To Portland Dam One

Spillway Bull Run Bull Run Reservoir Two DOGAMI uses lidar to provide landslide risk assessments of watersheds to federal, er Dam Riv Lake Dam Two ll Run One state, and local agencies so they can plan for potential landslide impacts to water qual- Bu ity, infrastructure, and the environment. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES

Sa nd y R iver February 2014 April 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 March 2014 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 23 24 25 26 27 28 27 28 29 30

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe

Wallowa Mountain Foothills Edge of Floodplain Eolian and Fluvial Features, Grande Ronde Valley, Union County, Oregon Wind-formed (eolian) and water-formed (fluvial) features of the Grand Ronde Valley are shown in the image above. The yellow (low elevation) area adjacent to the Grande Ronde River (see location at left) is the floodplain where the river has migrated over time, depositing sediment and leaving behind Qa F many paleo-channels where the river once flowed. The extreme meanders of the river indicate very Grande l o Ronde o slow moving water traveling over a relatively flat plain. Distinctive features such as V-shaped dunes River d Qe p and pans are visible in the purple (higher elevation) areas to the left of the floodplain. These features

l a formed as wind blew sediment across the valley. Half-mile-diameter crop circles and other agricultural i n features are also visible. Dunes Qa Circular DOGAMI uses lidar to map surficial geologic deposits (figure at right) in greater detail than has been Qe = Sand, Loess, and Ash (wind-formed) Pans possible in the past. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES and Qa = Alluvium (water-formed) March 2014 May 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 April 2014 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5

April Fool’s Day 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe

Crater Rims Maars, North and South Twin Lakes, Deschutes County, Oregon Wickiup Dam Maar Cross-Section North Twin Lake Maars are volcanic craters that form when magma comes into contact with ground water, causing Steam Explosion steam explosions (see the figure at right). Afterward, the crater rings commonly fill with water to Area shown without trees South Twin Lake Resulting form lakes such as the North and South Twin Lakes shown here. These two maars formed approx- Area shown with trees Crater and Lake imately 20,000 years ago, and the lakes that now fill them are popular recreation areas. To reveal the shapes of the volcanic craters, trees and other vegetation were digitally removed in the top Water Table portion of the image. This can be done by using only the lowest-elevation (bare earth) returns from Wickiup Reservoir a lidar data set. DOGAMI uses bare-earth lidar to map surficial geology and to study geological processes that form the landscape. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES April 2014 June 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 May 2014 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 27 28 29 30 29 30

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cinco De Mayo 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Mother’s Day 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Memorial Day N

Image: Daniel E. Coe

Classic Composite Composite Volcano, Mount Hood, Clackamas and Hood River Counties, Oregon Mount Hood Cone Shape Composite volcanoes are characterized by steep slopes and periodic explosive eruptions. The magma involved in composite volcanic eruptions is generally high in silica and thus Crater more viscous. Eruptions of viscous magma are explosive and can eject lava, pre-existing rock, and gases. Over time, through multiple eruptive events, a composite volcano builds Main Vent Lava Flow Ladd a multilayered structure (seen at right). Large glaciers (seen at left) on composite volca- Glacier Secondary noes can melt during eruptions and increase the hazard. Ash and Cone Lava Strata

Zigzag Glacier DOGAMI uses lidar to model the hazards that composite volcanoes such as Mount Sandy Glacier Hood pose to nearby communities. These hazards include pyroclastic flows (mixtures of Reid Glacier fast-moving volcanic debris, ash, and gases) and lahars (volcano-induced mudflows). OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Magma Chamber May 2014 July 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 June 2014 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 27 28 29 30 31

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Father’s Day 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Lava Flow and Cinder Cones, Newberry National Volcanic Monument, Deschutes County, Oregon Cinder Cones Lava Flow Levees (Shown in Gray) Mokst Butte cinder cone and lava flow are part of Newberry National Volcanic Monument in Central Oregon. This six-mile-long basaltic andesite flow, approximately 7,000 years old, is one of the youngest in the monument. With a bare-earth lidar image it is possible to discern L a v a F l o w many cinder cones and lava flow features, such as lava flow levees (lateral flow areas that Kipukas solidify first and channelize the flow) and kipukas (islands in the lava flows) highlighted in the figure to the left. This area is part of Newberry Volcano’s Northwest Rift Zone, which has

Cinder Cone produced many volcanic eruptions and landforms, including Lava Butte along Highway 97 L near Bend. Mokst Butte a v a F l o w DOGAMI uses lidar to study the hazards that large volcanoes, such as Newberry, pose to 6 Miles nearby communities. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Full Extent of Lava Flow June 2014 August 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 July 2014 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5

Independence Day 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe

Faults, Klamath County, Oregon Faults Cross-Section Dashed Lines = Roads The faults shown here are characteristic of a basin-and-range fault system consisting of normal faults (see diagram at right). A normal fault occurs when one mass of rock drops down along a Range Range fracture line relative to the adjacent mass, which may be stationary or moving upward. An aerial Faults Basin Basin Ground Surface photo transitions to a lidar bare-earth hillshade in the image above. With lidar bare-earth imag- Range ery the land surface, including fault lines, can be seen in remarkable detail. Here, roads cutting Basin across the landscape show the size of this fault system. The faults shown here have vertical offsets Range up to 200 feet. Basin Arrows show DOGAMI uses lidar to identify and map newly discovered geologic features throughout Oregon. relative direction Range OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES of movement Fault

Fault July 2014 September 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 August 2014 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 28 29 30

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe

Coos County Floras Coastal Cliffs, Near Blacklock Point, Curry County, Oregon Curry County Coastal Forest Lake The stretch of coast between Blacklock Point and Floras Lake in Curry County contains some of the most Cli s scenic sea cliffs in Oregon. At the highest point north of Blacklock Point, the relief is about 150 feet Blacklock from beach to forested plateau. Interlayered sandstone and conglomerate rocks make up the cliffs. This Point relatively soft material is prone to mass wasting and wave attack. The Oregon coastline is unstable due Cape

150 Feet Blanco B e a to erosion/deposition cycles, sea level change, and tectonic activity. These geologic hazards can put Highway 101 c h P a c people and property in coastal communities at risk. i f i c O Port Orford c e DOGAMI uses lidar to identify and mitigate coastal hazards such as erosion, tsunamis, and landslides. a n OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES P ac if ic Oc ean August 2014 October 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 September 2014 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 26 27 28 29 30 31

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6

Labor Day 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Mountain Uplift, Blue Mountains, Umatilla County, Oregon The image above shows a portion of Emigrant Hill, also known as Cabbage Hill, along Interstate 84 southeast of Pendleton. In this area the highway climbs from the plains below into the Blue I-84 Mountains. Here, basalt layers from the Wanapum and Grande Ronde formations of the Columbia Blue Mountains Columbia River River Basalt Group have been tectonically uplifted along faults on their western edge (see figure at Basalt Layers Plains right) and eroded. These basalts flowed through the area between 15.5 and 17 million years ago. Vehicles 4 Small features such as individual vehicles can also be seen in the highest-hit (first return) lidar image 8 e t above. s a t rst l te u I n Columbia River a F Basalt Layers DOGAMI uses lidar to model and measure vulnerability of man-made structures to geologic hazards

such as floods and landslides. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES September 2014 November 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 October 2014 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Columbus Day 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

Halloween N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Landslides and Debris Flows, Nehalem River Watershed, Columbia County, Oregon Because of the underlying geology, the area around Vernonia is vulnerable to mass move- ment. With lidar, geologists can get very detailed and accurate images of the ground surface, Landslide Landslide Cross-Section Head Scarp even under dense vegetation, which allows them to map mass movements. Recently mapped Landslide Landslide landslides and debris flows are highlighted here by combining bare-earth lidar imagery with Head Scarp Debris Flows Landslide aerial photos. Relative age of movement is shown by color: red for movement in the past 150 years and yellow for movement older than 150 years. Landslide head scarps are shown in orange. A head scarp is the uppermost scarp which often exposes the primary failure plane of In the Main Image Above the slide. The cross-section at right shows the large landslide in the image above. Orange = Landslide Head Scarp Yellow = Prehistoric Landslide or Debris Flow DOGAMI uses lidar to map landslides and debris flows as a first step toward risk reduction. Slide Plane Red = Historical Landslide or Debris Flow OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES October 2014 December 2014 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 November 2014 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 26 27 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Veteran’s Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Thanksgiving Day 30 N

Image: Daniel E. Coe Alluvial Fan and Floodplain, Rough and Ready Creek, Josephine County, Oregon Rough and Ready Creek flows out of the Siskiyou Mountains south of Cave Junction. The

A i r s t r i p 250-foot-elevation range is indicated by color (see color ramp at left of image). Bare-earth Structures a n Ro v i a l F lidar imagery reveals the Rough and Ready Creek floodplain to be a braided floodplain depo- ug A l l u Lumber h an Image Area d Ready Cr n Piles eek Redwood sitional system. This floodplain fills during times of high water. Beyond the present-day flood- a Highway 199 F plain, Illinois Valley Airport, structures, and trees can be seen with highest-hit lidar imagery. Main Channels l A l F l Much of the image is part of an alluvial fan (see figure at right) that Rough and Ready Creek and Floodplains l u v o o d p l a i a i a i n v l F Rough and Ready has deposited in the Illinois River Valley after flowing out of its steep mountain channel. u a n l l Creek A r e DOGAMI uses lidar to create physiographic maps with vertical elevation accuracy of ±2 inch- iv R is es (in flat areas) that can be used to map channel migration, surficial deposits, and flood no lli hazard zones. OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES I November 2014 January 2015 SMTWTFS SMTWTFS 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 December 2014 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Christmas Eve Christmas 28 29 30 31

New Year’s Eve 2014 Calendar

L O G E O G Y F A N O D T N M I E N M E T R Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries For copies of this publication contact: R A

A L

P

I E

N

D

D 800 NE Oregon St. #28, Suite 965 Nature of the Northwest Information Center

U

N

S

O

T

G

R

E

I Portland, OR 97232 800 NE Oregon St., Suite 965, Portland, OR 97232 E R S O www.OregonGeology.org www.NatureNW.org tel. (971) 673-2331

1 9 3 7