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Grabeskirche in Jerusalem 6.1 Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Die Templerkirche von London Verfasserin Marion Bozsing Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, Juli 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 315 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuer: Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. Mario Schwarz II Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................................. 1 2. Der Templerorden 2.1. Vorbedingungen zur Gründung ..................................................... 5 2.2.Gründung des Templerordens ......................................................... 7 2.3. Organisation ..................................................................................... 9 2.4 Privilegien ........................................................................................ 12 2.5 Einkünfte ......................................................................................... 13 2.5.1. Schenkungen ....................................................................................... 14 2.5.2. Bewirtschaftung .................................................................................. 15 2.6. England .......................................................................................................... 16 2.6.1. Die englischen Könige und die Templer ........................................... 16 2.7. Untergang 2.7.1. Konfliktpunkte und Versäumnisse ................................................... 18 2.7.2. Der Prozess ......................................................................................... 20 2.8. Erbe der Templer ....................................................................................... 23 2.9. Tempel Salomos, Jerusalem .................................................................... 24 2.9.1. Rekonstruktion ................................................................................... 24 2.9.2. Geschichte ........................................................................................... 28 2.9.3. Tempel Herodes .................................................................................. 29 2.9.4. Nachfolgebauten ................................................................................. 29 3. Die Templerkirche von London 3.1. Old Temple .................................................................................................... 31 3.2. Umzug zur Themse .................................................................................... 32 III 3.3. Weihe ............................................................................................................... 34 3.4. Vorhalle .......................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1. Typologie ............................................................................................. 36 3.5. Westportal ...................................................................................... 37 3.5.1. Datierung ............................................................................................ 38 3.5.2. Vergleich ............................................................................................. 39 3.5.3. Büsten .................................................................................................. 40 3.5.3.1. Ikonografie ........................................................................... 41 3.6. Rotunde 3.6.1. Außenbau ............................................................................................ 42 3.6.2. Innenbau ............................................................................................. 43 3.6.3. Stil ........................................................................................................ 49 3.6.4. Einflüsse 3.6.4.1. Frankreich ............................................................................ 51 3.6.4.1.1. Pfeiler ...................................................................... 52 3.6.4.1.2. Rippen ..................................................................... 54 3.6.4.1.3. Purbeck-Marmor ..................................................... 54 3.6.4.2. England ................................................................................. 56 3.7. Zugänge zu Chor ........................................................................................ 56 3.8. Chor 3.8.1. Erster Chor ......................................................................................... 58 3.8.2. Geschichte ........................................................................................... 58 3.8.3. Außenbau ............................................................................................ 61 3.8.3.1. Rechteckchöre ...................................................................... 62 3.8.4. Innenbau ............................................................................................. 63 3.8.5. Hallenkirchen ..................................................................................... 67 IV 3.8.6. Stil ........................................................................................................ 69 3.8.7. Vergleiche ........................................................................................... 69 3.8.8. „Schatzkammer“ ................................................................................ 73 3.9. Annenkapelle ................................................................................................ 75 3.9.1. Doppelgeschossige Anlagen ............................................................... 77 3.9.1.1. Das Coenaculum .................................................................. 78 3.10. Glockenturm .............................................................................................. 79 3.11. Einfluss des New Temple ....................................................................... 80 3.12. Besitzer ......................................................................................................... 82 3.13. Restaurierungen 3.13.1. Vor 1800 ............................................................................................ 84 3.13.2. 1820er ................................................................................................ 86 3.13.3. 1840er ................................................................................................ 88 3.13.4. 1860er ................................................................................................ 92 3.13.5. Restaurierung 1953 bis heute .......................................................... 93 3.14. Der Originalbestand ..................................................................................... 96 4. Templerarchitektur .......................................................................................... 98 4.1. Saint Marie du Temple .......................................................................... 100 4.2. Vera Cruz, Segovia .................................................................................. 102 4.3. Templerkirche im Convento de Christo, Tomar ...................... 106 4.4. Burgkapelle der hl. Euphemia, Athlit .............................................. 107 5. Der New Temple im Vergleich zu anderen englischen Rundkirchen ............................................................................................... 108 5.1. Pre-Conquest Rotunden ........................................................................ 110 V 5.1.1. St. Austin’s Abbey, Canterbury ..................................................... 110 5.2. Rotunden des 12. Jhs. 5.2.1. Heilig-Grabkirche, Cambridge ...................................................... 112 5.2.2. St. John, Clerkenwell ...................................................................... 114 5.2.3. St. John, Little Maplestead ............................................................. 117 5.2.4. Temple Bruer, Lincolnshire ........................................................... 120 5.2.5. St. Michael, Garway ........................................................................ 121 5.2.6. Templerkirche bei Dover ................................................................ 122 5.2.7. St. Clement, West-Turrock ............................................................. 123 5.2.8. Heilig-Grabkirche, Northampton .................................................. 124 5.2.9. Weitere englische Rundkirchen .................................................... 126 5.3. Palastkapellen 5.3.1. St. Kathrin, Hereford ...................................................................... 127 5.3.2. St. Maria Magdalena, Ludlow Castle ............................................ 129 5.3.3. St. Nicholas, Orphir ......................................................................... 130 6. Grabeskirche in Jerusalem 6.1. Das Verhältnis zur Grabeskirche (Überlegen nur englische Rundkirchen oder auch New Temple) ............................................. 131 6.1.1. Mittelalterlicher „Kopie“-Begriff .................................................. 133 6.1.1.1. Spolien ................................................................................ 134 VI 6.2. Eusebius ........................................................................................ 134 6.3. Pilgerberichte ............................................................................... 136 6.4. Bildliche Darstellung vor dem 7. Jh. .......................................... 137 6.5. Arkulf ...........................................................................................
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