CONTENTS

Volume One

EARLY TIBETAN CONTACTS AND RELATIONSHIPS UNTIL THE MID 15TH CENTURY

Introduction ...... 3 Saul Mullard

The Politics and Cultural Impact of the Tibetan Imperial Period

1. The Tibetans in the Ordos and North China: Considerations on the Role of the Tibetan Empire in World History ...... 19 Christopher I. Beckwith

2. The Tibetan Empire in the West ...... 29 Christopher I. Beckwith

3. The “Nephew–Uncle” Relationship in the International Diplomacy of the Tibetan Empire (7th–9th Centuries) ...... 41 Brandon Dotson

4. The Sino-Tibetan Treaties in the Tang Dynasty ...... 57 Yihong Pan

5. Sociolinguistic Implications of the Use of Tibetan in East Turkestan from the End of Tibetan Domination through the Tangut Period (9th–12th c.) ...... 103 Tsuguhito Takeuchi

6. Dbyar-mo-thaṅ and goṅ-bu ma-ru: Tibetan Historiographical Tradition on the Treaty of 821/823 ...... 121 Helga Uebach vi contents

Tangut and North-Eastern Tibetan Relations

7. The Relations of the Eleventh-Century Tsong kha Tribal Confederation to its Neighbour States on the Silk Road ...... 149 Bianca Horlemann

8. “ to the King of Hsia” ...... 169 E. Sperling

Tibetan-Mongolian Relations

9. The Mongol States and their Struggle for Dominance over in the 13th Century ...... 189 Karl-Heinz Everding

10. Yüan Organisation of the Tibetan Border Areas ...... 207 Luciano Petech

11. Jambhala: An Imperial Envoy to Tibet during the Late Yuan ... 227 Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp

Buddhist Contacts with and East Asia

12. From Korea to Tibet: Action at a Distance in the Early Medieval World System ...... 245 Matthew T. Kapstein

13. In the Presence of the “Diamond Throne”: Tibetans at rDo rje gdan (Last Quarter of the 12th Century to Year 1300) ...... 273 Roberto Vitali

14. Activities of Indian Paṇḍitas in Tibet from the 14th to the 17th Century ...... 319 Lobsang Shastri contents vii

Ming Dynasty-Tibetan Relations

15. Signifijicance of Ming Titles Conferred upon the Phag mo gru Rulers: A Reevaluation of Chinese-Tibetan Relations during the Ming Dynasty ...... 337 Peter Schwieger

16. The Relations between the Chinese Ming Dynasty and the Tibetan Ruling House of Phag-mo-gru in the Years 1368–1434: Political and Religious Aspects ...... 357 Martin Slobodník

17. Did the Early Ming Emperors Attempt to Implement a “Divide and Rule” Policy in Tibet? ...... 377

18. A Document of Chinese Diplomatic Relations with East Tibet during the Ming Dynasty ...... 393 Peter Schwieger

19. Bonpo Tribute Missions to the Imperial Court (1400–1665) ...... 411 Roger Greatrex

Volume Two

THE LATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD C. 1500–1750

20. The Fifth and His Reunifijication of Tibet ...... 425 Samten G. Karmay

Tibetan Relations with the Qing Dynasty

21. The Notion of “Buddhist Government” (chos srid) Shared by Tibet, Mongol and Manchu in the Early 17th Century ...... 443 Ishihama Yumiko viii contents

22. A Tibetan Buddhist Mission to the East: The Fifth Dalai Lama’s Journey to Beijing, 1652–1653 ...... 461 Gray Tuttle

23. Dge lugs pa Divided: Some Aspects of the Political Role of in the Expansion of the Qing Dynasty ...... 483 Nikolay Tsyrempilov

24. Sino-Tibetan Relations in Eighteenth-Century Labrang ...... 499 Paul Nietupski

25. The Dsungar Invasion of 1717 ...... 511 Dsungar Occupation and Tibetan Risings ...... 527 Luciano Petech

26. New Light on the “Chinese Conquest of Tibet” in 1720 (Based on the New Manchu Sources) ...... 539 Ishihama Yumiko

27. A Brief Introduction to the First Jinchuan War (1747–1749) ...... 549 Roger Greatrex

Relations in the : , , and Bhutan

28. Until the Feathers of the Winged Black Raven Turn White: Sources for the Tibet-Bashahr Treaty of 1679 ...... 573 Georgios T. Halkias

29. The Tibetan-Ladakhi-Moghul War (1679–1683) ...... 605 Luciano Petech

30. Dga’ ldan Tshe dBang dPal Bzang po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679–84 ...... 631 Gerhard Emmer

31. Kathog Rigzin Tsewang Norbu’s (Kaḥ-thog-rig-ʾdzin Tshe- dbang-nor-bu) Diplomatic Mission to Ladakh in the 18th Century ...... 657 Peter Schwieger contents ix

32. A Letter Written by the Fifth Dalai Lama to the King of Bhaktapur ...... 671 Christoph Cüppers

33. The Rapprochement between Bhutan and Tibet under the Enlightened Rule of Sde-srid XIII shes-rab-dbang-phyug (r. 1744–63) ...... 677 John A. Ardussi

Volume Three

TOWARDS THE MODERN PERIOD

Tibetan Relations with European Powers

34. Tibet in Anglo-Chinese Relations: 1767–1842: Part I ...... 695 Alistair Lamb

35. Tibet in Anglo-Chinese Relations: 1767–1842: Part II ...... 711 Alistair Lamb

36. The Closing of the Gates: Tibetan-European Relations at the End of the Eighteenth Century ...... 729 Isrun Engelhardt

37. Russian Buddhists in Tibet, from the End of the Nineteenth Century – 1930 ...... 745 Alexander Andreyev

38. 19th Century British Expansion on the Indo-Tibetan Frontier: A Forward Perspective ...... 765 Alex McKay

39. The Tsar’s General’s and Tibet. Apropos of Some ‘white spots’ in the History of Russo-Tibetan Relations ...... 785 Alexandre Andreyev x contents

40. The Younghusband Expedition and China’s Policy Towards Tibet, 1903–1904 ...... 795 Song Liming

41. The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies in Tibet: A Survey ...... 811 A.C. McKay

Sino-Tibetan Relations

42. Awe and Submission: A Tibetan Aristocrat at the Court of Qianlong ...... 845 Elliot Sperling

43. The Qing Court’s Tibet Connection: Lcang skya Rol pa’i rdo rje and the Qianlong Emperor ...... 857 Xiangyun Wang

44. A Ch’ing Missive to Tibet ...... 893 Hugh Richardson

Tibet and the Himalaya in the Modern Period

45. Three 19th Century Documents from Tibet and the Lo Phyag Mission from Leh to Lhasa ...... 905 John Bray & Tsering D. Gonkatsang

46. A Critical Assessment of the Nepal-Tibet Treaty 1856 ...... 929 Tirtha Prasad Mishra

47. The Political and Diplomatic Role of a Tibetan Village Chieftain (’Go-ba) on the Nepalese Frontier ...... 943 Brigitte Steinmann contents xi

Eastern Tibet

48. Frontier History of Southern Kham: Banditry and War in the Multi-ethnic Fringe Lands of Chatring, Mili, and Gyethang, 1890–1940 ...... 965 Wim van Spengen

49. The Uprising at Batang: Khams and its Signifijicance in Chinese and Tibetan History ...... 987 William M. Coleman, IV

Volume Four

TIBETAN RELATIONS IN RECENT HISTORY UNTIL 2008

Frontier Politics and International Diplomacy

50. Whose Game? Records of the India Offfijice Concerning Events Leading up to the Simla Conference ...... 1015 Michael C. van Walt

51. The McMahon Line 1911–45: The British Legacy ...... 1029 Karunakar Gupta

52. Great Britain, China and the Status of Tibet, 1914–21 ...... 1059 Clive Christie

53. A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Northeast Frontier: 1914–36 ...... 1089 Parshotam Mehra

54. Eastern Tibet and Anglo-Chinese Negotiations, 1919–1920 ...... 1103 Alastair Lamb

55. Nepal, Tibet, China and India, 1923–33: Tangled Web of Himalayan Politics ...... 1127 K. Majumdar xii contents

56. Tibet and the League of Nations ...... 1155 Tsering W. Shakya

57. Soviet Russia and Tibet: A Debacle of Secret Diplomacy ...... 1165 Alexandre Andreyev

58. Frontier Process, Provincial Politics and Movements for Khampa Autonomy During the Republican Period ...... 1191 Peng Wenbin

The 1934 Republican Mission to Tibet

59. General Huang Mu-sung at Lhasa, 1934 ...... 1219 Hugh Richardson

60. General Huang Musong’s Mission to Lhasa and the Sino-Tibetan Negotiations in 1934 ...... 1225 Liming Song

61. The 1934 Chinese Mission to Tibet: A Re-examination ...... 1245 Hsiao-ting Lin

Tibet After 1951 and the ‘Tibet Question’ in International Relations

62. Tibet Appeals to the United Nations ...... 1269 Melvyn C. Goldstein

63. The Genesis of the Sino-Tibetan Agreement of 1951 ...... 1295 Tsering Shakya

64. Tibet in Sino-Indian Relations: The Centrality of Marginality ... 1319 Dawa Norbu

65. Post-Mao Tibet: 1978 to Present ...... 1339 Melvyn C. Goldstein

66. The United States and the Tibet Issue ...... 1369 Guangqiu Xu contents xiii

67. A Brief Survey of Tibetan Relations with the United States ..... 1387 A. Tom Grunfeld

68. Tibet and Its Neighbors: Moving Toward a New Chinese Strategy in the Himalayan Region ...... 1399 Thierry Mathou

69. The Tibet Protests of Spring, 2008: Conflict between the Nation and the State ...... 1419 Robert Barnett

70. China, Tibet and the Dynamics of Inland Borders ...... 1455 Robert Barnett

Index Nominum ...... 1475