CONTENTS Volume One EARLY TIBETAN CONTACTS AND RELATIONSHIPS UNTIL THE MID 15TH CENTURY Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 Saul Mullard The Politics and Cultural Impact of the Tibetan Imperial Period 1. The Tibetans in the Ordos and North China: Considerations on the Role of the Tibetan Empire in World History ................... 19 Christopher I. Beckwith 2. The Tibetan Empire in the West ......................................................... 29 Christopher I. Beckwith 3. The “Nephew–Uncle” Relationship in the International Diplomacy of the Tibetan Empire (7th–9th Centuries) ............... 41 Brandon Dotson 4. The Sino-Tibetan Treaties in the Tang Dynasty ............................. 57 Yihong Pan 5. Sociolinguistic Implications of the Use of Tibetan in East Turkestan from the End of Tibetan Domination through the Tangut Period (9th–12th c.) ........................................................... 103 Tsuguhito Takeuchi 6. Dbyar-mo-thaṅ and goṅ-bu ma-ru: Tibetan Historiographical Tradition on the Treaty of 821/823 ...................................................... 121 Helga Uebach vi contents Tangut and North-Eastern Tibetan Relations 7. The Relations of the Eleventh-Century Tsong kha Tribal Confederation to its Neighbour States on the Silk Road ............ 149 Bianca Horlemann 8. “Lama to the King of Hsia” ................................................................... 169 E. Sperling Tibetan-Mongolian Relations 9. The Mongol States and their Struggle for Dominance over Tibet in the 13th Century ...................................................................... 189 Karl-Heinz Everding 10. Yüan Organisation of the Tibetan Border Areas ............................ 207 Luciano Petech 11. Jambhala: An Imperial Envoy to Tibet during the Late Yuan ... 227 Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp Buddhist Contacts with India and East Asia 12. From Korea to Tibet: Action at a Distance in the Early Medieval World System ......................................................................... 245 Matthew T. Kapstein 13. In the Presence of the “Diamond Throne”: Tibetans at rDo rje gdan (Last Quarter of the 12th Century to Year 1300) .................. 273 Roberto Vitali 14. Activities of Indian Paṇḍitas in Tibet from the 14th to the 17th Century .............................................................................................. 319 Lobsang Shastri contents vii Ming Dynasty-Tibetan Relations 15. Signifijicance of Ming Titles Conferred upon the Phag mo gru Rulers: A Reevaluation of Chinese-Tibetan Relations during the Ming Dynasty .................................................................................... 337 Peter Schwieger 16. The Relations between the Chinese Ming Dynasty and the Tibetan Ruling House of Phag-mo-gru in the Years 1368–1434: Political and Religious Aspects ........................................................... 357 Martin Slobodník 17. Did the Early Ming Emperors Attempt to Implement a “Divide and Rule” Policy in Tibet? ..................................................................... 377 Elliot Sperling 18. A Document of Chinese Diplomatic Relations with East Tibet during the Ming Dynasty ...................................................................... 393 Peter Schwieger 19. Bonpo Tribute Missions to the Imperial Court (1400–1665) ...... 411 Roger Greatrex Volume Two THE LATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD C. 1500–1750 20. The Fifth Dalai Lama and His Reunifijication of Tibet .................. 425 Samten G. Karmay Tibetan Relations with the Qing Dynasty 21. The Notion of “Buddhist Government” (chos srid) Shared by Tibet, Mongol and Manchu in the Early 17th Century ................ 443 Ishihama Yumiko viii contents 22. A Tibetan Buddhist Mission to the East: The Fifth Dalai Lama’s Journey to Beijing, 1652–1653 ................................................ 461 Gray Tuttle 23. Dge lugs pa Divided: Some Aspects of the Political Role of Tibetan Buddhism in the Expansion of the Qing Dynasty ......... 483 Nikolay Tsyrempilov 24. Sino-Tibetan Relations in Eighteenth-Century Labrang ............. 499 Paul Nietupski 25. The Dsungar Invasion of 1717 ............................................................... 511 Dsungar Occupation and Tibetan Risings ....................................... 527 Luciano Petech 26. New Light on the “Chinese Conquest of Tibet” in 1720 (Based on the New Manchu Sources) ............................................................. 539 Ishihama Yumiko 27. A Brief Introduction to the First Jinchuan War (1747–1749) ...... 549 Roger Greatrex Relations in the Himalayas: Ladakh, Nepal, and Bhutan 28. Until the Feathers of the Winged Black Raven Turn White: Sources for the Tibet-Bashahr Treaty of 1679 ................................. 573 Georgios T. Halkias 29. The Tibetan-Ladakhi-Moghul War (1679–1683) ............................. 605 Luciano Petech 30. Dga’ ldan Tshe dBang dPal Bzang po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679–84 .............................................. 631 Gerhard Emmer 31. Kathog Rigzin Tsewang Norbu’s (Kaḥ-thog-rig-ʾdzin Tshe- dbang-nor-bu) Diplomatic Mission to Ladakh in the 18th Century ....................................................................................................... 657 Peter Schwieger contents ix 32. A Letter Written by the Fifth Dalai Lama to the King of Bhaktapur .................................................................................................. 671 Christoph Cüppers 33. The Rapprochement between Bhutan and Tibet under the Enlightened Rule of Sde-srid XIII shes-rab-dbang-phyug (r. 1744–63) ............................................................................................... 677 John A. Ardussi Volume Three TOWARDS THE MODERN PERIOD Tibetan Relations with European Powers 34. Tibet in Anglo-Chinese Relations: 1767–1842: Part I .................... 695 Alistair Lamb 35. Tibet in Anglo-Chinese Relations: 1767–1842: Part II .................. 711 Alistair Lamb 36. The Closing of the Gates: Tibetan-European Relations at the End of the Eighteenth Century .......................................................... 729 Isrun Engelhardt 37. Russian Buddhists in Tibet, from the End of the Nineteenth Century – 1930 ......................................................................................... 745 Alexander Andreyev 38. 19th Century British Expansion on the Indo-Tibetan Frontier: A Forward Perspective .......................................................................... 765 Alex McKay 39. The Tsar’s General’s and Tibet. Apropos of Some ‘white spots’ in the History of Russo-Tibetan Relations ...................................... 785 Alexandre Andreyev x contents 40. The Younghusband Expedition and China’s Policy Towards Tibet, 1903–1904 ....................................................................................... 795 Song Liming 41. The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies in Tibet: A Survey ..................................................................................................... 811 A.C. McKay Sino-Tibetan Relations 42. Awe and Submission: A Tibetan Aristocrat at the Court of Qianlong .................................................................................................... 845 Elliot Sperling 43. The Qing Court’s Tibet Connection: Lcang skya Rol pa’i rdo rje and the Qianlong Emperor ............................................................ 857 Xiangyun Wang 44. A Ch’ing Missive to Tibet ..................................................................... 893 Hugh Richardson Tibet and the Himalaya in the Modern Period 45. Three 19th Century Documents from Tibet and the Lo Phyag Mission from Leh to Lhasa .................................................................. 905 John Bray & Tsering D. Gonkatsang 46. A Critical Assessment of the Nepal-Tibet Treaty 1856 ................ 929 Tirtha Prasad Mishra 47. The Political and Diplomatic Role of a Tibetan Village Chieftain (’Go-ba) on the Nepalese Frontier .................................. 943 Brigitte Steinmann contents xi Eastern Tibet 48. Frontier History of Southern Kham: Banditry and War in the Multi-ethnic Fringe Lands of Chatring, Mili, and Gyethang, 1890–1940 ................................................................................................... 965 Wim van Spengen 49. The Uprising at Batang: Khams and its Signifijicance in Chinese and Tibetan History .............................................................. 987 William M. Coleman, IV Volume Four TIBETAN RELATIONS IN RECENT HISTORY UNTIL 2008 Frontier Politics and International Diplomacy 50. Whose Game? Records of the India Offfijice Concerning Events Leading up to the Simla Conference ................................................ 1015 Michael C. van Walt 51. The McMahon Line 1911–45: The British Legacy ........................... 1029 Karunakar Gupta 52. Great Britain, China and the Status of Tibet, 1914–21 ................. 1059 Clive Christie 53. A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Northeast Frontier: 1914–36 ....................................................................................................... 1089 Parshotam Mehra 54. Eastern Tibet and Anglo-Chinese Negotiations, 1919–1920 ........ 1103 Alastair Lamb 55. Nepal, Tibet, China and India, 1923–33: Tangled Web of Himalayan Politics .................................................................................. 1127 K. Majumdar xii contents 56. Tibet and the League