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Al-Aqsa Mosque S T U . SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA . FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE F C H P T DEPARTMANT OF INTERIOR . REPORT ON TRAINING VISIT ABOUT THE SOBJECT OF DESIGN AND DETERMINATION OF QIBLA DIRACTION DEGREE IN MOSQUE BUILDING FOR AFGHANISTAN AND OTHER COUNTRY OF THE WORLD AND USEOF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR AFGHANISTAN IN THE FRAME WORK OF THE PROJET NO.14/12/2011 SAMRS DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESORCE CAPACITY OF KABUL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY FUNDED BY SLOVAK AID BRATISLAVA 2011 ASSO.PRO.DIP.ING. RAZ .M.AZIZI 1 Acknowledgement: The author would like to express his appreciation for the Scientific Training Program of architecture at Department of interior at the faculty of architecture of the Slovak Technology University and Slovak Aid program for financial support of this project. Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. "Architecture" can mean: • The art and science of design and erecting buildings and other physical structures. • A general term to describe buildings and other infrastructures. • A style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical structures. • The practice of an architect, where architecture means to offer or render professional services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or [1] use. • Design activity, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). • The term "architecture" has been adopted to describe the activity of designing any kind of system, and is commonly used in describing information technology. In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction administration. As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed. A good architects is that have anice imagation and to create about the architects objects . this tow factors can make by increasing insight of the social and nature 2 of the world . therefore the architect that have how mach more information abaut the world and its enviroment ; connection between the people , social and nature , he can imagine and create nice about the architects effects . thereby this program is very good for advance and improvment of knowledg of architects , and i suggest for more devlopment and distansion of this agreement. I would like to say my hearth thank to dears Prof. Ing . Arch ,Veronika Kotradys phD ; Prof .Ing . Arch. Stanislav Majcher. PhD. Professors of the interior department of architecture faculty and Prof. Ing . Roman Rabensefer PhD; Prof.Ing. Monika Pavcekova; Prof. Ing. Lucia Moikona Professors of civil engineering faculty for there guidance and assistance during the all time of my training visit. My thank belongs also to dear Assoc. Prof. Ing. Juma Hadary phD , the coordinator of the project SMARS14/12/2011 in the frame work of which my visit was realized . I wish a good health and prosperity live for them. With best respect Raz Mohammad Azizi 3 Preface I am, Assoc. prof . Dipl . Ing . Raz Mohammad Azizi came at 1st of Octobers 2011 from Kabul , Afghanistan to Bratislava , Slovakia for training and scientific research . This program was organized in the project work for development the human resource capacity of engineering education in Afghanistan . the project was coordinated by the Slovakia university of technology in Bratislava for Kabul polytechnic university teachers . This scientific report was prepared during my stay from 1st of October 2011 to 14th December 2011 at the department of interior of architecture faculty of Bratislava Technology University. This report prepares at tow Basic subjects: 1- Report about architecture (determination of qibla side according to location of the country for all world country). 2- Report about physic in building (heat in building , light in building and acoustic). This report has four following parts: Part 1 : academic and scientific activities(pedagogic). Part 2 : Researches Part 3 : practical activities Part 4 : see for oneself of Bratislava (Acquaintance with Bratislava) Each part is described as following : 1- academic and scientific activities (pedagogic): I attended to the lectures of the professors and saw the methods of the lectures and teachings, also I visit the classes and saw the students activities, besides of these I also participated to the conferences and seminars presented by the professors and students. 2- Researches: I researched about two important subjects, that’s the 1st is the determination of qibla side according to the location of the mosque on the country for all worlds its derivatives that are the very important factor for design of the mosque buildings, because The Qibla is the direction that Muslims turn to in their prayers — is toward the Kaaba and symbolizes unity in worshiping one Allah (God). Therefore who’s designed the mosque buildings he or she has to know the qibla side. And the second subject is use of the renewable energy in Afghanistan that is the most important factor and skeleton for economical 4 development of a human being society and a country and especially in our country that it is the important point now a days . 3 – Practical activities I saw and informed about the laboratory of determination of heat insulation parameters of construction material, determination of light parameters in buildings and acoustic problems in buildings and I saw the instruments of the construction physic laboratory. These activities were done with the prof.Ing.Roman Rabensefer PhD. Professor of civil engineering faculty and aspirant of the laboratory of the engineering faculty. 4- See for oneself of Bratislava (Acquaintance with Bratislava) See for oneself of Bratislava city and its surrounding villages was very useful for me because I saw there the deferent design and type of buildings; location of the deferent zone of the city ; design of the roads and streets; to be erected of park ; to be builds of bridges ; to construction of street on deferent floors ; territorial prepare for rayon and city used ;to build the deferent type of drain and the deferent type of transportation and there supplies and spatially the Bratislava beautiful nature full of the rivers and the forest . There are very important and helpful for my knowledge development for the subject of(Engineering build of territory and transportation). 5 CONTENT TITELE PAGE ACKNOWLEDMENT 2 - 3 PERFACE 4 - 5 WHAT IS A MOSQUE 7 - 10 MASJIDE AL-HARAM 10 - 16 Al – AQSA MOSQUE 17 - 25 Al-MASJED AL-NABAWI 26 - 29 MAZAR-E SHARIF, Afghanistan 30 - 36 QABLA COMPASS 36 - 37 DETERMINATIO OF QIBLA 37 - 39 WHAT IS ENERGY 41 - 43 WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL SOURCES OF ENERGY 42 - 48 HOW IS ELECTRICITY MADE 48 - 49 WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY 49 - 51 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY 51 - 57 SOLAR ENERGY 57 - 62 WIND ENERGY 62 - 84 RESUORCES 84 – 86 REFERENCES 86 - 89 6 PART I DETERMINATION OF QIBLA SIDE FOR THE MOSQUE BUILDIN 7 What is a Mosque? ________________________________________ A mosque is the building in which Muslims worship God. Throughout Islamic history, the mosque was the centre of the community and towns formed around this pivotal building. Nowadays, especially in Muslim countries mosques are found on nearly every street corner, making it a simple matter for Muslims to attend the five daily prayers. In the West mosques are integral parts of Islamic centers that also contain teaching and community facilities. Mosques come in all shapes and sizes; they differ from region to region based on the density of the Muslim population in a certain area. Muslims in the past and even today have made use of local artisans and architects to create beautiful, magnificent mosques. There are however, certain features that are common to all mosques. Every mosque has a mihrab, a niche in the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca; the direction towards which Muslims pray. Most mosques have a minbar (or pulpit) from which an Islamic scholar is able to deliver a sermon or speech. Other common features include, minarets, tall towers used to call the congregation to prayer. Minarets are highly visible and are closely identified with mosques. Normally there is a large rectangular or square prayer area. It often takes the form of a flat roof supported by columns or a system of horizontal beams supported by architraves. In other common mosque designs, the roof consists of a single large dome on pendentives.[1] There are usually separate prayer areas, with separate entrances for both men and women. Mosques have developed significantly over the past 1400 years. Many have courtyards containing decorative pools and fountains, which originally supplied water for ablution before prayer. Nowadays however, more private bathroom and toilet facilities are provided. Originally simple structures with earthen floors, now, mosque floors are usually covered with plush carpet. They are more often than not decorated with straight lines of geometric designs that ensure Muslims stand in straight rows to perform their five daily prayers. There are never any images of life or statues in mosques, for in Islam it is forbidden that such things are kept or displayed. At times, the interior walls of the mosque are decorated with verses from the Quran in Arabic calligraphy, or with intricate geometric designs.
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