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Political Opposition to Ludwig the Bavarian in The POLITICAL OPPOSITION TO LUDWIG THE BAVARIAN IN THE CHRONICLES OF HEINRICH VON DIESSENHOVEN, MATTHIAS VON NEUENBERG, AND JOHANN VON VIKTRING A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Eric H. Limbach June 2004 This thesis entitled POLITICAL OPPOSITION TO LUDWIG THE BAVARIAN IN THE CHRONICLES OF HEINRICH VON DIESSENHOVEN, MATTHIAS VON NEUENBERG, AND JOHANN VON VIKTRING BY ERIC H. LIMBACH has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Kevin Uhalde Assistant Professor of History Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences LIMBACH ERIC H. M.A. June 2004. History Political opposition to Ludwig the Bavarian in the chronicles of Heinrich von Diessenhoven, Matthias von Neuenberg, and Johann von Viktring (65 pp.) Director of Thesis: Kevin Uhalde This thesis: a. Provides a summary of the political conflicts during the reign of Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian, 1314-1347. b. Discusses the works of chroniclers Heinrich von Diessenhoven, Matthias von Neuenberg and Johann von Viktring, all of whom were writing during the reign of Ludwig. c. Introduces the concepts of rex/regnum and imperator/imperium as they would have been understood during the early 14th century. d. Analyzes the aforementioned chronicles in order to understand how these concepts were used to display political opposition to Ludwig’s reign. e. Finds a wide variance in the levels of opposition to Ludwig in the chronicles, conditioned by outside events, including religious influence and political necessity. Approved: Kevin Uhalde Assistant Professor of History 4 Table of Contents Page Abstract..................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction............................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. Historical Context .................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. Historiography: Understanding Medieval Chronicles.............................. 23 Chapter 3. Rex/Regnum ........................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4. Imperator/Imperium ............................................................................... 48 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 59 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 61 5 Romanorum Cesarum dum gesta perlegendo Chronicas revolverem, intentus inherendo, Hinc diu studio caput sensi gravatum. Recreari cupiens virens adivi pratum, Ubi flores varii visui vires dabant, Et concentus avium auditum delectabant. Hoc prato per spatium longinquum libens ivi, Capitis gravedinum donec amotam scivi. Lupold von Bebenburg, 1341 6 Introduction This thesis will address the political opposition to Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in contemporary Latin chronicles, specifically those of Heinrich von Diessenhoven, Matthias von Neuenberg and Johann von Viktring. It will concentrate on the concepts of rex/regnum and imperator/imperium. There is evidence that while all three chroniclers understood these concepts similarly, they each applied them differently in writing, according to the intensity of their opposition to the emperor. All three, at one point or another in their careers as chroniclers, were opposed to Ludwig and his policies. However, this opposition was often influenced by ambivalence over the imperial role, institutional solidarity with the papal hierarchy, or specific political concerns. Ludwig of Wittelsbach, duke of Bavaria, was elected king of the Romans in the disputed election of 1314. He has been remembered to the present day, not in association with his imperial office, but rather with his hereditary dominion of Bavaria. This is a direct result of Pope John XXII, who refused to confirm Ludwig’s title, not only because of the contemporary debate over spiritual or temporal primacy, but also because the pope’s sympathies were with those families who were enemies of Ludwig and the Wittelsbach dynasty. To refer to him as Ludwig the Bavarian, then, was one way to deny his claimed imperial status. As will be seen, there were a number of other ways to make this point. Many of Ludwig’s supporters are familiar figures to modern scholars, including the influential philosophers Marsiglio of Padua 7 and William of Ockham. His main detractors are also well known, including men associated with the papal court, such as Augustinus Triumphus. Outside of the centers of Avignon and Munich, however, there was a much wider range of views, including those discussed in the final two chapters of this thesis. The first chapter will provide the historical context for Ludwig’s reign. Given that the primary sources for this thesis are historical works, it is vital to understand the various conflicts about which they wrote. This includes the larger conflicts between Ludwig and Friedrich of Habsburg and between Ludwig and the pope, as well as the subsidiary conflicts involving other European leaders. The second chapter deals with the challenges faced in studying medieval chronicles. This chapter will attempt to describe not only the general mindset of medieval chroniclers, but also explore the specific circumstances of the authors whose works provide the basis for this research. The third and fourth chapters both deal with the prevalent concepts of medieval secular rulership and explore how such concepts informed the chroniclers writing about Ludwig’s reign. The subject of the third chapter is kingship, expressed in the related Latin terms rex/regnum. This, of course, was a common concept during the middle ages. However, it is still significant when examining the case of Ludwig’s reign, because it was a common title throughout Europe, with few variations. Likewise, the fourth chapter, on imperator/imperium, will discuss the background of the medieval concept of empire, including its relation to the previous concept. This chapter will also concentrate on the chroniclers’ accounts of Ludwig’s reign, especially after his imperial coronation in 1328. In the sources, these particular 8 concepts are vital to the authors’ understanding of the putative emperor’s role. In addition, their application of these ideas to Ludwig often seems to reflect their position on the various conflicts of his reign. All of these sources provide an interesting view of the political conflicts of the first half of the 14th century. Usually, these particular chroniclers were supporting Ludwig’s rivals, but there are instances where they have suddenly switched to a supportive position. For clerics, whose only real method of combat was often through their writing, such statements are significant evidence. 9 1. Historical Context This study is concerned with the disputed imperial election of 1314 and the 33- year reign of Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian that followed. This was a period of intense dynastic rivalries within the empire, and political and religious conflicts with foreign powers, most notably with the papacy. The disputed election followed the short reign of Emperor Heinrich VII von Luxemburg, which had begun with high hopes for a revival of imperial power However, barely a year after his Roman coronation in 1312, he was dead without making a substantial contribution to stability north or south of the Alps. Following the disputed election for the Roman kingship, which stemmed from the dynastic fissures among the electors, Ludwig, a member of the Wittlesbach family and the Duke of Bavaria, and his opponent, Friedrich von Habsburg, Duke of Austria, carried out a sporadic conflict over the course of eight years. Although Ludwig eventually triumphed, he had only managed to become dominant among the imperial polities. The remainder of his reign was spent in conflict: with the Papacy, supported by the French kings, and with Robert, the Angevin King of Naples. Despite his imperial coronation at Rome, which was carried out by a rebellious faction within the city, he never clearly consolidated the title, and it was disputed until his sudden death in 1347. Around a year before his death, while Ludwig was under a papal interdict, the electors had elected the grandson of Emperor Heinrich, Charles of Luxemburg, King of Bohemia as well as King of the Romans. Charles had been moving against 10 Ludwig at the time of the latter’s death. The history of Ludwig’s reign, then, is almost entirely composed of various conflicts, all of which provided opportunities for opposition, especially for anyone associated with the papacy or the Luxemburg and Habsburg dynasties. Heinrich VII, as Emperor of the Romans, ostensibly ruled lands ranging from the North Sea well into the Italian peninsula. However, he only wielded direct power over those lands controlled by his family, most notably the kingdom of Bohemia, along with other territories.1 Most of the Empire north of the Alps followed this pattern; many areas were generally controlled by dynastic houses or episcopal positions. The former included families such as the aforementioned Habsburgs, Luxemburgs and Wittelsbachs; representing the latter, many bishops, especially in the Rhineland, controlled their own territory in the style of the secular dynastic lords.2 Indeed, many were drawn from the ranks of these
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