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The Influence of the Armenian Diaspora on the American Foreign Policy

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The Influence of the Armenian Diaspora on the American Foreign Policy University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School October 2018 The nflueI nce of The Armenian Diaspora on The American Foreign Policy Fatih Aydogan University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Scholar Commons Citation Aydogan, Fatih, "The nflueI nce of The Armenian Diaspora on The American Foreign Policy" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7469 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Influence of The Armenian Diaspora on The American Foreign Policy by Fatih Aydogan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts School of Interdisciplinary Global Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Abdelwahab Hechiche, Ph.D. Kees Boterbloem, Ph.D. Bernd Reiter, Ph.D. Date of Approval October 25,2018 Keywords: The Armenian Diaspora, The Armenian Lobby, The American Foreign Policy Copyright © 2018, Fatih Aydogan TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Table ................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figure....................................................................................................................................v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................3 Scope of Study .....................................................................................................................6 Definition of Terms..............................................................................................................7 Chapter 1: What is the Meaning of Diaspora? .................................................................................8 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................8 The Term “Diaspora” ...........................................................................................................8 Interaction Between the Diaspora and the Nationality ......................................................14 Chapter 2: What Is the Formation Process of the Armenian Diaspora? ........................................18 Introduction ........................................................................................................................18 Armenian Diaspora, Occurrence and Geographical Distribution ......................................19 Historical Development of the Armenian Diaspora ...............................................20 1915 Tehcir (Relocation and Resettlement) Law (May 27, 1915) ........................20 Diaspora Before Tehcir (Relocation and Resettlement) Law ................................24 Diaspora After Tehcir (Relocation and Resettlement) Law ..................................27 Why Did the Armenian Population Choose to Emigrate to America? ............................. 29 American Missionaries ..........................................................................................29 Economic and Political Reasons ............................................................................36 The Influence of Armenian Church .......................................................................38 i Chapter 3: Lobbying Organizations and Activities of the Armenian Diaspora .............................46 Introduction ........................................................................................................................46 Armenian Lobby Organizations .........................................................................................49 The Armenian Caucus (AC) ..............................................................................................54 Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP) .....................................................................56 Other Armenian Formations and Activities .......................................................................58 Schools and Other Educational Institutions ...........................................................58 Non-profit organizations ........................................................................................59 Political Associations .............................................................................................59 Publications of Armenian Lobby Organization .................................................................60 Chapter 4: The Purposes that The Armenian Diaspora Seeks to Achieve in American Politics ...63 Introduction ........................................................................................................................63 Recognition of the Alleged Armenia Genocide .................................................................63 The Origin and Development of the Armenian Issue ............................................64 The Armenian Issue and Its Development ............................................................67 Causes of the Armenian Issue ................................................................................69 -The Factor of Nationalism ........................................................................69 -The Armenian Church ..............................................................................70 -Missionary Activities ................................................................................71 -Religious Factor ........................................................................................71 Armenian Issue in the International Arena ............................................................72 Influence of the Armenian Issue in the U.S. Congress ..........................................75 Armenia Issue and Identity of Senator Robert Dole ..............................................85 Why is the Armenia Issue so important for the Armenians? .................................86 Financial support to Armenia.............................................................................................90 Nagorno-Karabakh Issue ...................................................................................................93 The Prevention of American Aid to Azerbaijan (Section 907)......................................................99 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................107 References ....................................................................................................................................111 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Armenian Settled and Their Population in 1923..........................................................18 Table 2: Armenians Settled and Their Population in 1926 ........................................................18 Table 3: Schools, Education centers, and Residential areas ......................................................58 Table 4: Total Per Capita U.S. Foreign Assistance 1990-1999 .................................................92 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: U.S. Congressional Attention to Caspian Nations .........................................................84 iv ABSTRACT After the weakening of Turkish-Armenian relations and intensive American missionary activities, Armenians began to leave their home lands for educational, economic and political reasons. Emigration to the United States intensified in particular in response to the 1915 Techir (Relocation and Resettlement) Law. After achieving political rights in the United States, Armenian immigrants formed groups that began trying to influence U.S. government policy, working to win recognition of the alleged Armenian Genocide, financial assistance for Armenia, and other policies favorable to Armenia. The process that began resolution the alleged Armenia Genocide was removed from the historical dimension and moved to the political dimension and an international policy instrument was created. In the United States, the Armenian Diaspora strives to influence government policy systematically through diaspora organizations that carefully follow the international scene and advocate for United States foreign policies in favor of Armenia. In this study, the ultimate aims of the Armenia Diaspora over American politics and policy-making, and the activities of the Armenian Lobby will be examined. v INTRODUCTION The history of the Armenian people began in the 6th century B.C. The historical Armenia, or Great Armenia, included territory today found in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iran and northern. Mentioned is made of an Armenian kingdom established near present-day Alanya, Mersin and Adana in Turkey between 1080 and 1375. Armenians lived under the domination of such great empires as those of the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans and interacted with Byzantine, Ottoman, Persian
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