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Representations of Paternal Child Killing in English National Newspapers, 1900 to 1939

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Representations of Paternal Child Killing in English National Newspapers, 1900 to 1939 Representations of Paternal Child Killing in English National Newspapers, 1900 to 1939 Jessica Butler Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy School of Histories, Languages, and Cultures, University of Liverpool December 2018 Contents Acknowledgements p. 3 List of Figures p. 4 Abstract p. 5 Introduction p. 6 Chapter One: Literature Review p. 17 Chapter Two: Methodology p. 53 Chapter Three: “A Father’s Madness”: Paternal Child Killing, January 1900 to July 1914 p. 70 Chapter Four: “Dreaded the Army”: The Impact of the First World on Representations of Paternal Child Killing, August 1914 to November 1918 p. 139 Chapter Five: “A Starving Father’s Crime”: Wartime Experiences and Post-War Recession, Paternal Child Killing, 1919 to 1929 p. 169 Chapter Six: “Father and Child Tragedy”: Paternal Child Killing, 1930 to 1939 p. 234 Conclusion p. 302 Bibliography p. 311 Appendices p. 322 2 Acknowledgements I firstly want to acknowledge my two supervisors, Dr Andrew Davies and Professor Sally Sheard, who have encouraged me throughout the application for my PhD and the entire process. They have given kind, thoughtful, and generous feedback on all draft chapters of my thesis as well as offering support on various conference papers. Additionally, I could not have carried out the research for this thesis without the Wellcome Doctoral Studentship awarded by the Wellcome Trust. Secondly, I am grateful for all the feedback and encouragement I have received at conferences I have presented at over the course of my PhD. These questions and comments helped me to shape some of my ideas and gave me confidence in my research. I would also like to acknowledge the support given to me by members of the University of Liverpool History department and other PhD students I have worked alongside. Finally, I want to thank my family and friends who have always championed my ability to complete this PhD. 3 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Article of 39 lines, Manchester Guardian (23 April 1914), p. 16. Figure 1.2: Photograph of Arthur Devereux, Daily Mirror (18 April 1905), p. 11. Figure 1.3: Drawing of Arthur Devereux, Daily Mirror (13 May 1905), p. 6. Figures 2.1 and 2.2: Photographs of William Juta with his child and his wife and child, Daily Mirror (21 September 1917), p. 7. Figure 3.1: Article of 56 lines, Daily Mail (2 May 1923), p. 4. Figure 3.2: Photograph of Albert Davies, Daily Mail (24 October 1927). Figure 4.1: Article of 69 lines, The Observer (30 March 1930), p. 22. Figure 4.2: Photograph of Peter Tennant, Daily Mirror (19 September 1935), p. 3. Figure 4.3: Photograph of James Bellwood, Daily Express (10 May 1934), p. 13. 4 Abstract This thesis explores the newspaper coverage of a sample of 402 cases of paternal child killing committed during the period 1900 to 1939, as identified in a selection of seven English national newspapers. Five main research strands are considered in this thesis: the representation of paternal child killers; the representation of violent crimes; understandings of mental illness; conceptualisations of fatherhood; and the development of the national press. Firstly, it is argued that paternal child killers were not represented in a uniform way. Variations in newspaper coverage were determined by the biographies of paternal child killers, explanations for killing their children, reception by the public, factors involved in breakdowns of mental health, and the punishments they received. The second research strand concerns responses to and representations of violent crime. The newspaper coverage of paternal child killing is a useful source to explore attitudes to violent crime in the early twentieth century because it was not an ‘everyday’ crime and had sensational appeal to journalists as a news story. The third research strand of this thesis examines understandings of mental illness and criminal culpability. Newspaper accounts of paternal child killers whose sanity was in question reveal how different actors, such as the paternal child killer themselves, lay witnesses, medical experts, and legal professionals, understood mental illness and criminal culpability. The fourth research strand looks at conceptualisations of fatherhood and masculinity, particularly focussing on the centrality of economic provision. This thesis highlights how narratives of perceived failure to live up to expectations were used to explain why men killed their children. The final research strand explores how the national press changed over the period 1900 to 1939. This thesis looks at the length of coverage per case, per article, and per newspaper to assess how the selection of seven national newspapers reported on paternal child killing, how this changed over time, and what this reveals about newspaper reporting during the early twentieth century. 5 Introduction This thesis explores the newspaper coverage of a sample of 402 cases of paternal child killing committed during the period 1900 to 1939, as identified in a selection of seven English national newspapers. Paternal child killing has been the focus of several pieces of historical inquiry covering the period 1860 to 1922 in varying depth.1 For this study the period 1900 to 1939 was chosen because of the existing historiography. Due to the availability of legal sources, such as the Old Bailey Sessions Papers, the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been the focus of attention, leaving the years of the First World War and the interwar period largely untouched. An examination of newspaper representations of paternal child killing demonstrates how such instances were packaged and presented for readers. The term ‘paternal child killing’ refers to reported cases of murder, manslaughter, and neglect in which the killer was the victim’s father, stepfather, or assumed a paternal role in the child’s life, for example, in a relationship with the child’s mother. The term ‘child’ is used to refer to the ‘daughter or son of’ the accused man, legitimate or otherwise, and includes both infants and adults. The keyword search used to construct the sample of cases examined in this thesis brought up cases in which the ‘child’ was an adult son or daughter. This thesis addresses five main research themes: representations of paternal child killing; violent crime; understandings of mental illness and criminal culpability; expectations of fatherhood and masculinity; and the development of the national press. Firstly, this thesis addresses how paternal child killers were represented in a sample of seven national newspapers in the period 1900 to 1939. It is argued that paternal child 1 See D. Grey, ‘Parenting, Infanticide and the State in England and Wales, 1870-1950’, in H. Barron and C. Siebrecht (eds.), Parenting and the State in Britain and Europe, c.1870-1950: Raising the Nation (Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, 2016), pp. 73-92, G. Frost, ‘ “Such a Poor Finish”: Illegitimacy, Murder, and War Veterans in England, 1918-1923’, Historical Reflections, 42 (2016), pp. 91-111, D. Grey, ‘Discourses of Infanticide in England, 1880-1922’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Roehampton University, 2008), and J. Andrews, ‘The Boundaries of Her Majesty’s Pleasure: Discharging Child- Murderers from Broadmoor and Perth Criminal Lunatic Department, c. 1860-1920’, in M. Jackson (ed.), Infanticide: Historical Perspectives on Child Murder and Concealment, 1550-2000 (Ashgate Publishing Limited: Surrey, 2002), pp. 216-248. 6 killers were not represented in a uniform way. Variations in newspaper coverage were determined by the biographies of paternal child killers, explanations for killing their children, reception by the public, factors involved in breakdowns of mental health, and the punishments they received. Individual circumstances of the paternal child killer need to be taken into consideration. This thesis demonstrates that, apart from in the period 1914 to 1918, there was no single response to paternal child killing, and paternal child killers did not receive uniform treatment in the press. The chronological overlap with existing studies allowed for consideration of aspects of continuity and change in the factors used to explain paternal child killing and how it was represented. Historians have argued that economic factors formed a core explanation for paternal child killing.2 What this thesis demonstrates is that it was not just economic hardship but the very thought of it that was a key factor. Short- term unemployment could be just as damaging as chronic long-term unemployment. There was a fear of poverty or financial ruin resulting from unemployment or under-employment because of pressures to provide and embarrassment about being unable to do so. The tendency to focus on paternal child killing borne out of economic hardship obscures instances that were committed by fathers of relative wealth, who had suffered financial loss or were plagued by doubt about their business success, and were fearful of losing their financial security. Overwhelmingly, newspaper journalists were sympathetic to unemployed and financially-distressed fathers who killed their children and were understanding of the damaging consequences of restrictive definitions of masculinity. The second research strand concerns responses to and representations of violent crime. The newspaper coverage of paternal child killing is a useful source to explore attitudes to violent crime in the early twentieth century because it was not an ‘everyday’ 2 See A. Lister, ‘Masculinity and Fatherhood in Representations of Male-Perpetrated Child Homicide in London, 1889-1913’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Monash University, 2016), p. 223, J. Shepherd, ‘Victorian Madman: Broadmoor, Masculinity and the Experiences of the Criminally Insane, 1863- 1900’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Queen Mary University of London, 2013), p. 181, and C. Wilson, ‘Mad, Sad or Bad?: Newspaper and Judicial Representations of Men Who Killed Children in Victorian England, 1860-1900’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of Essex, 2012), p. 32. 7 crime and had sensational appeal to journalists as a news story.
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