DOCSLIB.ORG

Memorial Laws: Social and Media Construction of Personalized Legislation, 1994-2005

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Memorial Laws: Social and Media Construction of Personalized Legislation, 1994-2005 City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2009 Memorial Laws: Social and Media Construction of Personalized Legislation, 1994-2005 Faith H. Leibman The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3663 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Memorial Laws: Social and Media Construction of Personalized Legislation, 1994-2005 by FAITH H. LEIBMAN A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2009 © 2009 Faith H. Leibman All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Warren Benton Chair of Examining Committee Date Karen Terry Executive Officer Supervision Committee: Candace McCoy Richard Culp THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Memorial Laws: Social and Media Construction of Personalized Legislation, 1994-2005 by Faith H. Leibman Adviser: Professor Warren Benton This dissertation explores the possibility that certain social, demographic, and political factors have led to the recent adoption by American state legislatures of what are known as Memorial Laws. First enacted in 1994, these laws have become increasingly common. However, there has been little or no formal academic research into them. This investigation aims to provide a preliminary analysis of Memorial Laws and to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics affecting their passage. Specifically, this study examines a variety of demographic traits of victims and the characteristics of the crimes committed against them in an attempt to determine whether there are predictors of which states are likely to adopt Memorial Laws. These variables include the gender, age, and race of victims, as well as statewide violent crime rates, racial makeup of a state’s population, the type of crime involved, the state legislature’s ideological leanings, and the dominant political culture in a state. This study analyzes data related to all 43 of the Memorial Laws enacted by state legislatures between 1994 and 2005. It finds that Memorial Law legislation typically arises from the social and media construction of the victim as female, under iv the age of 18 years, and Caucasian. Furthermore, Memorial Laws tend to be enacted in states where the legislature skews liberal and the political culture tends to be individualistic rather than traditional or moralistic. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My life has been enriched by an abundance of good friends, every one of whom has had a part in helping me reach the goal of completing my Ph.D. I treasure them all, and if I have forgotten to mention anyone personally, I hope that each of them knows that he or she has a special place in my heart. Two wonderful mentors, one in my master’s program and one in my doctoral program, deserve special recognition. Dr. Charles Bahn, a man of both wisdom and kindness, encouraged me to continue in my academic pursuits. Dr. Dorothy Schulz, who started out with me on this Ph.D. journey, has stayed with me throughout, ever present and offering morsels of truth and a kind e-mail at just the right moment. I am most appreciative to both. Christine Czechowicz gave me some of her strength to continue in the Ph.D. program long after I had started, always making time in her busy schedule to offer me an encouraging word. I have never forgotten her efforts on my behalf, without which I would not have reached this point. John Eget and Dennis Morsa appeared at two different times in my academic life, encouraging me that if I kept at it I would graduate someday. My success getting to this point is, in no small part, due to their motivation. I cherish their support and confidence in me as I reach forward to this next milestone. I offer special thanks to Dr. Joan Ryan, who showed me the way and without whom I would have given up a long time ago. I am grateful to Dr. Stanley Jacobs for helping me, in his own quiet manner, to make this dream possible. vi A word of appreciation to my committee members, Ned Benton, Candace McCoy, and Rick Culp. I know that I have been somewhat of a challenge as a student, but hope that bringing this project to fruition has made it worthwhile. I wish to thank my “editor,” Denise Tanyol, for her help and encouragement— a beacon of light on some very dark nights. I will always be grateful for her decision to work with me. Our fated meeting many years ago turned Phil Asencio from a stranger into a wonderful friend who comforted me during the down times with laughter and a reminder that love can cure a broken spirit. To Sally Tarnecki, with whom I shared both tears and excitement throughout my years of working on this Ph.D., I offer my appreciation and say, “It’s almost party time!” I am blessed to have in my life one of the kindest and most loving friends I have ever met, Tafid (David) Bedros. His friendship has enriched me, motivated me, and nourished my soul over the long years we have been friends. I shall treasure it eternally. I offer my love and appreciation to my mother and father, Louise and Neil Leibman. My mother, a symbol of courage in the face of adversity, taught me to be brave, to never give up despite the odds. My father taught me to cherish two things in life above all: friendship and freedom. His words have proven to be profoundly true and have marked every step of this journey. May G-d bless them and keep them with me as I travel down the road a little further. vii And last, but in no way least, I thank my boyfriend, Billy Kerper, for his patience and love and for waiting twelve years to hear me say the words, “Will you marry me?” And now, my friends, let’s dance... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................ 2 Definition of Memorial Laws ............................................... 2 History of Memorial Laws................................................... 2 A Review of Memorial Laws Enacted Between 1994 and 2005 ...................................................................... 3 Purpose of Memorial Laws ................................................ 13 Historical Review of Government Initiatives on Behalf of Victims ......................................................................... 15 Purpose of the Study .................................................................... 19 Significance of the Study ................................................... 21 Research Design .......................................................................... 22 Research Questions ..................................................................... 23 Conceptual Framework ................................................................ 24 Assumptions and Limitations ........................................................ 25 Definition of Terms ....................................................................... 25 Summary ................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 28 Theories of Social Problems ......................................................... 28 Objectivist Theory .............................................................. 29 Objectivist Theory Applied to Memorial Law Passage ... 30 Social Constructionist Theory ............................................ 32 Social Constructionist Theory Applied to Memorial Law Passage ................................................................. 33 Claims-Making ................................................................... 34 Claims-Making as Essential to Memorial Laws .............. 38 Claims-Making and Ownership of Social Problems ....... 41 Media Coverage and Enactment of Memorial Laws ..................... 44 Media and Construction of Crime ...................................... 44 News Media and Victim Characteristics ............................. 47 Media and Development of Public Policy ........................... 54 The Present Research .................................................................. 57 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES ................................... 59 Research Design .......................................................................... 59 Data ........................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF MEMORIAL LAW DATA ...................................... 64 Introduction .. ................................................................................ 64 Violent Crime Rates and Memorial Law Enactment (Research Question 1) .................................................. 66 Presentation of Findings ...................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Postmodern to Psychodynamics : Deconstructing Sex Offender Registration and Notification Policies
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2012 From postmodern to psychodynamics : deconstructing sex offender registration and notification policies Sherri A. Brown Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Sherri A., "From postmodern to psychodynamics : deconstructing sex offender registration and notification policies" (2012). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/901 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sherri A. Brown From Postmodernism to Psychodynamics: Deconstructing Sex Offender Registration and Notification Policies ABSTRACT This theoretical thesis is a multilayered study that interrogates Sex Offender Registration and Notification (SORN) policies from many angles: 1) a deconstruction of the legislation itself (logistics, stipulations, restrictions and enforcement); 2) the impact such policies have on individuals who are required to register; 3) the impact on communities in creating public spaces that are increasingly policed and thereby adding to the expansion of the prison industrial complex; 4) the implications and effectiveness sex offender registries (SORs) have in preventing sexually predatory behavior and acts of sexual violence; and 5) the implicit values and beliefs underlying hegemonic U.S. discourse surrounding sexual violence and abuse. By constructing what and who gets deemed innocent and who and what gets marked as deviant and dangerous, SORN legislation consequently strengthens dominant paradigms of White, upper/middle class notions of motherhood, childhood and acceptable sexuality by making meaning of erotic innocence and constructing the “predator”.
    [Show full text]
  • Piteous Massacre’: Violence, Language, and the Off-Stage in Richard III
    Journal of the British Academy, 8(s3), 91–109 DOI https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/008s3.091 Posted 15 June 2020 ‘Piteous massacre’: violence, language, and the off-stage in Richard III Georgina Lucas Abstract: Shakespeare regularly stages extreme violence. In Titus Andronicus, Chiron and Demetrius are baked in a pie and eaten by their mother. Gloucester’s eyes are plucked out in King Lear. In contradistinction to this graphic excess are moments when violence is relegated off-stage: Macbeth kills King Duncan in private; when Richard III suborns the assassination of his nephews—the notorious ‘Princes in the Tower’—the boys are killed away from the audience. In such instances, the spectator must imagine the scope and formation of the violence described. Focussing on Richard III, this article asks why Shakespeare uses the word ‘massacre’ to express the murder of the two princes. Determining the varied, and competing, meanings of the term in the 16th and 17th centuries, the article uncovers a range of ways an early audience might have interpreted the killings—as mass murder, assassination, and butchery—and demonstrates their thematic connections to child-killing across the cycle of plays that Richard III concludes. Keywords: Shakespeare, massacre, Richard III, off-stage violence, child-killing. Notes on the author: Georgina Lucas is Lecturer in Shakespeare and Renaissance Literature in the School of Arts, English and Languages at Queen’s University, Belfast. Her research focusses upon the representation of mass and sexual violence on the early modern stage, and the performance and reception of Shakespeare during and after acts of atrocity.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences of Attachment Therapy
    EXPERIENCES OF ATTACHMENT THERAPY: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF ADOPTIVE MOTHERS by JANE SHOEMAKER WIMMER (Under the Direction of M. Elizabeth Vonk) ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore mothers’ experiences of attachment therapy as related to their current relationships with their adopted children. The therapy cited in this study was family-focused intervention which engaged the child and parents in resolving attachment difficulties. All of the children were adopted from the Georgia public child welfare system and had been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder, a serious emotional disorder of childhood that is exhibited by lack of bonding of the child to parental figures. The 16 mothers interviewed in this study had participated in state-sponsored attachment therapy and were part of an evaluation of that therapy in 2003. This research study employed a descriptive qualitative design that used in-depth semi- structured interviews, artifacts, and a reflective research journal for data collection. The population was purposefully chosen, and all mothers who were part of the 2003 study participated. Three research questions guided this study: (1) What was the experience of attachment therapy for the participants? (2) How did the participants view their current relationship with their adopted child? (3) What were the participants’ perceptions of the role attachment therapy played in their current level of functioning? Data analysis guided by the constant comparative method revealed eight major findings. The experience of attachment therapy was (1) consistently supportive, (2) emotionally painful, and (3) physically safe. The mothers’ current relationships with their adopted children were (4) continuously stressful and (5) unquestionably permanent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Benefits of Child-Centered Play Therapy and Filial Therapy for Pre-School-Aged Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder and Their Famiies
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2014 The benefits of child-centered play therapy and filial therapy for pre-school-aged children with reactive attachment disorder and their famiies Andrea S. White Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation White, Andrea S., "The benefits of child-centered play therapy and filial therapy for pre-school-aged children with reactive attachment disorder and their famiies" (2014). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/846 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Andrea White The Benefits of Child-Centered Play Therapy and Filial Therapy for Preschool-Aged Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder and Their Families ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate, from a theoretical perspective, the best treatment approach for preschool-aged children with Reactive Attachment Disorder. The challenges and needs of these children can be extensive, and the search for effective treatment is ongoing. Two specific questions of focus were: How are the theories behind Non-Directive Play Therapy/Child-Centered Play Therapy and Filial Therapy useful in conceptualizing the experience of therapy for a child with attachment disorder? And, how could these treatments be used to benefit children with attachment disorders and their families? The research for this paper involved a literature review of peer-reviewed articles on Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and treatment, original sources describing Attachment Theory, Non-Directive Play Therapy and Filial Therapy, and the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download Handbook for Treatment of Attachment Problems in Children Pdf Free Download
    HANDBOOK FOR TREATMENT OF ATTACHMENT PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Beverly James | 308 pages | 26 Sep 2008 | SIMON & SCHUSTER | 9781439143001 | English | New York, United States Handbook for Treatment of Attachment Problems in Children PDF Book West, M. Skip to main content. Understanding the Benefits of Marriage and Family Therapy. Crowell, R. Howes C. A typical parent-infant relationship is not always optimal; repairing mismatches or interactive errors is an essential part of the ongoing negotiation within the dyad. This case vignette demonstrates how an accurate diagnosis of childhood BD can provide the information needed for effective medical treatment plans in children with disruptive behavioral disorders with histories of significant abuse, neglect, or maltreatment. Check out the September 8 eNews for more information on how you can be involved! Infant Psychiatry. Studies show that the level of marital happiness is the strongest predictor of overall life satisfaction. They are impatient, critical and argumentative. You will receive the larger discount available for each item. Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships. Ruth marked it as to-read Jan 18, There is no such thing as perfect parents. More Details Consistent, sensitive and loving parenting leads to secure attachment and positive beliefs. There is a direct link between childhood attachment patterns, adult attachment styles, and functioning in intimate and romantic relationships. Toward a Neuroscience of Attachment, James A. The Neurobiology of Attachment…. Often these adults exhibit behaviors that suggest a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Fonagy P. They will provide information on contacting a therapist in your area. Dev Psychopathol ; Even before birth, a foundation is laid for the bond between a mother and her infant.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Counseling Techniques
    Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Counseling Techniques The third edition of Counseling Techniques: Improving Relationships with Others, Ourselves, Our Families and Our Environment enhances the author’s previous efforts to provide a comprehensive overview of counseling techniques in a manner that makes these theories accessible to students pursuing mental health professions, counselor educators, and seasoned practitioners alike. New to this edition is a chapter on play therapy and a host of other updates that illustrate ways to use different techniques in different situations with different populations. Counseling Techniques stresses the need to recognize and treat the client within the context of culture, ethnicity, interpersonal resources, and systemic support, and it shows the reader how to meet these needs using more than 500 treatment techniques, each of which is accompanied by step- by-step procedures and evaluation methods. Rosemary A. Thompson, EdD, LPC, NCC, NCSC has over 25 years of experience in public schools as a school counselor and administrator working with children, adolescents, and families. She taught concurrently in the department of counseling and human services at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and was an associate professor in the school of psychology and counseling at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. She is currently in private practice with Phoenix Mental Health Services, LLC, in Virginia Beach. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Page Intentionally Left Blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Counseling Techniques Improving Relationships with Others, Ourselves, Our Families, and Our Environment Third Edition Rosemary A.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendations for Terminating with Child Clients Diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder Rebecca Katherine Greiner James Madison University
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Educational Specialist The Graduate School Fall 2010 Recommendations for terminating with child clients diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder Rebecca Katherine Greiner James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/edspec201019 Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Greiner, Rebecca Katherine, "Recommendations for terminating with child clients diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder" (2010). Educational Specialist. 92. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/edspec201019/92 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Specialist by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommendations for Terminating with Child Clients Diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder Katherine Greiner A research project submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Educational Specialist Department of Graduate Psychology December 2010 Acknowledgements Thank you to the readers of this thesis, especially to Anne Stewart who offered expertise, enthusiasm and perspective throughout the process. Thank you to friends and family members who have been supportive throughout this final push of the graduate degree, and especially to Evan for his endless encouragement and help. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • From Juvenile Delinquent to Boy Murderer: Understanding Children Who Killed, 1816-1908
    From Juvenile Delinquent to Boy Murderer: Understanding Children Who Killed, 1816-1908. Betts, Eleanor Frances Winifred The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/11902 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] From Juvenile Delinquent to Boy Murderer: Understanding Children Who Killed, 1816-1908. Eleanor Frances Winifred Betts Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Statement of Originality I, Eleanor F. W. Betts, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Crime and Punishment: an Analysis of Sex Offender Sentencing in Florida Ryan T
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 Sex Crime and Punishment: An Analysis of Sex Offender Sentencing in Florida Ryan T. Shields Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SEX CRIME AND PUNISHMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF SEX OFFENDER SENTENCING IN FLORIDA By RYAN T. SHIELDS Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2013 Ryan T. Shields defended this dissertation on June 21, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Daniel P. Mears Professor Directing Dissertation Melissa Radey University Representative Patricia Y. Warren Hightower Committee Member William Bales Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I dedicate this work to Dr. Heather L. Pfeifer. Heather was the first person to suggest that I continue my graduate studies and pursue an academic career, and she continues to encourage me today. Any professional success I have in the future is the result of her early and sustained support. Thank you, Heather! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this project would have been impossible without the strong network of professors, family and friends who helped direct (and in many cases, redirect) me in my academic pursuits. First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation chair, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Staging Executions: the Theater of Punishment in Early Modern England Sarah N
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Staging Executions: The Theater of Punishment in Early Modern England Sarah N. Redmond Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “STAGING EXECUTIONS: THE THEATER OF PUNISHMENT IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND” By SARAH N. REDMOND This thesis submitted to the Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Sarah N. Redmond, Defended on the 2nd of April, 2007 _______________________ Daniel Vitkus Professor Directing Thesis _______________________ Gary Taylor Committee Member _______________________ Celia Daileader Committee Member Approved: _______________________ Nancy Warren Director of Graduate Studies The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Daniel Vitkus, for his wonderful and invaluable ideas concerning this project, and Dr. Gary Taylor and Dr. Celia Daileader for serving on my thesis committee. I would also like to thank Drs. Daileader and Vitkus for their courses in the Fall 2006, which inspired elements of this thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures . v Abstract . vi INTRODUCTION: Executions in Early Modern England: Practices, Conventions, Experiences, and Interpretations . .1 CHAPTER ONE: “Blood is an Incessant Crier”: Sensationalist Accounts of Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Print Culture . .11 CHAPTER TWO “Violence Prevails”: Death on the Stage in Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy and Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy .
    [Show full text]
  • Murder in Families
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report Murder in Families By John M. Dawson • When a son killed a parent, his victim and Patrick A. Langan, Ph.D. July 1994 was about as likely to be the mother as the BJS Statisticians father: 47% mothers versus 53% fathers. The United States has over 3,000 But when a daughter killed a parent, her A survey of murder cases disposed counties, but more than half of all victim was more likely to be the father than in 1988 in the courts of large urban murders occur in just 75 of them, the the mother: 81% fathers versus 19% counties indicated that 16% of murder Nation’s mort populous jurisdictions. mothers. victims were members of the defendant's This report taps a rich source of murder family. The remainder were murdered by data — prosecutors’ files in a sample of • In murders of persons under age 12, the friends or acquaintances (64%) or by these large urban places — for detailed victims' parents accounted for 57% of the strangers (20%). These findings are drawn information on the nature and extent of murderers. from a representative sample survey of a particular type of murder: those that State and county prosecutors' records. occur within families. In addition, the • Eleven percent of all victims age The survey covered disposed charges report uses these files justice systems 60 or older were killed by a son or against nearly 10,000 murder defendants, respond to family murder.
    [Show full text]
  • SENTAC Benchbook
    SENTAC Delaware Sentencing Accountability Commission Benchbook 2020* *INCLUDES RELEVANT LEGISLATION OF THE FIRST SESSION OF THE 150th GENERAL ASSEMBLY Benchbook 2020 1 SUMMARY OF PRESUMPTIVE SENTENCES Crime Classification Presumptive Sentence Statutory Page Ref. Felonies Class A (Other than Murder) 15 yrs @ Level V 15 yrs. to Life 28 Class B 2 to 5 yrs (1st 2 yrs @ Level V) 2 to 25 yrs 31 Class C (Violent) Up to 30 m @ Level V up to 15 yrs 37 Class C (Nonviolent) Up to 1 yr @ Level V up to 15 yrs 41 Class D (Violent) Up to 2 yrs @ Level V up to 8 yrs 43 Class D (Nonviolent) Up to 12 m @ Level II or III up to 8 yrs 47 Class E (Violent) Up to 15 m @ Level V up to 5 yrs 49 Class E (Nonviolent) Up to 12 m @ Level II up to 5 yrs 53 Class F (Violent) Up to 9 m @ Level V up to 3 yrs 57 Class F (Nonviolent) Up to 12 m for Title 11; up to 3 yrs 60 Up to 18 m for Title 16 @ Level II Class G (Violent) Up to 6 m @ Level V up to 2 yrs 64 Title 16, §§4767,4768: 3-9 m @ Level V Class G (Nonviolent) Up to 12 m @ Level II up to 2 yrs 67 Misdemeanors Class A (Violent) MA1 Up to12 m @ Level II up to 1 yr 72 Class A (Escape) MA2 Up to 3 m @ Level IV up to 1 yr 74 Class A (Property) MA3 Up to 12 m @ Level I up to 1 yr 75 Class A (Order/Decency) MA4 Up to 12 m @ Level I up to 1 yr 77 Class A (Controlled substances) 1st offense 12m @Level II up to 1 yr 80 Class B Fine, Costs & Restitution up to 6 m.
    [Show full text]