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Scientific Revolution Through Enlightenment Cheat Sheet

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Scientific Revolution Through Enlightenment Cheat Sheet Scientific Revolution, Absolutism & Enlightenment Cheat Sheet Scientific Revolution Sir Isaac Newton, Bacon, Galileo and Johannes Kepler are all directly associated with the Scientific Revolution ​ ● Knowledge should be based on experimentation and observation (Empiricism) ​ ● Bacon: Scientific method was used to solve problems ● Kepler: Planets travel in ellipses and move faster as they approach the sun ● Newton: Gravity, Laws of Motion, Calculus ● Copernicus—Heliocentric model of universe ​ ● Galileo— ● Agreed with Copernicus’ heliocentric model ● Invented first telescope ● Recanted (took back) his scientific beliefs because he feared that the Church might ​ ​ excommunicate him Absolutism—A system of government where a ruler has complete control over the lives of the people ​ ● Divine right theory—belief that kings and queens had been given their power from God ​ ○ This theory is similar to the term “Mandate of Heaven” used by dynastic rulers in China to justify their ​ political power. ​ ● Absolute monarchs sought (wanted) to centralize and maintain absolute power ​ ● Absolute rulers determined government policies without the consent of their people ​ ● Machiavelli believed that a wise ruler is one who does what is necessary to stay in power ​ ● Monarchs gain power and Nobles lose power Example of Absolute Rule in Europe: France ● The Sun King—Louis XIV—“I am the State” (Best example of Absolute Power—strong monarchy with the ​ king firmly in charge) ​ o Has a large network of spies o Decreased the power of the nobles o Spends a lot of money-uses power for the good of the monarchy ▪ Builds palace of Versailles ▪ Enters many wars that he can’t win Enlightenment An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems • Hobbes 1588-1679 o Leviathan o Humans are naturally selfish, wicked, and need a strong gov’t to maintain order o Believes Absolute Monarchy is best form of gov’t/Supports Autocratic ideas • Locke 1632-1704 o Two Treatises on Government o Purpose of gov’t is to protect natural rights—Life, Liberty, Property o All humans naturally good and capable of governing themselves • Gov’t power comes from the people/“consent of the governed” • Montesquieu 1689-1755 o Spirit of Laws o Separation of Powers • Voltaire 1694-1788 o Candide Satire of church & gov’t ​ o “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” o Champions free speech, freedom of religion & tolerance (against religious fanaticism) • Rousseau 1712-1788 o The Social Contract-shapes democratic thought from 1700s to present ​ o “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” o Human beings are born naturally good, civilization & institutions corrupt (gov’t & school) o People give up their right to the “general will” of the majority • Emile—Rousseau’s thoughts on education—Mostly discusses educating boys ​ ​ ​ • he stresses the importance of mothers teaching their children & teaching girls to be subordinate and dependent on their husbands (Sophie) • Beccaria 1738-1794 o On Crimes and Punishment o Condemns torture & death penalty/Punishment should fit the crime o Accused should receive a speedy trial • Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1757 o A Vindication on the Rights of Women o Women’s equality to men/Equal education of men & women/women should study politics & medicine • Denis Diderot o Chief editor and contributor to the first Encyclopedia (28 volumes, organized alphabetically and indexed) Information age begins! • Madame de Pompadour o Frequented Salons, respected by philosophes such as Montesquieu and Voltaire Enlightenment influenced the writings of the Declaration of Independence, US Constitution, Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen as well as the American, French and Latin American Revolutions Enlightened Despots (Enlightened Absolute rulers): use their power for the good of the people ​ ​ Russia: ● Catherine the Great-Enlightened Despot o Forced large number of peasants into serfdom o Followed a policy of Westernization o Gained a warm water port ▪ The Baltic Sea is important to Russia because it was a warm water port that could be used for trade ​ and travel o Patron of French philosophes o Hoped to implement Enlightenment ideas and reform the Russian Empire. ▪ Formed schools for women ▪ Reduced censorship (did not eliminate it) ▪ Increased agricultural reforms German States: ● Maria Theresa, (Austria) —Enlightened Despot ○ Supporter of inoculation for small pox ○ Strengthened economy ○ Outlawed witch burning and torture ○ Mandatory education ● Joseph II (Austria)-Enlightened Despot-abolished serfdom, makes taxes equal for nobles & peasants, religious toleration! ● Frederick William The Great(Prussia)=Benevolent despot/enlightened despot o Laid foundation for establishment of Prussia as a European Power .
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