DOCSLIB.ORG

US5168677.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
US5168677.Pdf |||||||||||||||| USOO5168677A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,168,677 Pronsato et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 8, 1992 (54) METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING FILAT 3,965,626 6/1976 Johnson ........................ 52/DIG. 10 BUILDING BLOCK MODULES FROM THE 3,974,600 8/1976 Pearce ... ... 52/DIG. 10 UNION OF TWO FRUSTUMS BY THEIR 4,074,496 2/1978 Fischer ................................ 446/114 4,253,268 3/1981 Mayer ... ... 52/DIG. 10 CONGRUENT BASES AND SLOT 4,323,245 4/1982 Beaman .. ... 52/DIG. O CONNECTORS COMPLEMENT FOR A 4,496,155 1/1985 Goldfarb ... ... 52/DIG. 10 VARIETY OF CONSTRUCTIVE OR 4,593,908 6/1986 Ibrahim ...... ... 52/DIG. O AMUSINGAPPLICATIONS 4,682,450 7/1987 Diamond ... ... 52/DIG. 10 75 Inventors: Antonio C. Pronsato, Coral Spring, 4,723,382 2/1888 Lalvani ......................... 52/DIG. 10 Fla.; Ernesto D. Gyurec, 3400 Ave. of 4,789,370 12/1988 Ellefson .............................. 446/14 the Arts, Apt. No. E-420, Costa OTHER PUBLICATIONS Mesa, Calif. 92626 Playplax publication received in PTO Mar. 14, 1968. 73 Assignee: Ernesto Daniel Gyurec, Corona del Primary Examiner-David A. Scherbel Mar, Calif. Assistant Examiner-Creighton Smith (21) Appl. No.: 436,665 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Daniel L. Dawes 22) Filed: Nov. 15, 1989 57 ABSTRACT (51) Int. Cl. ................................................ E04B 1/32 A method to guide the creation of flat modular building (52) U.S. Cl. ................ ... 52/81; 52/DIG. 10 block units to be interconnected with others of like (58) Field of Search ........................... 52/DIG. 10, 81; shape by means of fasteners and magnetically, the mod 446/114 ules are created by the union of any two frustums by a congruent larger base, a series of holes truncations and 56 References Cited roundings made them fit in a variety of constructive and U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS amusing applications, also complementing the invention 3,461,574 8/1969 Larsen .......................... 52/DIG. 10 is a built-in slot connector for connecting two flat mem 3,564,758 2/1971 Willis .................................. 446/114 bers. 3,645.535 2/1972 Randolph. 52/DIG 10 3,698,124 10/1972 Reitzel ................................ 446/14 15 Claims, 21 Drawing Sheets U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 1 of 21 5,168,677 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 2 of 21 5,168,677 re-S727, VE2 FA2-3 FA2-3 VE3 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 3 of 21 5,168,677 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 4 of 21 5,168,677 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 5 of 21 5,168,677 CP2 CP2 A(2 -1 M-6 PE(2 ? X7 D44 A2 Aa F9.5 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 6 of 21 5,168,677 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 7 of 21 5,168,677 Dec. 8, 1992 5,168,677 Fig.? U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 10 of 21 5,168,677 Fig. 10 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 11 of 21 5,168,677 /02 ?/ 62 ?e: 22 32 /02 A "CAOSS SECTION "BCROSS SECTION U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 12 of 21 5,168,677 F9. 12 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 13 of 21 5,168,677 Fig. 13 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 14 of 21 5,168,677 "B" COWWECTOR F9. 14 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 15 of 21 5,168,677 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 16 of 21 5,168,677 F9. /6 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 17 of 21 5,168,677 Fig. 17 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 18 of 21 5,168,677 Fig. 16 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 19 of 21 5,168,677 Fig. /? U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 20 of 21 5,168,677 F19.20 U.S. Patent Dec. 8, 1992 Sheet 21 of 21 5,168,677 MWEMOWIC (HART AIyA/EDAPOWS COBE 7E/AA OC74 AAOMA/CC/AOC74 f 2 3 4 5 6 FACESraces a,AA/ asA2-3 asF42-3 TagFA4 TA3AA2-3 A4AA4 AO/WTSM l eCA/ TeleleCA2 CA3 CA4 TeleCA5 CP(2 PyRA/M/DS py) Py2 Ay3 Py4 py57 Py(2. FAUSTU/MS FRI AR2 AA3 AA4 AAPS 7 AA4 RORTIOMS 7A57 A/AAD/AA AW/ A/V2 AW3 AA/4 AW4 AWO AWGAAS A/VGAES AAS7 DA-5S DA57 PEAPMETRICAL PEI. AE2-3 PE2-3 AE4 ASS PE6 EDGES PEST AACES AA5T woulesMODULES aM/ wasAM2-3 wasM2-3 aM4 33;M5T weM6 S/DES AS 57 MODULES SM 5T Fj9.2/ 5,168,677 1. 2 the edge of the polyhedrons and the connector is usu METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING FILAT BUILDING ally ball shaped, at a vertex of the polyhedrons. BLOCK MODULES FROM THE UNON OF TWO The space structure member in principle, can be eas FRUSTUMS BY THEIR CONGRUENT BASES AND ily mass produced by extrusion of simple molding, the SLOT CONNECTORS COMPLEMENT FOR A multiple connector the other hand has eluded and here VARETY OF CONSTRUCTIVE OR AMUSING tofore inexpensive solutions. For this problem classical APPLICATIONS space structures, regardless of their high strength to weight ratio and the immense variety of shapes they can BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION form, had been relegated in architectures usually to O trusses or to secondary functions such as canopies. An 1. Field of the Invention in the construction industry, space structures had been This invention broadly relates to modular building shadowed by the simple-face connected-square-pris construction, and specifically to a method to make dihe matic building blocks. drally connected building blocks and a built-in slot Another problem associated with the ingenious solu connector to erect or to make the structure of buildings, 15 tion invented since Bell's U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,800. billboards, towers, roads, runways, dams, bridges, shore and offshore structures, furniture and their respective OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION scale models for testing and design. It is a principal object of the present invention to These scale model building blocks modules also can unite advantages of the bricks with those of the space be profitable if used as teacher's aids and toys. 20 structures: low cost production (extrusion, simple mold 2. Prior Art ing), low cost test scale modeling, high strength over The construction of buildings by a plurality of similar weight ratio, maximum variety of polyhedral arrange simple polyhedral members, generally rectangular ment and low cost structural design and erection labor. prisms, is practice followed since ancient times for two SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION main reasons. The obvious advantage is the low cost 25 mass production of those members as is explained in These and other objects are derived from a new Bardot's U.S. Pat. No. 3,777,359, the less obvious ad method for creating modular building blocks units to vantage is the low cost construction of scale models for gether with a new dihedral slot connector for erecting testing and design. There are three main disadvantages geometrical structures. of the simple brick: 30 The design engineer interested in geometrical struc They are too massive, to heavy. tures will find the study of a method applicable to any They are assembled only into prismatic structures. polyhedron. That the individual description of a bunch They are weakly connected. of building blocks made with the said method. Heretofore those disadvantages had been alleviated, The method of present invention had evolved along generally only demeaning the main advantages. 35 two branches, pyramidal and conical. But, because The solution of the massiveness problem by making cones are a class of pyramids, to clarify and amplify the holes in the members creates, once assembled, con concept, the method will be presented in a single de duits which could be another advantage; however, scription. The method of manufacture is hypothetical those conduits are by means of simple molding not steps as a guide for the design of modular building block connected, they are parallel. units-modules, for short. The second disadvantage have been partially overcome Solid Pyramidal Modules (See FIGS. 1 to 6) by making complex polyhedrons, see Hervath, U.S. Pat. First, we choose a couple of concave face congruent No. 3,783,571. However, this second problem is not polyhedrons, preferably space-fillers. We shall call widely seen as such. Most designers are still exploring 45 them original polyhedrons. Second, by connecting any the mysteries of the cube structure; NASA space station internal point and the vertexes, we divide the original structure, for example, having an expensive and very polyhedrons into as may pyramids the polyhedrons sophisticated system designed to be assembled into forty have faces. We create pyramids having a polygonal six different polyhedral arrangements, it's timidly cubi base, which was face of the original polyhedrons. cal. The third problem, the weakness of the connection, 50 Third, we make frustums of the said pyramids; we perhaps the most elusive, had been attacked economi remove the top parts of the pyramids in a plane between cally by perfecting a tongue and groove holding and their base and the apex. Fourth, gluing the frustums by locking systems, see Silvius' U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,500, for their congruent larger bases, we created a solid pyrami a dihedral slot connection. dal module. The core of the new method is the creation The building blocks of the art known as space struc SS of a building block by the bonding of the two frustums tures are a different case. They are vertically connected by their congruent bases.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Technology to Synthesize 360-Degree Video Based on Regular Dodecahedron in Virtual Environment Systems*
    A Technology to Synthesize 360-Degree Video Based on Regular Dodecahedron in Virtual Environment Systems* Petr Timokhin 1[0000-0002-0718-1436], Mikhail Mikhaylyuk2[0000-0002-7793-080X], and Klim Panteley3[0000-0001-9281-2396] Federal State Institution «Scientific Research Institute for System Analysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Moscow, Russia 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] Abstract. The paper proposes a new technology of creating panoramic video with a 360-degree view based on virtual environment projection on regular do- decahedron. The key idea consists in constructing of inner dodecahedron surface (observed by the viewer) composed of virtual environment snapshots obtained by twelve identical virtual cameras. A method to calculate such cameras’ projec- tion and orientation parameters based on “golden rectangles” geometry as well as a method to calculate snapshots position around the observer ensuring synthe- sis of continuous 360-panorama are developed. The technology and the methods were implemented in software complex and tested on the task of virtual observing the Earth from space. The research findings can be applied in virtual environment systems, video simulators, scientific visualization, virtual laboratories, etc. Keywords: Visualization, Virtual Environment, Regular Dodecahedron, Video 360, Panoramic Mapping, GPU. 1 Introduction In modern human activities the importance of the visualization of virtual prototypes of real objects and phenomena is increasingly grown. In particular, it’s especially required for training specialists in space and aviation industries, medicine, nuclear industry and other areas, where the mistake cost is extremely high [1-3]. The effectiveness of work- ing with virtual prototypes is significantly increased if an observer experiences a feeling of being present in virtual environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Cones, Pyramids and Spheres
    The Improving Mathematics Education in Schools (TIMES) Project MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY Module 12 CONES, PYRAMIDS AND SPHERES A guide for teachers - Years 9–10 June 2011 YEARS 910 Cones, Pyramids and Spheres (Measurement and Geometry : Module 12) For teachers of Primary and Secondary Mathematics 510 Cover design, Layout design and Typesetting by Claire Ho The Improving Mathematics Education in Schools (TIMES) Project 2009‑2011 was funded by the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. © The University of Melbourne on behalf of the International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics (ICE‑EM), the education division of the Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI), 2010 (except where otherwise indicated). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 2011. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/ The Improving Mathematics Education in Schools (TIMES) Project MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY Module 12 CONES, PYRAMIDS AND SPHERES A guide for teachers - Years 9–10 June 2011 Peter Brown Michael Evans David Hunt Janine McIntosh Bill Pender Jacqui Ramagge YEARS 910 {4} A guide for teachers CONES, PYRAMIDS AND SPHERES ASSUMED KNOWLEDGE • Familiarity with calculating the areas of the standard plane figures including circles. • Familiarity with calculating the volume of a prism and a cylinder. • Familiarity with calculating the surface area of a prism. • Facility with visualizing and sketching simple three‑dimensional shapes. • Facility with using Pythagoras’ theorem. • Facility with rounding numbers to a given number of decimal places or significant figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Using History of Mathematics to Teach Volume Formula of Frustum Pyramids: Dissection Method
    Universal Journal of Educational Research 3(12): 1034-1048, 2015 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2015.031213 Using History of Mathematics to Teach Volume Formula of Frustum Pyramids: Dissection Method Suphi Onder Butuner Department of Elementary Mathematics Education, Bozok University, Turkey Copyright © 2015 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Within recent years, history of mathematics dynamic structure of mathematics [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. It is (HoM) has become an increasingly popular topic. Studies stressed that history of mathematics will enrich the repertoire have shown that student reactions to it depend on the ways of teachers and develop their pedagogical content knowledge they use history of mathematics. The present action research [7, 8]. Jankvist [5] (2009) explains the use of history of study aimed to make students deduce volume rules of mathematics both as a tool and as a goal. History-as-a-tool frustum pyramids using the dissection method. Participants arguments are mainly concerned with learning of the inner were 24 grade eight students from Trabzon. Observations, issues of mathematics (mathematical concepts, theories, informal interviews and feedback forms were used as data methods, formulas), whereas history-as-a-goal arguments collection tools. Worksheets were distributed to students and are concerned with the use of history as a self-contained goal. the research was conducted in 3 class hours. Student views From the history-as-a-goal point of view, knowing about the on the activities were obtained through a written feedback history of mathematics is not a primary tool for learning form consisting of 4 questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs
    Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs George Olshevsky TETRACOMB is a four-dimensional tessellation. In any tessellation, the honeycells, which are the n-dimensional polytopes that tessellate the space, Amust by definition adjoin precisely along their facets, that is, their ( n!1)- dimensional elements, so that each facet belongs to exactly two honeycells. In the case of tetracombs, the honeycells are four-dimensional polytopes, or polychora, and their facets are polyhedra. For a tessellation to be uniform, the honeycells must all be uniform polytopes, and the vertices must be transitive on the symmetry group of the tessellation. Loosely speaking, therefore, the vertices must be “surrounded all alike” by the honeycells that meet there. If a tessellation is such that every point of its space not on a boundary between honeycells lies in the interior of exactly one honeycell, then it is panoploid. If one or more points of the space not on a boundary between honeycells lie inside more than one honeycell, the tessellation is polyploid. Tessellations may also be constructed that have “holes,” that is, regions that lie inside none of the honeycells; such tessellations are called holeycombs. It is possible for a polyploid tessellation to also be a holeycomb, but not for a panoploid tessellation, which must fill the entire space exactly once. Polyploid tessellations are also called starcombs or star-tessellations. Holeycombs usually arise when (n!1)-dimensional tessellations are themselves permitted to be honeycells; these take up the otherwise free facets that bound the “holes,” so that all the facets continue to belong to two honeycells. In this essay, as per its title, we are concerned with just the uniform panoploid tetracombs.
    [Show full text]
  • About This Booklet on Surface Areas and Volumes
    About This Booklet on Surface1 Areas and Volumes About This Booklet on Surface Areas and Volumes This Particular Booklet has been designed for the students of Math Class 10 (CBSE Board). However, it will also help those who have these chapters in their curriculum or want to gain the knowledge and explore the concepts. This Booklet explains: 1. Cube, Cuboid and Cylinder 2. Cone and Frustum 3. Sphere and Hemisphere 4. Combination of solids This Booklet also covers: 1. MCQs 2. Questions with Solutions 3. Questions for practice and 4. QR Codes to scan and watch videos on Surface Areas and Volumes QR codes when scanned with mobile scanner take you to our YouTube channel Let’sTute (www.youtube.com/letstute) where you can watch our free videos (need internet connection) on the topic. For Surface Areas and Volumes, in total, we have 8 videos which are accessible on several other platforms as described on the back cover of this Booklet. However, if there is any query, feel free to connect with us on the details given on the last page. Some other documents are also available: About Let’s Tute Let’sTute (Universal Learning Aid) is an E-learning company based in Mumbai, India. (www.letstute.com) We create content for Mathematics, Biology, Physics, Environmental Science, Book-Keeping & Accountancy and also a series on value education known as V2lead 2 13 .1 Cube, Cuboid and Cylinder Scan to watch the video on INTRODUCTION Surface area and Volume Surface Area: It is the sum of total exposed area of a three dimensional solid object.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume of Prisms, Cones, Pyramids & Spheres
    Volume of Prisms, Cones, Pyramids & Spheres (H) A collection of 9-1 Maths GCSE Sample and Specimen questions from AQA, OCR, Pearson-Edexcel and WJEC Eduqas. Name: Total Marks: 1. A cylinder is made of bendable plastic. A dog’s toy is made by bending the cylinder to form a ring. The inner radius of the dog’s toy is 8 cm. The outer radius of the dog’s toy is 9 cm. Calculate an approximate value for the volume of the dog’s toy. State and justify what assumptions you have made in your calculations and the impact they have had on your results. [7] www.justmaths.co.uk Volume of Prisms, Cones, Pyramids & Spheres (H) - Version 2 January 2016 2. In this question all dimensions are in centimetres. A solid has uniform cross section. The cross section is a rectangle and a semicircle joined together. Work out an expression, in cm3, for the total volume of the solid. 1 Write your expression in the form ��3 + ��3 where � and � are integers. � [4] 3. A circular table top has radius 70 cm. (a) Calculate the area of the table top in cm2, giving your answer as a multiple of �. (a) ....................... cm2 [2] (b) The volume of the table top is 17 150� cm3. Calculate the thickness of the table top. (b) ........................ cm [2] www.justmaths.co.uk Volume of Prisms, Cones, Pyramids & Spheres (H) - Version 2 January 2016 4. The volume of Earth is 1.08 × 1012 km3. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 × 1015 km3. How many times larger is the radius of Jupiter than the radius of Earth? Assume that Jupiter and Earth are both spheres.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mathematical Space Odyssey
    Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1Tenexamples......................... 1 1.2 Inhabitants of space . ..................... 9 1.3 Challenges .......................... 22 2 Enumeration 27 2.1Hexnumbers......................... 27 2.2Countingcalissons...................... 28 2.3 Using cubes to sum integers . ................ 29 2.4 Counting cannonballs ..................... 35 2.5 Partitioning space with planes ................ 37 2.6 Challenges .......................... 40 3 Representation 45 3.1 Numeric cubes as geometric cubes . ........... 45 3.2 The inclusion principle and the AM-GM inequality for threenumbers......................... 49 3.3Applicationstooptimizationproblems............ 52 3.4 Inequalities for rectangular boxes . ........... 55 3.5 Means for three numbers . ................ 59 3.6 Challenges .......................... 60 4 Dissection 65 4.1 Parallelepipeds, prisms, and pyramids . ........... 65 4.2 The regular tetrahedron and octahedron ........... 67 4.3 The regular dodecahedron . ................ 71 4.4Thefrustumofapyramid................... 72 4.5 The rhombic dodecahedron . ................ 74 4.6 The isosceles tetrahedron . ................ 76 4.7TheHadwigerproblem.................... 77 4.8 Challenges .......................... 79 xi xii Contents 5 Plane sections 83 5.1 The hexagonal section of a cube ............... 83 5.2Prismatoidsandtheprismoidalformula........... 85 5.3 Cavalieri’s principle and its consequences . ....... 89 5.4 The right tetrahedron and de Gua’s theorem . ....... 93 5.5 Inequalities
    [Show full text]
  • INTECH Infrared Interactive Whiteboard User Manual
    - 1 - INTECH IWB User Manual Xiamen Interactive Technology Co. Ltd INTECH Infrared Interactive Whiteboard User Manual - 2 - INTECH IWB User Manual Content Accessories List....................................................................................................................4 1. General Introduction.........................................................................................................6 1.1 What’s infrared interactive whiteboard?................................................................6 1.2 About this User Manual........................................................................................7 2. Preparation for using........................................................................................................7 2.1 How does the IWB work?.....................................................................................7 2.2 Requirements of the PC system...........................................................................7 2.2.1 The minimum system configuration...........................................................7 2.2.2 Requirement of the Operation System.......................................................7 2.2.3 System configuration recommended........................................................7 2.3 How to install the Infrared IWB？.........................................................................7 2.3.1 Installation for the mobile stand...............................................................8 2.3.2 Installation for the wall mounting................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Volume of a Pyramid Having a Square Base of Side 12Cm and Perpendicular Height of 14Cm
    Name: Exam Style Questions Ensure you have: Pencil, pen, ruler, protractor, pair of compasses and eraser You may use tracing paper if needed Guidance 1. Read each question carefully before you begin answering it. 2. Donʼt spend too long on one question. 3. Attempt every question. 4. Check your answers seem right. 5. Always show your workings Revision for this topic © CORBETTMATHS 2014 1.!A rectangular-based pyramid is shown below. !! !Calculate the volume of the pyramid. ........................cm" (2) 2.!A square-based pyramid has a base with side length 15cm. !The perpendicular height of the pyramid is 10cm. !Calculate the volume of the pyramid. ........................cm" (2) © CORBETTMATHS 2014 3.!A triangular-based pyramid is shown below. ! !Calculate the volume of the pyramid. ........................cm" (2) 4.!Calculate the volume of a pyramid having a square base of side 12cm and !perpendicular height of 14cm. ........................cm" (2) © CORBETTMATHS 2014 5.!Shown is a solid that is made of a pyramid and a cuboid. ! !Calculate the volume of the solid. ........................cm" (3) © CORBETTMATHS 2014 6.!Shown is a pyramid with volume 126cm" !! !Work out the vertical height. ........................cm (3) © CORBETTMATHS 2014 7. Shown is a square-based pyramid with volume 270cm" ! !Find the length of the side marked x. ........................cm (3) © CORBETTMATHS 2014 8.!DEFG is a triangle based pyramid. !The base DEF is an equilateral triangle with side 6cm. !The perpendicular height of the pyramid is 4cm. !! !Calculate the volume of the pyramid. ........................cm" (4) © CORBETTMATHS 2014 9.!A square based pyramid 1 is divided into two parts: !a square based pyramid 2 and a frustum 3, as shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Source of Ions of High Mass, Especially Ions of Uranium Oxide UO 2
    United States Patent m [in 4,145,629 Devienne [45] Mar. 20,1979 [54] SOURCE OF IONS OF HIGH MASS, [56] References Cited ESPECIALLY IONS OF URANIUM OXIDE FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS uo2 2212044 7/1974 France. [76] Inventor: Fernand M. Devienne, 117 La Primary Examiner—Rudolph V. Rolinec Croisett, 06400 Cannes, France Assistant Examiner— Darwin R. Hostetter Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Flynn & Frishauf [21] Appl. No.: 707,319 [57] ABSTRACT An evacuated chamber contains a source of primary ions, a charge-exchange box, the inlet of which is sup- [22] Filed: Jul. 21,1976 plied by the primary ion source and delivers at the outlet a primary molecular or atomic beam which is at [30] Foreign Application Priority Data least partially neutralized, a target of the material to be ionized which intercepts the emergent primary beam Jul. 25, 1975 [FR] France 75 23353 from the charge-exchange box and which is of such Dec. 18, 1975 [FR] France 75 38913 geometry that the primary beam undergoes multiple reflections from the target, the target being placed [51] Int. C1.2 H01J 27/00 within a chamber which is brought to a potential oppo- [52] U.S. Q 313/230; 313/231.3 site to that of the polarity of the ions produced. [58] Field of Search 313/230, 231, 231.3, 313/362, 363 14 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures U.S. Patent Mar. 20, 1979 Sheet 1 of 2 4,145,629 FIG. 1 U.S. Patent Mar. 20, 1979 Sheet 2 of 2 4,145,629 FIG. 3 FIG. 4 4,145,151 Should it be desired to remove the primary ions as SOURCE OF IONS OF HIGH MASS, ESPECIALLY these latter pass out of the charge-exchange box, provi- IONS OF URANIUM OXIDE U02 sion is advantageously made for primary ion deflecting plates consisting of electrodes brought to a potential This mvention relates to a source of ions of high mass, 5 such as to collect or deflect the primary ions to a suffi- especially ions of uranium oxide UO2.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.3 Volume of a Truncated Pyramid
    51 51 4 Easy cases 51 Fixing this broken symmetry will make a = b a natural easy case. One fully symmetric, dimensionless combination of a and b is log(a=b). This combination ranges between -1 and 1: -1 00 1 The special points in this range include the endpoints -1 and 1 cor- responding again to the easy cases a = 0 and b = 0 respectively; and the midpoint 0 corresponding to the third easy case a = b. In short, extreme cases are not the only easy cases; and easy cases also arise by equating symmetric quantities. Problem 4.7 Other symmetric combinations Invent other symmetric, dimensionless combinations of a and b – such as (a - b)=(a + b). Investigate whether those combinations have a = b as an interesting point. 4.3 Volume of a truncated pyramid The two preceding examples – the Gaussian integral (Section 4.1) and the area of an ellipse (Section 4.2) – used easy cases to check proposed formulas, as a method of analysis. The next level of sophistication – the next level in Bloom’s taxonomy [6] – is to use easy cases as a method of synthesis. As an example, start with a pyramid with a square a base and slice a piece from its top using a knife parallel to the base. This so-called frustum has h a square base and square top parallel to the base. Let its height be h, the side length of the base be b, and the side length of the top be a. What is b its volume? Since volume has dimensions of L3, candidates such as ab, ab3, and bh are impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Geometry with Problems and Applications (Revised Edition), by H
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of Solid Geometry with Problems and Applications (Revised edition), by H. E. Slaught and N. J. Lennes This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Solid Geometry with Problems and Applications (Revised edition) Author: H. E. Slaught N. J. Lennes Release Date: August 26, 2009 [EBook #29807] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOLID GEOMETRY *** Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598–1647) was one of the most influential mathematicians of his time. He was chiefly noted for his invention of the so-called “Principle of Indivisibles” by which he derived areas and volumes. See pages 143 and 214. SOLID GEOMETRY WITH PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS REVISED EDITION BY H. E. SLAUGHT, Ph.D., Sc.D. PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AND N. J. LENNES, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA ALLYN and BACON Bo<on New York Chicago Produced by Peter Vachuska, Andrew D. Hwang, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net transcriber’s note The original book is copyright, 1919, by H. E. Slaught and N. J. Lennes. Figures may have been moved with respect to the surrounding text. Minor typographical corrections and presentational changes have been made without comment. This PDF file is formatted for printing, but may be easily recompiled for screen viewing.
    [Show full text]