1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE J ames Odo Lay The following-named midshipman, United proclaim the 7-day period beginning May 18, Andrew Yves LeMoal States Naval Academy, for appointment in 1952, as Olympic Week. Edward Jones Leonard the Regular Air Force, in the grade indicated, Yll'illiam Gilmore Lept hien effective June 3, 1952, upon his graduation. The message also announced that the George William Lester, Jr. under the provisions of section 506, Public Senate agrees to the report of the com J ames Frederick Link Law 381, Eightieth Congress (Officer Person mittee of conference on the disagree Nicholas Arthur Liontas nel Act of 1947), subject to physical qualifi ing votes of the two Houses on the William Arthur Lusby, Jr. cation, with date of rank to be determined amendments of the Senate to the bill Richard Curtis Lyons by the Secretary of the Air Force: William Drayton Rottier Greeks, 22,500 Dutch, and 21,000 refugees Manuel Patricio Sanchez alds of a new day and the builders of a from Communist countries. Their admis Richard Karl Saxer better world. sion into the country will be like the dis Walter Frederic Schifferli, Jr. Grant that our minds and hearts each placed persons, namely, must be sponsored Ernest Gordon Schultz day may become increasingly strong and by an American citizen, providing a home J ohn William Schwartz steadfast in the possession and power and a job so that they will not become a Richard Hilling Scott of moral and spiritual principles and in public charge, and at the same time will not John Richard Sell put anyone here out of a home or job. George Edward Severs the assurance that Thou hast placed at our disposal the inexhaustible 'resources This bill is now before the Immigration Ronald Glenn Shaw Subcommittee f.or consideration, and if ap Gerald Don Sjaastad of Thy grace. proved by the full committee, will go to the Lawrence Albert Skantze Help us to understand that the floor of the House for consideration. This Ferris MacArthur Smith achievement of a nobler civilization can bill must be passed now before Congress James Henry Smith only be possible in terms of the ideals recesses in June. Jimmy Lee Smith We want you to write at once to your Roy Benjamin Smith and teachings of the Sermon on the Mount. friends and relatives in the West, South, William Andrew Smith and Middle West to write to their Senators Michael Louis Sorrentino Give us the vision to see that if our and Congressmen asking for support of this Thomas Patten Stafford Nation, in the providence of God, is to bill. You should also write to the follow William Oliver Steele play the divinely ordained and appointed ing members of the subcommittee to vote John Peter Stephens part in the world reconciliation and the bill out favorably and work for its final Wendell Berg Stockdale peace, and in mankind's salvation and passage: Thomas Joseph Stolle security, then, as leaders in Government, CLIFFORD P. CASE, Sixth District, New Jer James Kenneth Streett sey; WILLIAM B. WIDNALL, Seventh Dis R obert Neal Strickland we must apply the beautiful, the pro found, and the ancient wisdom of the trict, New Jersey; GORDON CANFIELD, Eighth William Anthony Studabaker District, New Jersey; FRANK C. OsMER, Ninth Stanley Runyan Swanson Prince of Peace. District, House Office Building, Washington, Raymond Leroy Tacke Hear us in His name. Amen. D. C. Oliver Howard Tallman II The Journal of the proceedings of You should especially write individual let Thomas Melvin Thawley ters to support the bill to H. ALEXANDER Paul Bristol Thompson, Jr. yesterday was read and approved. SMITH, Senator from New Jersey; ROBERT C. George William Todd III HENDRICKSON, Senator from New Jersey; ED Charles Robert Troppman WARD HART, Congressman of Fourteenth Dis Erwin Edwin Troske, Jr. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE trict, New Jersey; ALFRED SIEMINSKI, of Thir James Scott Troutman A message from the Senate, by Mr. teenth New Jersey District, at Washington Richard Henry Van Bergen 25, D. C. Charles James Walsh Landers, its enrolling clerk, announced that the Senate had passed without You should get your society, club, or or Robert Walter Washington ganization to write similar letters to both Carl Robert Webb amendment a joint resolution of the Senators and Congressmen. Leland Merritt Welsh House of the following title: On the other side, you will find samples of Jack Williams, Jr. H.J. Res. 445. Joint resolution authoriz letters to be sent. Anyone may write your David Dale Young ing the President of the United States to letter, but you must sign it yourself with 5346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 1.6 . full name and address. Do not use identical The Clerk called the roll, and the fol The proposed legislation makes a very wording of sample letter. Get as many of lowing Members failed to answer to simple and just change in the tariff your relatives, neighbors, and friends to do their names: laws. the same thing. Contact your ward leader [Roll No. 76] and committeeman as well as your club or Under the existing laws, a religious society to do the same thing in the name o! Aandahl Hall, Moulder object can be imported into the country Albert Leonard W. Multer as a gift to a church or to a religious or the organization. Allen, Cali!. Halleck Mumma Let us know what you have done and Anderson, Call!. Hand Murphy der duty free, but the church itself or what results you got from your letter. Anfuso Harrison, Va. O'Brien, N. Y. the religious order cannot import such When you come this Thursday, May 8, Baring Harrison, O'Toole an article duty free. All this bill does is from 10 a. m. to 9 p. m. for the free chest Bates, Ky. Wyo. Passman to make the law uniform. It was re X-ray at Giles Avenue and Broadway, the Beckworth Hays, Ohio Perkins Potter school will be open with pen and postcards Belcher H~bert ported unanimously by the committee, Berry Hedrick Poulson as I stated. for you to bring others to write a message Betts Heffernan Powell similar to the ones on the other side. Boggs, Del. Heller Prouty Mr. JENKINS. I understand every re Redden SAMPLE LETTERS TO SENATORS Bonner Hoeven striction will be placed on this so that Boykin Hotrman, Ribicoff there will not be the common importa DEAR SENATOR (insert name) : I would like Bramblett Mich. Riley you to support special emergency immigra Buckley Hunter Robeson tion of articles to be sold later? tion legislation such as proposed in the House Buffett Irving Rogers, Tex. Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana. No; quite in H. R. 7376. This will greatly help my rel Burnside Jackson, Roosevelt the contrary. It has to be imported for Carlyle Wash. Saba.th atives a.nd friends as well as my neighbors. Carrigg James Sasscer the specific use of the church or religious We want to know if you will vote yes to Celler Jarman Scott, Hugh organization. support this. Please send us favorable Chiperfi.eld Johnson D.,Jr. Mr. JENKINS. And the departments answer soon. We won't forget you in the Cole, Kans. Jonas Sheehan of Government admitting commodities November election. Combs Jones, Mo. Shelley Grateful for your courtesy and prompt Crosser Kee Sheppard of that kind will have restrictions placed Davis, Ga. Kelley, Pa. Sikes upon them. The contention of the com reply, I remain with personal regards. Dawson Kelly, N. Y. Smith, Va. Sincerely yours. Denny Kennedy Staggers mittee was that it ought to be regulated Dingell Keogh Stigler so that there will not be any abuse of the DEAR SENATOR (insert name): On behalf of Dollinger Kerr Stockman situation? Donovan Klein Sutton the membership of ------numbering ----- Dorn Latham Tackett Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana. That is whose names and addresses are signed to this Doyle Lesinski Thompson, Tex. correct. letter, I write to know if you will support Durham Lovre Van Pelt The SPEAKER. Is there objection to a. Senate bill to enact special emergency Eaton McGrath Velde the request of the gentleman from immigration legislation that will benefit our Engle Mcintire Vorys relatives and friends as proposed by the Evins McKinnon Watts Louisiana? Fine Mahon Welch There being no objection, the Clerk House bill 7376. Forand Martin, Mass. Werdel Are you in favor and will you vote in sup Fugate Mason Wharton read the bill, as follows: port of this measure? Please answer as Garmatz Miller, Cali!. Wheeler Be it enacted, etc., That paragraph 1774, soon as possible. We intend to support Gore Mitchell Wickersham section 201, title II, of the Tariff Act of June Williams, Miss. those who support us. Granger Morano 17, 1930, is amended to read follows: Greenwood Morgan Wilson, Ind. as With personal regards and thanking you, Gwinn Morris Wood, Ga. "Paragraph 1774. Altars, pulpits, com I remain. Hall, Edwin Morrison Woodruff munion tables, baptismal fonts, shrines, or Sincerely yours. Arthur Morton parts of any of the foregoing, and statuary (except casts of plaster of paris, or of com The SPEAKER. On this roll call 289 positions of paper or papier-mache), im DEAR CONGRESSMAN (insert name): I write Members have answered to their names, ported in good faith for the use of, either by to ask you to support H. R. 7376, the quorum. special emergency immigration bill that will a order of or for presentation (without charge) aid many needy Italians, Germans, Greeks, By unanimous consent, further pro to, any corporation or association organized ceedings under the call were dispensed and operated exclusively for religious pur and others. poses." I have voted for more than ------years with. and have never before asked for any consid The bill was ordered to be engrossed eration. I want to know how you will vote SOCIAL SECURITY and read a third time, was read the for this bill, yes or no. third time, and passed, and a motion to Please answer. Thank you. I won't for Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask get you in the coming elections. unanimous consent that I may have until reconsider was laid on the table. Sincerely yours. midnight tonight to file a report on the bill H. R. 7800 and that the minority UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS DEAR CONGRESSMAN (insert name): On be may have the same privilege. half of my organization of ------members, The SPEAKER. Is there objection Mr. VINSON. Mr. Speaker, I move all voters in this district, I respectfully write to the request of the gentleman from that the House resolve itself into the to inquire your views on the Celler bill, H. R. North Carolina? Committee of the Whole House on the 7376, which seeks to enact special emergency There was no objection. State of the Union for the considera immigration legislation that will greatly tion of the bill United States Navy. Secretary of Defense sent correspond ances of such types as Admiral Sherman Second, they testified that the Joint ence to the committee in opposition to our late Chief of Naval Operations, evi~ Chiefs of Staff, and not the Congress, the bill, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff dently had in mind when, some months should determine the minimum size of testifled against it. They also testified ago, he forecast a series of small wars the Marine Corps-in other words, the against the bill in the Senate, but the over an extended period in the future. idea was that this is not a suitable sub Senate approved the principles of the The maintenance of such a ready ject for legislation by the Congress. bill unanimously despite that opposi force,. with the powerful punch so char Third, they contended that the maint tion. The House Committee, with the acteristic of the United States :Marines, enance of a constantly ready, enlarged same testimony before it, has favorably may produce two highly important re Marine Corps would be duplicative of any reported the bill to the House with only sults for our people. competitive with the Army and the Air one dissenting vote. It may well prevent the growth of large Force, and, therefore, that the proposed So there can be no doubt but that this wars by prompt and vigorous action dur bill would hurt those branches of the bill, as much as any measure ever to ing their earliest stages. A number of Armed Forces and result in unnecessary come before the House, is by and of the witnesses advised the Committee on cost. We carefully considered these ob Congress and not a bill drawn up in the Armed Services of their conviction that jections and have set out our views in Pentagon and passed up here for the had such a force been in existence in respect to each of them in the committee Congress to enact. June of last year, the Korean war might report, which I hope the members of the Now, why have the Senate and the not have commenced in the first place; committee have read. As regards the House Armed Services Committees al and at all events, it could have been tying of Marine Corps strength to Navy most unanimously approved the concept promptly terminated by such a power .strength, nothing could be more absurd. which would establish as a permanent ful fighting team as is potential in a The strength of the Marine Corps has American policy the maintenance of four .strengthened Marine Corps. no direct relationship to Navy strength. Marine divisions and four Marine air Second, such a ready combatant force, Now, to be fran.lr about it, the only rea wings? And why do the Senate and your with its highly integrated air arm son why the defense people maintain 5348 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 this argument appears to me to be this: ment advanced by the Defense leaders Let me read to you now what the Uni They are afraid of the budgetary impact. is entirely unsound. It is the function fication Act defining the .mission of the The Army, the Nayy, and the Air Force of the Congress to leg~ate on these mat Marine Corps provides: are afraid that if the Congress maintains ters under the Constitution. and it does The United States Marine Corps. within a large Marine Corps, this will hurt their not do much credit to our Defense lead the Department oi the Navy- budgets in the future. We might just as ers. I must say in ail frankness, to offer well be blunt about it. That is all that this argument against this measure and And I want to say right now and im this argument amounts to. then advance the directly opposite argu press this fact upon every one of you, the I know this: No military man can ment when they conceive a different bill Marine Corps is not part and parcel of soundly maintain that the functions of to be in their best internsts. the Navy. Get that in your minds. It the Marine Corps, as performed today in As for an enlarged Marine Corps du is a separate organization, created by Korea, or as performed throughout plicating the other Armed Forces, noth act of Congress. However, it is within American history, which involve the use ing could be further from the truth. the Naval Establishment. Now, there is of the Marine Corps under Army com ln the last war the Marine Corps grew a big difference legally and in the bills mand time and again, which involve to a size of 486,000. There were no between being in the establishment and their use in small and large-scale am charges of duplication or competition being a part and parcel of the Navy. phibious operations which may or may then, but it is now argued that this bill, The Marine Corps is a separate entity. not relate to naval campaigns, and which which proposed a much smaller Marine It is administered by the Commandant involve the extended u.se of Marine Corps Corps, will produce undesirable competi of the Marine Corps. He makes his re aircraft solely to support ground troops, tion. ports not to the Chief of Naval Opera can in any way be sensibly geared to the The National Security Ad spells out tions but to the Secretary of the NavY, size of the American Navy. thess things pretty well. just as separate an entity as language It is sound, of course, to have the num It states that the Army shall prepare in statute can possibly make it. ber of Marine Corps detachments as land forces for the effective prosecution The United States Marine Corps, within signed to Navy ships increase and de of war, and by that the act meant all-out the Department -Of the Navy, shall include crease according to the number of ships land combat and services forces and such war. aviation as may be organic therein. The in active commission. It is likewise The act states that the Air Foree will Marine Corps shall be organized, trained, sound to vary the size of Marine Corps be responsible for the preparation of the and equipped to provide .Fleet Marine Forces security detachments according to the air forces necessary for the effective of combined arms, together with supporting security obligations imposed upon the prosecution of the war, and bere again alr components, for service with the fleet in Marine Corps in protecting naval shore the intent of the act was that the Air the seizure or defense of advanced naval establishments. Force shall be prepared to apply its air bases and for the conduct of such land op But it makes no sense whatsoever to power, as distinguished from Naval and erations as may be essential to the prosecu tion Of a naval campaign. It shall be the in try to gear to the size of the Navy the Marine Corps air power, an all-out duty of the Marine Corps to develop, tn co number of marines to be used in support military effort. ordination with the Army and the Air Force, of ground operations of a nonnaval The purpose of insuring a ready Ma those phases of amphibious operations which nature, and our history is filled with in· rine Corps of four divisions and four air pertain to the tactics, technique, and equip stances of such use of the Marine Corps. wings, which, speaking relatively, is cer ment employed by landing forces. In addi More currently, with marines under tainly not a formidable force, is not to tion, the Marine Corps shall provide detach Army command in nonnaval battles in provide either the land forces or the air ments and organizations for service on Korea, how ridiculous it would be to say a.nnect vessels of the Navy, shall provide se forces necessary for the effective prose curity detachments for the protection of that the size of that organization should cution of all-out war. Its purpose is, :f:J'aval property at Naval stations and bases, be related to the size of the .fleet. rather, to provide a balanced force in and shall perform such other duties as the No, this argument is based on one readiness for a naval campaign, and, at President may direct. thing onlY. and there is nothing at all the same time, a ground and air striking military about it. lt is designed to keep force ready to suppress or contain inter Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will on slicing the budgetary pie downtown national disturbances short of large.. the gentleman yield? in the same proportions as heretofore. scale war. Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle The Armed Services Committee has re It is the view of the Armed Services man from Texas. jected that argument accordingly. Committee that, rather than being du Mr. TEAGUE. Will the gentleman I am not going to spend much time plicative or competitive. the mainte read the rest of that provision? nance of such a Marine force would bet Mr. VINSON. Yes. I will be glad to contesting the second argument that the read it. Defense Department and not the Con ter enable the Army and the Air Force gress should determine the minimum size to concentrate on their major responsi Provided, That such additional duties bility of preparing for all-out war. shall not detract from or inrerfere with the of our fighting f orees. Of course, the operations for which the Marine Corps is Congress should listen very attentively Of course, none of us knows what to primarily organized. to the recommendations of the Joint morrow may bring in a military way. We Chiefs of Stat! on these matters, and the can hope that the hostilities in Korea The Army, Navy, and Air Force are Congr_ess has consistently been very re:_ will cease. They may not. We can hope afraid that if Congress maintains a large sponsive to them in almost all instances that large-scale military action will not Marine Corps it will hurt their budget in in the Ia.st few years. This does not recur in Indochina, or commence against the future. We must just be blunt about mean, however, and I think it is time we Formosa or the tremendously vital_p'etro that. That is the whole truth about the made this clear, that the Congress has leum. areas of the Middle East. We can situation. abdicated its constitutional obligations hope that there will not be Communist The Marine Corps, fixed by Congress to determine the size and composition of inspired and controlled insurrections in has a mission to perform any duty that our Armed Forces. the Philippines. We can hope that there the President may direct. Who for one It is ironic to see this and that armed wm not be grave disturbances in this and moment can think that the Navy's ac force, or the Defense Department gen that nation in Europe over the coming tivities and the Marine Corps activities erally, seek the assistance of Congress in months which would require immediate in Korea are equal and that we should writing its composition into law when it protection of Americans by American only do that which is tied to what the conceives that action as furthering its ground and air forces. Navy is doing today in Korea? interest of the moment; and then to see But we do not know about the likeli Mr. COUDERT. Mr. Chairman, will the same services argue against doing hood of such matters with any degree of the gentleman yield? this, basing their arguments on conjured assurance. Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle up military considerations, when they What the .Armed Services Committee . man from New York. are asked for views on legislation that 1s convinced of is the very evident need Mr. COUDERT. Before the gentle they do not feel is entirely to their bene to maintain in constant readiness this man exhausts his time, there are a num fit. powerful Marine Corps fighting force in ber of questions I would be very much No, here again the Committee on today's troubled world, and we propose interested in hearing the answers to. Armed Services, and the United States that the Congress accomplish this goal Mr. VINSON. All right. Let us have Senate, have concluded that the argu. by the enactment of this bill. them right now .. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5M9 Mr. COUDERT. My mind is quite izes civilian control of the Armed Forces Mr. VINSON. That is the maximum vpen on the subject. I do not pretend of the United States. Now you are pro strength. The mm1mum strength to be an expert as is the distinguished posing to add the Commandant of the would be 235,000, with the amendment gentleman from Georgia on military Marine Corps to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. I propose to off er. affairs. making five. This act does not by its Mr. TEAGUE. One other question. Mr. VINSON. Ask the question be- own terms make the Commandant also Is it not true that the maximum strength cause time is running. a member of that policy committee, but of the Army today is 837,000? There is Mr. COUDERT. The gentleman has can there be any doubt, I ask the gentle no floor under them. It is up to the control of the time so that is not serious. man from Georgia, that if you make the Committee on Appropriations and the Mr. VINSON. I have to yield to others. Commandant a· member of the Joint Joint Chiefs of Staff to set the strength. Mr. COUDERT. Let me say at the Chiefs and every other member of the Mr. VINSON. That is right. Now we outset I yield to no one in my respect Joint Chiefs is also a member of the all understand there is no floor under and high regard for that distinguished Council, the Policy Council, that next the Army; there is no floor under the military body known as the Marine year a bill will be brought in and there Navy and no floor under the Air Force. Corps. I would certainly do nothing to will be great pressure to make that Com The reason why is sound. The justi in any wise reflect upon its prestige or mandant also a member of the Council fication for putting a floor under this is to affect its ability to continue its great so that you will have five military men to keep in readiness at all times a mobile military service to our country. and five civilians? force, a virile striking force that we can The Marine Corps has been an elite Mr. VINSON. Let me assure the use while you mobilize the defense of corps. It has always been in the very House of one thing, there will always be this country. front of battle, it has always had the civilian control. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will best there is in the armed services. You Mr. COUDERT. I doubt whether the gentleman yield? are now proposing a mandatory floor of there is very much today. Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle 300,000 men. My first question is, What Mr. VINSON. Well, the gentleman is man from Montana. is the present strength of the Marine in error, because there is complete civil Mr. MANSFIELD. The gentleman Corps and does the Marine Corps now ian control, and here is a statement of from New York brought up the question resort to the draft for its manpower? what we are trying to do right now. about draftees in the Marine Corps. I Mr. VINSON. In answer to the last Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the think it ought to be brought out that question I may say that for the first gentleman yield? the condition of the Marine Corps in time in the history of the Marine Corps Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle Korea was due to the action taken by they are under the draft to get certain man from Texas. the Committee on Appropriations on the personnel. Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman stated recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Mr. COUDERT. What is the present that the present law provides that the Staff; that had the appropriation bill strength? Marine Corps shall be 20 percent of the that year been passed, the Marine Mr. VINSON. I might just as well Navy, and as I understand that law at Corps would have been reduced approxi take that question up now. I propose present is suspended; is that corect? mately 65,000 men. to offer an amendment by direction of Mr. VINSON. That is correct. Mr. VINSON. That is right. the Committee on Armed Services that Mr. TEAGUE. Would the gentleman Mr. MANSFIELD. And when the the Corps be reduced from 300,000 to tell the House what the maximum Marine Corps was called on, they called 235,000 enlisted personnel. That is the strength of the Army is today? on their reserves. approximate amount the Congress has Mr. VINSON. I am glad the gentle Mr. VINSON. That is right. appropriated for in the fiscal year 1953. man raised that question. This is noth Mr. MANSFIELD. Last August they Now, get this in your mind: According ing new in legislative procedure. We began calling their draftees. In order to to my information, it will not cost one brought in a bill here not long ago set give the Reserves a break and get them dollar if the committee adopts this ting up the composition of the Army. out they went into the draftee business; amendment to maintain a floor of 235,- We said what the Army should be. We but beginning next month they are not 000 enlisted men. brought in a bill setting up the compo calling any more draftees. l'.'.Ir. COUDERT. I congratulate the sition of the Air Force. It has been on Mr. COUDERT. If the gentleman will gentleman because that goes a very long the statute books for a year. We set up yield further, is it not a fact that the way toward meeting that particular the composition of the Navy. We even sum and substance and purpose of this question in my mind. I have one or two go to the extent of saying that the ship bill is to set up the Marine Corps as a other questions. There is another prob building program should be of many fourth and co-equal military depart lem that concerns me even more than tons. We even go to the extent of say ment? that and that is the provision for add ing that the composition of the Air Force Mr. VINSON. No, not at all. The ing the Commandant to the Joint Chiefs should consist of so many planes. Now purpose of this bill is to give the country of Staff. we are doing the same thing in the a strong defense arm by keeping in Mr. VINSON. I am going to discuss Marine Corps, in principle, that we have readiness a small group while America is that right now. done heretofore, except we are saying being mobilized. Mr. COUDERT. May I make the that the minimum strength shall be Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Chairman, will point because the point does not appear what is fixed in this bill. the gentleman yield? in this bill. As I read the unification Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle Mr. TEAGUE. Well, the gentleman man from Kansas. law the top policy committee or group did not answer my question. in the Defense Department is the Armed Mr. SCRIVNER. In the contemplated Forces Policy Council. That is section Mr. VINSON. I think it is 800,000 built-up strength of the Marines, does 171 (e) of section 5 of the United States men. I have not the figure here, but I the gentleman anticipate that their Code. That Council is composed of nine .can furnish it. medical service will still be furnished by members-five civilian Secretaries, the Mr. TEAGUE. And this bill would the Navy? Secretary of Defense, the Under Secre make the Marine Corps what strength? Mr. VINSON. Everything that under tary and the Secretaries of each of the Mr. VINSON. The Marine Corps un the law the Navy furnishes to the three services on the civilian side, and der this proposal as amended would be Marines will be furnished under this bill. four of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the 235,000, for which the gentleman from Mr. SCRIVNER. Will the Navy still Chairman, the Chief of Staff of the Texas has already voted to appropriate furnish the same supply system? Army, Chief of Naval Operations, and the money. Mr. VINSON. They will furnish Chief of Staff of the Air Force. To be Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman did not everything the Navy furnishes the sure, that act does specify that the Secre answer my question. What is the maxi Marines now. tary of Defense shall have the decision. mum strength of the Marine Corps pro Mr. SCRIVNER. Those of us who sit but it would be a very extraordinary man vided by this bill? on the appropriation measures, and I who is not very largely influenced by the Mr. VINSON. The maximum strength. think we are perfectly entitled to this eight men who sit around him, four of the ceiling, would be 400,000. information, should not then ever antici whom are professional soldiers. In my Mr. TEAGUE. Four hundred and pate as a result of this bill any request judgment that set-up seriously jeopard- forty-eight thousand. for a separate medical corps for the 5350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD=- HOUSE May ·16~ Marines, a separate hospital system for dition to the 235,000 enlisted men you are There is only one remaining issue in the Marines, a separate supply system going to have 2.3,500 oilicers? the proposed bill. That is making the for the Marines, or a separate engineer Mr. VINSON. Yes. The ratio is 10 Commandant of the Marine Corps a per system for the Marines? to 1. manent member of the Joint Chiefs of Mr. VINSON. That is right. Mr. VAN ZANDT. So the strength Staff. Mr. SCRIVNER. It will continue to will be 258,500? The genesis of this recommendation function under the Navy set up as it Mr. VINSON. That is right. is the investigation of unification and is at this time? Mr. VAN ZANDT. The Marines are strategy conducted by the committee in Mr. VINSON. Exactly. working up to that ceiling at the present October 1949, and the recommendation Mr. SCRIVNER. Is it anticipated that time. is expressly contained in the unani if this bill is enacted it will be necessary Mr. VINSON. They will attain about mously adopted report of the committee to set up any new Marine bases? 243,000 under the fiscal year 1953 ap which was issued on March l, 1950. Mr. VINSON. Not at all beyond those propriation at the end of this fiscal year. At that time, that is, in March 1950, in the fiscal year 1953 program. That So when you vote for this bill you can go the Armed Services Committee was will not be necessary. home and say to your constituents that unanimously agreed that the national Mr. SCRIVNER. So if that is true, you put a :floor under the Marines, but it interest demands a broadening of the then we should not anticipate that there did not cost any more money than is base of deliberations of the Joint Chiefs will be any increased cost to the Federal contained in the fiscal program for 1953. of Staff. The committee stated in 1950, Government as a result ·of this bill? Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. in it.s report, as follows: Mr. VINSON. Not beyond fiscal year Chairman, will the gentleman yield? The Joint Chiefs o1 Staff structilre does 1953. The gentleman is correct. We Mr. VINSON. I yield. not contain adequate checks and balances are today appropriating, according to my Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Is to insure an amalgam of service views as information enough to take care of the it not true that this is being done some regards strategic· matters; as constituted, it :floor of 235,000 enlisted men. · what to stop the sniping and under can result eventually, and for a continuing Mr. SCRIVNER. I just wanted to get handed attack to weaken the Marine period, in the imposition of two-service stra it clear. Corps? tegic concepts upon a third service-a proc Mr. VINSON. The gentleman is abso- ess in the early days Of unification, that Mr. VINSON. No. It is done strictly could, in the view Of the committee, produce lutely correct. to strengthen the defenses of this Na ultimately a seriously unbalanced defense Mr. SCRIVNER. So many times tion. It is not being done as a tribute program. those things are not clearly set out. to the. great Marine Corp organization. Then, after the law is enacted propon It is done because it is a sound military After that presentation of the com ents come in and say, "We have to have policy to do it. The only reason why, in mittee's views in March 1950, the com so many millions for this and so many my judgment, that some of the people mi.ttee concluded that it. would sponsor billions for that," and then they tell us in the Pentagon were against this bill legislation to add the Commandant of that they have to have it because Con is because they were apprehensive it the Marine Corps to the Joint Chiefs ot gress passed the law. The gentleman might take part of their budget away Staff as a member thereof. has answered that and has assured us from them. I again remind the committee that the that nothing like that will happen. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. And recommendation I have just related was Mr. . VINSON. I am glad the gentle you do not want the Marine Corps weak adopted unanimously by the committee. man has raised the question. Let me ened; is that not correct? The committee's hearings on this bill assure the House that by passing this Mr. VINSON. We do not want the have reinforced the committee's views bill and putting a :floor under the Marine Marine Corps weakened. We want a that the Commandant of the Marine Corps it will not cost, according to my strong defense, and through this meas Corp.5 should attend all meetings of the information, 1 penny more than is being ure you can get a strong defense. I! Joint Chiefs of Staff and be a fully par appropriated in fiscal year 1953, because any of these small wars break out in the ticipating member thereof. It is our view the Marine Corps has almost 235,000 men days to come, then you will have an or that the admixture of the fresh and in· today. There will be no additional hos ganization that can defend this country dependent viewpoint of the Comman pitals, no additional bas~s beyond fiscal and keep the fire down until you get dant of the Marine Corps, whose organi year 1953; there will be nothing of that the resources of this Nation mobilized in zation is trained to :fight on land, on the character brought about on account of order to carry on a. large war, if that sea, and in the air, will have the very the 235,000 floor for the Marines. should become necessary. beneficial effeet of broadening and bal Mr. DEVEREUX. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. SADLAK. Mr. Chairman, will the ancing the deliberations of the Joint the gentleman yield? gentleman yield? Chiefs of Sta.ff. Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle Mr. VINSON. I yield. I think there can be no doubt that the man from Maryland. Mr. SADLAK. Inasmuch as the gen Commandant of the Marine Corps, with Mr. DEVEREUX. Is it not true that tleman said we would be fully protected his broad experience in the three ele during the Iast war the Marine Corps against any small wars, which might. ments of warfare-land, sea, and air bunt up to six fuII combat divisions, and break out, would you call the present and he is the only individual whose or that they were supplied medically and in conflict a small war? ganization is so skilled-wID serve as a every other way by the Navy as they Mr. VINSON. No> of ccurse not. But, catalyst in the Joint Chiefs of Sta:tf. His have been traditionally? I would say that if we had such an or views and experience should be very Mr. VINSON. That is correct. Let ganization, a strong Marine Corps in helpful in bridging the gap of experience no one disturb himself about this, that June 1950, probably by moving in and viewpoints which have existed be there is going to be competition with the quickly you could have stamped it out. tween the other members of the Joint Army, that you are going \<> have two Look what we did in Nicaragua. Chiefs of Staff. It is not contended by armies. You will have nothing o:f the Now, I think what I have just stated the Armed Services Committee that the kind. You will have the Marine Corps, is an adequate summary of the views of Commandant of the Marine Corps is as and I hope that Congress will always the Armed Services Committee as con skilled as the Army Chief of sta:fI in the keep it at 235,000. During the war we trasted to the views of the defense lead conduct o! large-scale land operations, had a Marine Corps of 460,000. It was ers in the Pentagon on the question of nor is he as skilled as the Chief of Staff not in competition with the Army. The strength. I would like to remind the whole theory, the whole philosophy of of the Air Force and Chief of Naval Op committee once again that the same op erations in their large-scale air and this bill is to keep a force in readiness. a. posing views I have just related were small, virile striking force, while the de also presented to the Senate Committee naval operations. He is, however, the fense of this country is being mobilized. on Armed Services, but, after due con· only Chief of Military SerVice in the Pen Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Chairman, sideration, that committee, as your tagon today who is not a member of the will the gentleman yield? House committee, rejected those Views, Joint Chiefs of Staff; and of the Chiefs Mr. VINSON. I yield to the gentle and the Senate unanimously supported of Services~ he is the only one whose man from Pennsylvania. the measure substantially in the version mode of warfare fully encompasses, in Mr. VAN ZANDT. Just to. keep the that this committee has brought it to the one fighting organization, all three ele record straight, is it nat true that in ad- :floor of the House today. ments of warfare. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5351 It may be helpful to the committee to one mode of warfare will condition any The Defense Department also argued make this observation: person to approach the problems in that the Marine Corps is a component While the Commandant of the Marine volved in the defense of the United part of the Navy and, therefore, it would Corps does not know as much about States predominantly from the view not be sound to have the Marine Corps large-scale air warfare as does the Chief point with which the person is most represented on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. of Staff of the United States Air Force, familiar. But here, again, the Defense Department it is fair to say that he knows more about It is evident that in the entire hier has shown more enthusiasm in its opposi air warfare than does the Chief of Staff archy of our defense program there is tion than accuracy. The fact is that the of the Army inasmuch as under his own but one voice reflecting the maritime Marine Corps is and always has been, command are very significant air ele school of war. He is the Chief of Naval since its inception 175 years ago, a sepa ments providing close air support for Operations, who is today an exceedingly rate military service apart from the Marine ground units. able and courageous man, and who is United States Army, the United States It is correct, I am sure, that the Com doing a magnificent job for the Nation Navy, and United States Air Force. The mandant of the Marine Corps does not as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Commandant of the Marine Corps re know as much about large-scale ground But even the Chief of Naval Opera ports directly to the Secretary of the warfare as the Chief of Staff of the tions is not thoroughly schooled in the Navy, as does the Chief of Naval Opera Army, but I am quite confident that he problems of the United States Marine tions. The Chief of Naval Operations knows considerably more of this type of Corps. Although the Commandant of commands that part of the Marine Corps warfare than does the Chief of Staff of the Marine Corps and the Chief of Naval which is assigned by the Secretary of the the Air Force. Operations, who separately report to the Navy or the President to the operating Unquestionably, the Commandant cf Secretary of the Navy as chiefs of their forces of Le fleet, but this is no different the Marine Corps knows far less about respective and separate military serv from any unified command established the problems of large-scale naval war ices, do have in common a largely anywhere else. There is no doubt that fare than does the Chief of Naval Oper maritime concept of warfare, it is evi the command of the Marine Corps is ations, but I am sure the Chief of Naval dent that the Chief of Naval Operations vested in the Commandant under the Operations would be among the first to cannot reflect accurately the views of President and the Secretary of the Navy. agree that the Commandant of the Ma the Commandant of the Marine Corps Next the Defense Department argued rine Corps knows more about naval war on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for today that the Marine Corps is a specialized fare than does the Chief of Staff of the as repeatedly in the past, the Marine Service and is comparable, therefore, to Army and the Chief of Staff of the Air Corps is being used for strictly land op airborne troops, submarines, the stra Force; and I am equally sure that the erations which are not identified in any tegic Air Forces, and so on, and so should Chief of Naval Operations would agree way with the conduct of a naval not be represented on the Joint Chiefs that the Commandant of the Marine campaign. of Staff. Corps knows more about ground warfare The fact is that the late Chief of The fact is, the Marine Corps is the and about providing close air support for Naval Operations, Admiral Sherman, only military service trained and equip testified to our committee that the Ma ped to fight on the land, on the sea, and ground troops than does the Chief of rine Corps Commandant should be pres Naval Operations. in the air. I think it is a very fair and ent at all meetings of the Joint Chiefs accurate statement that this training is I might also point out to those mem of Staff where Marine Corps matters bers of the committee who, like the breadth, not specialization-that it is, are specifically discussed. The commit in fact, greater breadth of military train members of the Armed Services Com tee conceives that this in itself is evi mittee, are eager to make unification a ing than is encompassed in any of the dence enough that the Chief of Naval other armed forces. complete success, that it was primarily operations, no matter how objective and for the attainment of that objective that Perhaps in some desperation after the able, cannot be fitted by training and committee had dealt with these objec the Armed Services Committee recom experience to speak adequately for an mended in March 1950 that the Com tions, the Defense leaders then said that organization, the United States Marine adding the Commandant of the Marine mandant of the Marine Corps be made Corps, which so frequently in our his a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Corps to the Joint Chiefs of Staff would tory has served in non-naval activities make the deliberations of the Joint I think it is evident to all of us that and entirely apart from the forces un the leadership of our Defense Establish Chiefs of Staff unwieldy, and that the der the command. of the Chief of Naval enlarged staff required by the Com ment, from the top down, is composed Operations. very predominately of individuals whose mandant of the Marine Corps to assume I think it will be of further interest to these added burdens would be duplica training in the art of warfare has largely the committee for me also to point out been identified with land warfare, as that the Chief of Staff of the Army also tive of the staffs maintaj.ned by the contrasted to the maritime school of testified that the Commandant of the Army, the Air Force and the Navy. war. It is no derogation of any of the Marine Corps should be consulted by Now, I might as well be frank about individuals whom I am about to mention the Joint Chiefs of Staff when Marine this. This last objection is utterly to point out that the Chairman of the Corps matters are under consideration. absurd. Joint Chiefs of Staff has spent his entire Of course it is evident that all matters The Joint Chiefs of Staff now consists lifetime dealing with Army strategy and considered by the Joint Chiefs of Staff of four men. The members of the Joint tactics and War Department organiza have a greater or lesser impact on the Chiefs of Staff have testified time and tion concepts; that the Chief of Staff of Marine Corps. Therefore, from the again that they do not vote in their the Air Corps has had nearly all of his logic of the viewpoint of the Chief of deliberations, and by law they do not military experience, including his school Staff of the Army and the Chief of Staff make decisions but simply make recom ing at the United States Military Acad of Naval operations themselves, it can mendations to the Secretary of Defense, emy, in the service of the United States only be concluded that adequate repre the National Security Council, and the Army; and, of course, that the Army sentation of the Marine Corps and its President. This being so, it cannot be Chief of Staff, General Collins, is at the valuable viewpoint can only be achieved soundly argued that increasing the mem culmination of a lifetime of service in by making the marine commandant a bership of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from the Army. It may be relevant also to member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. four members to five members would point out that the Commander in Chief The opposition of the Defense De make it unwieldy. Incidentally, it is of the Armed Forces likewise has had partment to this proposal is based on interesting that this argument about only Army service in his experience. the idea that the Chief of Naval Oper making the Joint Chiefs of Staff unwieldy By these remarks I do not mean to ations can adequately represent the imply, for I do not believe it, that such a Marine Corps on the Joint Chiefs of by increasing its membership was never background on the part of these distin Staff, but as I have just explained, and raised by the Joint Chiefs of Staff nor guished men whom I have mentioned as the former Chief of Naval Opera anyone else when the Defense Depart would make them intentionally respond tions, Admiral Sherman, himself as ment itself recommended the increasing to any given set of military circum well as conceded in our hearing, he is of the membership of that body from stances in any given way. But how ob not fitted by training and experience to three to four members by adding the vious it is that extensive experience in perform this function adequately. Chairman to the Joint Chiefs _of Staff. 5352 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 The Congress did this by law, at the re The Armed Services Committee is This bill does two things: First, it sets quest of the Defense Department more convinced that this measure is badly the size of the Marine Corps which im than 2 years ago. needed in order to have a sound and mediately after World War II had And as far as increasing the size of balanced national defense program. It dwindled to 65,000. That was not the the staff of the Marine Corps to handle is needed to provide the type of military fault of our committee; it was not the the increased duties of the Commandant power immediately available at all times fault of the Congress. when he becomes a member of the Joint that Communist nations will respect. In I might take time without trying to in Chiefs of staff, the Commandant testi my many years in the Congress I have ject any politics into this discussion to fied that the required increase would be fought for a large Navy, a large Army, say that the awful Eightieth Congress negligible, and it is perfectly apparent and more recently, likewise over the op have you ever heard about the Repub· that the so-called duplication this would position of the Defense Department, for lican-controlled Eightieth Congress? We entail would be, actually, no more dupli a 70-group Air Force. I want to say to voted for a 70-group air force which was cative than the present Navy staff dupli the committee that I know of no project cut to a 48-group and was really down to cates the staff of the Army and the Air of more immediate importance for the about 36; and who did it? President Force, than the Air Force staff duplicates continuing security of our Nation than Truman and Louis Johnson. We voted the staff of the Navy or the Army, or the the enactment of this measure. for an aircraft carrier. Who canceled Army staff duplicates those of the Navy The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman has the construction of that after we had and the Air Force. consumed 45 minutes. spent several millions starting it? This So to sum up, the bill is opposed by Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield administration. We voted a ceiling of the Defense Department, but it is almost myself such time as I may require. 2,000,000 men on our armed services, and unanimously supported by the Se~ate Mr. Chairman, how sweet it is to dwell who cut them by 600,000, down to 1,400,- Armed Services Committee, the Uruted in brotherly love. I am glad that on this 000? This administration. Truman and states Senate, and the House Committee measure there is very little difference at his advisers. on Armed Services. The Commandant all between the members of the Armed Who was it that withdrew our troops of the Marine Corps strongly urges en Services Committee of the House and from Korea? A subcommittee went to actment of the bill as a measure nece~ the Senate and I think the member Korea in 1946, the gentleman from Flo sary to the national defense. The bill ship of the' Congress as well. The dis- . rida [Mr. SIKES] and myself, reported is also supported by the American Legion, tinguished chairman of our House to our committee and the Congress and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Amer Armed Services Committee, the very able over a radio hookup with Ernest K. Lind ican Veterans of world War II, Disabled ley as moderator and told the American gentleman from Georgia [Mr. Vrnso~l, American Veterans, Reserve Officers As who is going down next week to receive people that the minute we withdrew sociation of the United States, the Navy his twentieth term nomination, which General :"Iodge and our 40,000 troops League of the United States, and the from Korea the Communists would move he so richly and well deserves, without in. Daughters of the American Revolution. any opposition, has given you a com As passed by the Senate and as r~ The State Department said Korea and prehensive, clear, and concise anal~sis ported by the House committee, the bill Formosa had no military value, although of this particular bill. God bless him. it was contrary to the advice of Mac provides for four full strength. c.o~bat I do not stand here this afternoon to divisions, four full strength air wm~s Arthur and our great military leaders. pronounce an encomium on the Ma~·ine When we moved out the Communists and supporting units. This would e~tail Corps of the United States. The Marmes a total strength of officers and enlisted did move in after we had reduced our need no panegyric from anyone. They forces. I am going to forget that be men of approximately 335,000. As ?f have written their record in blood. It today funds are already programed m cause I do not want to jeopardize the seems to me that anything I or anyone passage of this bill; I prefer to say that the :fi~cal 1953 budget for almost three else might say after the chairman's anal full strength combat divisions, three full on the stump in the campaign. But we ysis of the bill would be "carrying coals want to keep the record clear. It is un strength air wings and suppor~ing uni~. to Newcastle." Certainly I would not The strength required for this force IS mistakable. want to attempt to gild the lilly or add Our Marine Corps was cut absolutely approximately 235,000 enlisted persons to the brightness o:.i:' the sunrise or the and 23,500 officers, for a total ~trength to the irreducible minimum of 65 ,000 glorious beauty of an Ozark sunset. We men. Indeed, some people wanted to of 258,500. The Marine Corps will near all know the splendid, inimitable and ly reach this strength during fiscal 19.53. liquidate it. If we had had a hard-hit incomparable record which the Marine ting, mobile, fast-moving, virile, striking Obviously, if we increase the Ma_ri~e Corps has established in 175 years of our Corns strength from three to four divIS force in June or July 1950, Korea per history. All the way from the halls of haps would never have happened, and ions and three to four air wings, plus Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli, and the additional supporting units which I say that with no disparagement to the in more recent years at Tarawa, Iwo other branches of our armed services. would be required, there would be a cor Jima, Okinawa, Bougainville, Guadal responding increase in the cost factors Let me say that in World War II there canal and on every battlefield, not only were enough victories, enough honor and which admittedly would be quite sub in Pacific and Atlantic, but practi stantial. Since the objective of the th~ glory to go to them all. In modern cally on every continent, the Marines, mechanized warfare you have got to committee is to establish by statute a with indescribable valor and, superb divisional organizational structure for have ground, air, and sea forces; you heroism have written a chapter not sur cannot get along without any one of the Marine Corps and to keep the Marine passed, if equaled, in the history of our Corps at sufficient size to provide a sub them; but certainly today in the light of armed services. We are all agreed on modern invention and the lessons of stantial and always ready force of shock that. It is a great temptation, of course, troops for the Nation, the committee has recent experience, we should place the to indulge in emotionalism at such a time emphasis and spend the money on our reappraised its position with reference as this, particularly after you have to the question as to whether there air and sea forces. I think it does not re walked through 5,000 white crosses on quire a Member of Congress, a doctor of should be three or four divisions and Iwo Jima, and you had a nephew who comparable air wings. It has come to philosophy or a Philadelphia lawyer to the conclusion that the presently plan landed the Marines who planted the flag see clearly that obvious point. We have ned forces within fiscal 1953 would al on Mount Suribachi. I shall not yield got to have it. All of them are needed. most meet the committee's objectives. to that temptation, but I want to talk There is one branch of our Armed Therefore, at the proper time, I shall about this particular bill. Hard facts. Services that is acquainted with all typ8s offer an amendment which .will pr-0vide . In my humble opinion, after days and of warfare and that one branch is the weeks and months of effort and exhaus Marine Corps. I will admit that the .that the Marine Corps shall consist of tive hearings, and after mature con .three full strength combat divisions, Commandant of the Marines does not sideration and deliberation, this measure know as much about land warfare as the three full strength air wings and sup.. was reported unanimously out of the Chief of Staff of the Army, that he does porting units. As previously noted, this Senate Committee on Armed Services, i:.ot .know as much about aerial warfare will require little additional appropria passed unanimously by the Senate, as the Chief of the Air Force; but when tions above those already programed .passed out of our House commi~tee by a it comes to fighting on land, in amphibi for fisc~l 1953. vote of 26 to 1. o·us operations, on the sea and in the air, 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5353 the Marine Corps instead of being a hafen, Mannheim and down through There has been much said here by the specialized service like the Artillery, Sig Darmstadt and Frankfurt and Koln, or gentleman from Georgia and the gentle nal Corps, and so forth, is typical war through the Ruhr to Bremen and Ham man from Missouri about thte glories of fare. It is a separate service, which the burg down to Berlin, Leipzig, and Dres .. the Marine Corps. I am not going to chairman has pointed out, and it is den, back to Hanover, to far off Karls .. restrict those glories to the Marine Corps. acquainted with all of these operations. ruhe, Stuttgart and Muenchen and Re If you want to see an American man, if May I say this to the Members: One gensburg and Augsburg. You know why you want to see him in the image of God, of the boys I appointed to West Point, we were able to run over them. It was then you go to where he is dying. a captain in the paratroopers, was killed the 8th and 9th Air Forces, with the as Whether he is in the Marine Corps, the in Korea. Another one I appointed was sistance of our gallant Navy, just as Army, the Navy, the Air Force, or any a captain in the First Marine Division Lemay had blasted them off the face of place else, you will see that. The Marine and another was a captain in the the earth, weeks before Tokyo surren Corps is not the only component of our Seventh Infantry Division and on the dered. This is a tribute to the Air Force, Armed Forces that suffers casualties. If retreat from Changhun Reservoir over not to the Marines solely. Now that is you want to talk about casualties, there a year ago and from Hagaru-ri, Koto-ri where we are. We shall not argue about have been many more men killed in the and Hungnam, when they were evacu what each service did. All of them were Army than the Marines. Whether he ated to Pusan, I talked not only to these magnificent. be in the Marine Corps, the Army, the boys out in Percy Jones Hospital but I We have got to build up a strong ma Navy, or the Air Force, the American talked to others, and I asked this cap rine force. I am not going to try to man, when it comes to dying, is just tain in the infantry, Who made possible sing their praises any more than I would about the same. They are all Americans your escape? He said that it was the try to describe the lusciousness of a fair who have given all they can. air force of the Marine Corps. Thank maiden's lips. It just cannot be done. I wish I were the orator the gentle God for the air arm and the tactical But it is not on sentimental grounds that man from Georgia is, or the gentleman support of the Marine Corps. Let us we are supporting this measure. As our from Missouri. I am not. I recognize never forget that. chairman has said, it is strictly from the that. But I do feel that I have some I thought that was pretty good com standpoint of our national defense and facts that this House ought to listen to. ing from a man in the infantry. for our own survival; and, by all means, If I had the oratory they have to com Now, we all know that the Marine let me pay tribute to General Cates; bine with the facts I have, I am con Corps is the one segment or branch of Vandegrift was a great man, but Cliff vinced I could change this bill into one our services that is highly trained and Cates, after the summary dismissal of which would be more in accord with the usually pretty well equipped to fight an Denfeld and MacArthur-had the nerve principle of unification. immediate attack. If we believe Win and patriotism and courage before our Back in 1947 this House wrote a uni ston Churchill, and if we believe all of committee to stick his neck all the way fication bill. In that hearing, which was the military witnesses who have ap out and tell us that the Commandant held by the Committee on Expenditures peared before us, in these times of ten of the Marine Corps should sit in with in the Executive Departments, General sion and of uncertainties, when these the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Army and Vandegrift, then Commandant of the little sideline wars are breaking out all the Navy and the Air Force. I think it Marine Corps, came before the commit over the world, if there is one branch of would be a good leavening influence; I tee and said that he was a little con the service that we ought to build UP think it would be a broadening influence; cerned about what was going to happen not to supplant an Army, not to take I think it would give them ideas on fight to the Marine Corps under unification. over the Navy but to be given a voice ing on land, sea, and in the air that they He asked one thing. He asked that the in its operation on land, on sea, and in never dreamed of. Congress spell out the functions of the the air-it is the Marine Corps. Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. Marine Corps in certain amendments In my very humble but honest opinion Chairman, will the gentleman yield? which he recommended. The ultimate in order to· have a sound and well-bal Mr. SHORT. I yield to the gentleman result was those functions that were read anced defense force, this bill must be by the chairman of the Committee on enacted. I hope that all of you will from Minnesota. Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. The Armed Services today from the Unifica vote for it. tion Act. Let me read those to you again, I hate to mention names, but I want gentleman has correctly described the attitude of the Marine Corps. I .want to and do not forget them becam~e they are to point out to you that the Commander most important. The first and primary in Chief of all our forces was a captain ask him this. We know that it has been the traditional policy of the Marine one of them is that the Marine Corps in the artillery. He is a land-trained shall be organized, trained, and equipped soldier and he has a good record. I ad Corps and other branches of the service to fight to win. Now I want to ask the . to provide a fieet marine force of com mire him. I w:.s in that infantry myself. petent arms, together with supporting The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of gentleman if it would be appropriate and germane to offer an amendment here air components, for service with the fleet Staff is one of the most brilliant strate in the seizure or defem:e of advanced gists this country has ever had, a five that we should remove the Secretary of State from the Joint Chiefs of Staff? naval bases, or for the conduct of such star general, and I pleaded and begged limited land operations as are essential and voted to make him that, being a Mr. SHORT. I absolutely refuse, I will say to my dear friend, the gentleman to the prosecution of a naval campaign. fell ow Missourian, among other tributes. This function and this primary mis He was a ground soldier, the Chief of from Minnesota. I know that I could argue that with him in private, but I do sion of the Marine Corps has changed the Air Force, a nephew of a great Sen since 1947. As I go along I want to point ator, but a graduate of West Point. He not want to discuss it publicly. I want us to pass this bill, and there is no reason out to you the changes in the concept was educated in the Army. The Chief of the Marine Corps' primary mission of Staff of the Army-a gallant soldier why we should take four full hours to do it. But we will. that have occurred since 1947. is a graduate of West Point. You made Remember, the chairman of the House your present Commander in Chief, your Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the distinguished gentle Committee on Armed Services said this Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, bill today is to set up a readiness force you have the Chief of Staff of the De man from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE]. partment of the Army and of the Air Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, I find to be used by the President. However, it difficult, indeed, to stand in this well the last mission that General Vande Force, and you made one, just one Chief grift suggested in 1947 was that they of Naval Operations, and a great man he and oppose a bill that was introduced by 70 Members of the House and about shall perform "such other duties as the is, who sits on the Joint Staff. In this President may direct," with this pro day, when most of our fighting is not 40 Members of the Senate, and reported on land, you know what won the war in out of the House Committee on Armed viso, and this proviso is most important, Japan; anyone knows who has ever Services with one vote against it, but "that such additional duties shall not flown over Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, there has not been a bill before Con detract from or interfere with the opera Osaka, Kobe, and Nagasaki. It was air gress sillce I have been here on which tion for which the Marine Corps is pri power-the Air Force and naval avia I have done as much work and about marily organized." That primary duty tion. All of you know who have ever which I am as convinced that the House for which the Marine Corps is organized traveled down the Rhine from Ludwigs- is making a mistake as this bill. is as a fieet marine force for the Navy. 5354 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 In his testimony before the House On page 258, the gentleman from "I am now convinced the Commandant Committee on Expenditures in the Exec Texas [Mr. WILSON] asked General Van should have full membership and not a utive Departments these statements deg1·!1t this question: qualified status on the Joint Chiefs of were made by General Vandegrift-and Mr. WILSON. The Marine Corps, I take it Staff." At this time, he also testified I quote from the record at pages 243 and from your position and have read several of that four full-strength divisions and air 244 of the hearings on the National Secu your speeches over the country, do not want wings were necessary. As time keeps rity Act of 1947: autonomy, do not want an independent or passing, the Marine Corps keeps expand Since submitting my statement to you, ganization from the Navy, do they, General? ing more and more on what they need I have found that there has been some ques General VANDEGRIFT. No, sir. We want to be just as we always have been, an integral until today you have a situation where tion as to just what the Marine Corps is part of the Naval Establishment, because they think 428,000 men and officers are and what its mission is and whether Qr not without a navy there would be no reason necessary. it is trying to be a second army. for us. Just recently General Shepherd wrote I can assure you we are not trying to be a second army, so I thought I would like to an article, I believe, which was put in There are many statements through the RECORD of April 23, 1952, by the gen read into the record just what we feel we out the testimony as to what the Marine should do and just what we feel we should tleman from Pennsylavania [Mr. VAN Corps mission was understood to be in ZANDT]. The title of that article was "As not do. 1947. This bill today is completely In addition to its other duties, I feel that the President May Direct." In that ar the Marine Corps should be organized to changing the Marine Corps. This bill ticle, General ·Shepherd completely de perform amphibious tasks such as the sei is setting up a second army with a pri parts from the primary mission of the zure of a beachhead or the capture and mary mission which involves the capa.. Marine Corps-that is, a fleet marine occupation of small island positions and bility of operating on a land mass in force for the Navy-and goes to an over coastal areas. stead of being primarily organized for all ready force for all the services under Its organization should not be developed land operations in conjunction with a. to meet the requirements of a protracted the theory that the Marine Corps shall naval campaign. perform such other duties as the Presi campaign in a large land mass, nor should The chairman of the Armed Services it include materiel therefor such as 240- dent may direct. millimeter howitzers, heavy engineer equip Committee said a great deal about what If the Armed Services Committee is ment, motor transport, and logistic lines for would have happened if we had had four trying to change the mission and stature deep penetration into large land masses. Marine divisions when Korea broke out. of the Marine Corps within our Armed What would have happened if we had In this bill you are setting up a ma Forces, it seems to me this bill should be had four divisions any place? It was recommitted to the Committee on Ex rine force with a maximum authorized not only the Marine Corps that was cut strength of 428,000 officers and men. penditures in the Executive Depart down at that time, it was every other ments, inasmuch as they were responsi Your maximum authorized strength in branch of the service too. Actually the ble for the Unification Act. the Army today is 837,000 men. Marine Corps, next to the Air Force, suf.. Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, will the General Vandegrift defined a :fleet Ma fered less of a reduction after World gentleman yield? rine Corps. General Vandegrift said: War IT than any branch of the service. Mr. TEAGUE. I yield to the gentle A fleet marine force is a fleet-type com• After the Unification Act of 1947 was man from Texas. mand of combined armies comprising land, written, we had a hearing on unification Mr. KILDAY. I only mention this be air, and service arms of the United States and strategy in 1949. What happened cause it has been mentioned a number Marine Corps which is integral with a then? At that time General Cates came of times. The bill was- reported out of United States fleet, and which is organized, before the committee as the new Com the Armed Services Committee, of which trained, and equipped for seizure and de mandant of the Marine Corps and testi fense of advance naval bases and for the I am a member, by a vote of 26 to 1. I conduct of limited and amphibian land op fied that he was afraid that the provi was necessarily absent in Texas, so that erations essential to the prosecution of a sions put in the Unification Act in 1947 I was not able to vote at that time. naval campaign. were not sufficient to protect the Marine I would like to ask the gentleman Corps. He made two recommendations. whether he can recall any time in the The gentleman from Colorado [Mr. I am going to offer an amendment to put history of the United States in which CHENOWETH] asked General Vandegrift these recommendations of General we placed a floor under the Military this question: Cates, or similar ones, into the bill be Establishment in any of its branches? What do you propose to have during fore :final action is taken upon it. Gen.. Mr. TEAGUE. Of course, the gentle peacetime? eral Cates said he wanted to make a rec .. man from Texas [Mr. KILDAY] probably General Vandegrift said: ommendation "that the Commandant of knows more about our armed service$ the Marine Corps shall have a voice in The ttUthorized strength of the Marine than any other Member of the House. Corps as passed by Congress is 100,000. The all discussions, plans, and reports of the He has rendered long and distinguished appropriated strength for this year, what we Joint Chiefs of Staff pertaining to am service in the Armed Services Committee set down as an estimate for the Marines, phibious warfare and other matters re and is one of the most able congressional was 9::i,OOO to begin with and 85,000 to end, lating to the Marine Corps" and "pro students of military affairs I know. I and a 90,000 average. vide definite assurance that the Fleet think we all recognize that and know Marine Force will be maintained at a what distinguished service he has ren The gentleman from Colorado [Mr. peacetime strength of ·twQ fully equipped CHENOWETH] said: dered to this country in that capacity. Marine divisions, including 6 infantry Therefore, I know he is aware that there You will average about 90,000? battalions each; and 2 fully equipped has never been a floor placed under any General Vandegrift said: Marine aircraft wings, including 12 tac of our Armed Forces before, and, as Ad We do not know, sir. We have not seen tical squadrons each; together with the miral Sherman testified, that it is con the appropriation bill. necessary service elements." ceivable that a Marine Corps with a floor That was 2 years ago. General Cates as proposed in this bill would completely '.•:'he gentleman from Colorado [Mr. wanted two understrength divisions and swallow up the Navy. CHENOWETH] said: air wings only and the consultation Mr. KILDAY. I would like to have Would that figure be the ideal strength? right. Back in 1947 they just wapted this in the RECORD: That at the time Would that be your recommendation? their functions spelled out. In 1952 they immediately preceding World War II Listen to this answer that General want four full-strength divisions and we had a provision under which the Vandegrift gave to Mr. CHENOWETH: air wings plus membership on the Joint Army and the Air Force should not ex Chiefs of Staff. Nineteen hundred and ceed 268,000. We never got to 268,000. General VANDEGRIFT. Yes, sir; because that forty-nine is the first time that any great ls 20 i>ercent of the Navy and the law says Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman is cor that the Marine Corps shall be 20 percent emphasis was placed on the marines be rect. of the Navy, enlisted strength of the Marine ing a national readiness force for our Mr. KILDAY. Simply because the Corps shall be 20 percent of the enlisted entire Armed Forces. Congress never appropriated enough strength of the Navy. And that will put us Later, in 1951, during hearings in the money to re2.:::h 268,COO. So when we in line with that. House on s. 677, General Cates testified, attempt to put a :floor under any militar.y 1.952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5355 establishment, I do not care whether it ment of the Congress authorization has propriations who as far as he is con is the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, been made, and it is the duty of the cerned has always accepted that respon the Marines, or whichever it may be, you Appropriations Committee to carry out sibility and will continue to do so; and are never going to get more people than the authorization if the economic sta I was glad to have the gentleman's as you appropriate money for. bility of the country permits it. surance that it was not a tie. Mr. TEAGUE. But is it not true that Mr. TEAGUE. One other question. Mr. VINSON. Of course it does not if you put a floor under this bill the General Shepard in the speech he made tie the Appropriations Committee; and Congress is obligated to bring out appro and which is in the REcoRD stated that it does not tie future Congresses. priations to take care of that floor; the Marine Corps is quite different from Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Chairman, will while if you put on a ceiling, as you do any of the other armed services in that the gentleman yield for just one obser on the other services, we are not obli it may be likened to a Presidential fire vation? gated to bring out an amount of money brigade that can be used under condi Mr. TEAGUE. I yield. to take care of that maximum number? tions of employment that do not apply Mr. SCRIVNER. I wish to commend In other words, a ceiling leaves the size to any of the other components of our the gentleman from Texas [Mr. of our Armed Forces flexible while a Armed Forces due to this function of TEAGUE] upon taking the floor on this floor freezes it to a great degree. such other duties "as the President may occasion. It is just another proof of Mr. KILDAY. I just heard the chair direct." the courage that he has demonstrated man say there would not be any danger Mr. VINSON. That is exactly the so well in times past as evidenced by about doing it, but is that the way we point we are driving at; and it will be the outstanding record he made in are supposed to legislate? a most beneficial thing; it can be used World War II. Mr. TEAGUE. No, sir; that is not the to stamp out bonfires all over the world. Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, will the way to legislate, in my opinion. If you Mr. TEAGUE. In other words, you gentleman yield? freeze military concepts that are best are setting up a private army for the . President to use. Mr. TEAGUE. I yield to the gentle left flexible, you have a difficult time man from Texas. adjusting the situation when conditiom Mr. VINSON. By no means are we change. setting up any private army for the Mr. KILDAY. For the purpose of de Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, will thu President to use; it is a branch of the veloping the facts of the situation I see gentleman yield? Armed Forces and the defense of the a number of very distinguished Marines Mr. TEAGUE. I yield to the chair Nation. on the flood of the House. man of the Armed Services Committee. Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Chairman, will Mr. TEAGUE. Yes; they are cer Mr. VINSON. The idea of putting a the gentleman yield? tainly lined up. floor on a military bill is to be a guide to Mr. TEAGUE. Before I yield to the The CHAIRMAN. The time of the the Appropriations Committee that in gentleman from Kansas I would like to gentleman from Texas has expired. the judgment of the Congress that is the say that in the House hearings on this Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield minimum military unit of that organi bill the statement was made that the myself 30 seconds in order to say that zation that is required. Appropriations Committee had emascu there is no finer man or greater soldier Mr. TEAGUE. Why do you make this lated the Marine Corps. Would the in this body or this country than "TIGER'" exception for the Marine Corps and not gentleman care to comment on that in TEAGUE, of Texas. Now I am going to the balance of the Armed Forces? his statement? show my appreciation by yielding the Mr. VINSON. On this theory: The Mr. SCRIVNER. The gentleman is gentleman, although he is voting against whole theory of this bill is to keep a force talking now about the 1950 appropria it-if he had heard the hearings as a in readiness, and that is the underlying tions for the military service which was member of the committee I do not think mud-sill of the bill. $13,500,000. Just 6 weeks before Korea he would-yielding the gentleman 5 min Mr. TEAGUE. Yes. I certainly the President had said we were nearer utes, Mr. Chairman. caught the gentleman's idea. I said you peace than ever before and the follow The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman are trying to set up a ready force for our ing year he was going to cut the military from Texas is recognized for an addi entire Armed Forces-something that appropriation another billion and a half. tional 5 minutes. involves a new primary mission f.or the The question I want to ask, if the gentle Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, I Marine Corps at the expense of the man will yield for a direct question to the would like to say to the gentleman from Army. chairman of the Armed Services Com Missouri that I have read every word of Mr. VINSON. Because the military mittee, is this: Does this floor tie the those hearings and read them more than function is entirely different from that hands of the Appropriations Committee? once. I believe I have read them more of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Mr. VINSON. Of course not; no au than most members of the Armed Serv Corps. thorization ties the hands of the Appro ices Committee. I am very familiar with Mr. TEAGUE. You are taking the priations Committee or the Congress, them; and n~t only the current hearings, last function assigned to the Marine but it is a good guide to go by. _ but the hearmgs as far back as 1947 on Corps in the Unification Act of 1947 and Mr. SCRIVNER. All right; suppose it the Unification Act. Evidently the gen trying to make it No. 1 and primary. is a guide, is it not possible under this tleman from Missouri has not read those That is what you do under this bill. bill-it is in accordance with the answer hearings, particularly on unification, for Mr. VINSON. I am talking about the the gentleman has just made-that if he is going completely a way from them mission that the President may send the Appropriations Committee sees fit in supporting this bill. them on, using it as the proper guide for not to appropriate for 2'35,000 enlisted Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, will the building the Marine Corps to be used in men, they do not have to. gentleman yield? Mr. VINSON. The gentleman is ab any capacity he may see fit. Mr. TEAGUE. I yield. ! Mr. TEAGUE. Would the gentleman solutely correct, absolutely correct. comment on the proviso that the Marine Mr. TEAGUE. Will the gentleman Mr. TABER. The appropriations bill Corps may not be used for these addi agree to a proportionate floor for the that was passed through the House car tional Presidential assignments and other services? ried funds to provide for 216,767 average duties if it interferes with their primary Mr. VINSON. But the burden and enlisted personnel in the Marine Corps. mission in any way? the responsibility would be on the Ap That was all that was asked for. The Mr. VINSON. The primary mission propriations Committee not to cut out estimate was that at the beginning of is to do that which the President may the mandate of Congress in a previous the year they would have 214,931-that send them to do, and the President may authorization by legislation. is as of July 1, 1953-and at the end give them any mission that he sees fit. Mr. SCRIVNER. Mr. Chairman, will of the year they would have 222,000. To get back to the question raised by the gentleman. yield for . one further Mr. TEAGUE. I thank the gentle the gentleman from Texas [Mr. KILDAY]: question? man. Assuming that it has not been done in Mr. TEAGUE. I yield. Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will the past is no justification why we should Mr. SCRIVNER. I may state to the the gentleman yield? not do it now, and it is a guide for the gentleman from Georgia that here is Mr. TEAGUE. I yield to the gentle Appropriations Committee; in the judg- one member of the Committee on Ap- man from California. 5356 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 Mr. HOLIFIELD. I want to compli Mr. VINSON. I will tell the Commit through its satellites a series of wars to ment the gentleman for the speech he is tee. I am going to o:ffer an amendment. entrap us into military operations that making and to say that I was a member Mr. TEAGUE. I do not yield any will dissipate our strength. This seems of the Expenditures Committee at the further. to me to be one of the greatest dangers. time and helped to handle the bill on Mr. TABER. It would require an ad Frankly, one of my grave concerns is the floor, the so-called unification bill. ditional appropriation to provide for that our present national leaders will a1- The purposes of the Congress at that 20,000 extra if 235,000 are provided for. low us to become involved unnecessarily time have never been obtained, unifica The CHAmMAN. The time of the in a series of international traps that will tion has not been obtained due to the gentleman from Texas has expired. ultimately exhaust us and make us a fact that the Armed Services Committee Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield ready prey for a full-scale military oper is now handling amendments on that the gentleman one additional minute. ation against our own people. Our peo and I charge them with the responsibil Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, this is ple are perfectly willing to defend our ity of seeing that unification does obtain. what Admiral Sherman said before the freedom, but they are not willing to de Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the House Armed Services Committee about f end other people's territorial possessions gentleman yield? this bill, and he was not talking about and fight other people's wars in the name Mr. HOLIFIELD. If the gentleman any amendments. He said that the en of freedom. will yield further, this is a step toward actment of the bill, S. 677, "would re The United Nations may have its va1ue. quadruplication of unification. quire a force of about 327 ,000 marines But it can readily become the instrument Mr. TEAGUE. I agree with the gen and 9,075 naval personnel" and that "it by which we will be led to self-destruc.. tleman. would require the acquisition of addi tion lest it be made clear, definite, ancl Mr. HOLIFIELD. You are setting up tional aircraft" and that "it would re final that the Congress of the Uniteu a fourth arm of the services and in place quire the expansion of training facili States, and the Congress alone, has the of there being one unified service this ties and bases and air training stations." power to commit our people to war. N0t will result in creating four. He further said that the estimates he even the President of the United Stater, Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman is had received indicated "that during the as the Commander in Chief of the Arme,i right. first year of build-up to the :(orces con Forces, has the constitutional auth01·ity Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, will the templated by the bill S. 677, the direct to commit this country to other people's gentleman yield? cost at present prices would amount to foreign wars, big or little. Mr TEAGUE. I yield to the gentle approximately $4,332,000~ 000" and that Nonetheless, there is the existing man from Texas. "a breakdown of this figure is at threat to our own security. The wor1(l Mr. KILDAY. I wonder if the gentle tached." He also said that "it is esti situation is such that we are faced with man agrees with me that the United mated that after the first year build-up, the painful but simple fact that, in o~ States Marine Corps hold a special posi the annual direct cost at present prices own self-interest,_we must prepare ou. . tion in the military forces of the world? would be approximately $3,361,000,000." defense to meet every conceivable con Mr. TEAGUE. Yes. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield tingency. Our defense machine must be Mr. KILDAY. That the Marine Corps 15 minutes to the gentleman from Illi well-balanced and fully coordinated. It can land in Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, nois [Mr. ARENDS]. must have flexibility and be readily ad Haiti, or anywhere else. It is not re Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Chairman, this bill justable to every possible contingency garded as occupation of the country by fixes the statutory size and establishes that may arise. a military force. It has been my belief by law the proper status of the United In devising our defense program we and I have studied military matters for States Marine Corps in our national de must take into account our geographic only a short time-that the reason that fense establishment. In my judgment, position and the fact that the United you have that situation is because it is it is one of the most important defense States has become a maritime Nation. a small force. It does not come in by measures to come before the Congress. We must evaluate our potential enemies divisions. There are only a small num It is no less important than any of the and our allies. Our own domestic de ber of Marines and they come in to quell various defense measures we have fense program should be coordinated disturbances or any internal disruption adopted in the interest of national se with the defense programs of those coun there might be at the time. Then they curity. tries who are allied with us in the pull out; they leave. The people of the The Congress clearly recognizes the mutual-defense program for which we world accept the Marines. It is my view existing threat to our national security. have been supplying extensive aid. that should we get the Marines into a We will recognizt! the grave uncertain As "I pointed out at the time we had tremendously large organization, then ties in the existing international situa the universal military training bill be they are going to lose that status. tion. Our objective is to establish a fore us, for a proper defense based on Let me point this out further: There well-balanced national defense in the all these strategy factors our emphasis is no such thing as a quartermaster light of these uncertainties and the real should not be on great masses of nien to corps-a logistics organization-in the ities of present day warfare. compete on the Continent of Europe and Marine Corps; there is no such thing We must also be realistic as to how Asia but rather upon our having hard as a chaplain's corps in the Marine Corps heavy a defense burden our economy can hitting forces in readiness. because the Navy supplies all of that. stand. We must make the most of the That we may have just this type of It might be surprising to most Members limited funds available. Our greatest defense, our Committee on Armed Serv of this House to know that if you see source of strength is a healthy economy ices has been constantly laboring. And a marine in uniform who is a medic he based on a sound fisca1 policy. And we to this end the pending bill is presented is wearing Navy chevrons. If you make cannot allow our economy to ·be cle to you by a committee vote of 26 to 1. them into an army, as a percentage of stroyed under the stress of military pre This is not an administration bill. It the Navy, then you create a second paredness. is not a Republican bill. it is not a Dem army-you cannot get away from that In determining the type of defense we crat bill. It is not even a Marine Corps and this bill ought to be defeated. should establish I think it should be bill. Approximately 75 Members of this Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman is ex borne in mind that our over-all program body, on both sides of the political aisle, actly right. Now, may I ask the chair should not be one for all-out mobiliza introduced bills more or less identical to man of the Armed Services Committee tion. Our defense program should be the one before us. In the fullest sense one question? The chairman of the based on the premise that we are not of the word, this bill has its origin in the Armed Services Committee told the preparing for a war but placing our coun desire and the determination of the Con House that this bill would not cost an try in £:.. position of readiness. gress to see that our people have a bal additional dollar. No one knows when, how, or where we anced defense, that it be of such strength Mr. VINSON. What I said was this: may be compelled to resist armed aggres and flexibility a"5 to be able to meet That the bill providing 235,000, and mak sion in defense of our freedom. Some promptly and effectively any and all pos ing it 215,000, including officers, is the speak of the possibility of a full-scale sible emergency threats to our security, amount that is carried in fiscal 1953. atom bomb attack upon us. We are whenever and however they may arise. Mr. TEAGUE. I do not know what making some preparations for this pos To be sure, the Department of De amendment the chairman is going to sibility. Others claim the long-range fense and the individual members of the add or what he is going to add. strategy of the Kremlin is to promote Joint Chiefs of Staff have expressed their 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5357 opposition to the bill. While their views ness. The then chairman of the Com on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. We are are entitled to great weight, the judg mittee on Expenditures in Executive De even more convinced today that this ment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the partments, the gentleman from Michi should and must be done. Defense Department is not necessarily gan [Mr. HOFFMAN], whose committee By making this proposal we are not infallible on questions of our defense had jurisdiction over the legislation, seeking to confer any . particular honor needs. This should be obvious to all of even went to the trouble to file individ on the Marine Corps. We are simply us from the deplorable condition of our ual views as a part of his committee's trying to give our people the best pos defense machine at the time of the out report to point out specifically our de sible defense set-up obtainable. It just break of the Korean war. termination to preserve the Marine doesn't make sense to deny the countrv When the Korean war broke out on Corps in its traditional role. the benefit of the specialized training, June 25, 1950, and the President made But even that unequivocal expression knowledge, and experience of the Marine what amounted to an overnight decision of the will of Congress did not deter the Corps Commandant in the deliberations to commit the United States to the war, President, the Chiefs of Staff and the and formulation of our over-all defense we did not have a force in readiness that Defense Department in their fantastic, plans and strategy. could immediately move in even to deter, wholly unrealistic plan to make the From the testimony presented before much less repel, the initial aggressive ac Marine Corps a police force. our Committee it appears that the pres tion. We found ourselves in a shocking And so, the pending bill has become ent Joint Chiefs of Staff have no particu state of unpreparedness. Had we been absolutely necessary for insuring that lar objection to having the Commandant properly prepared, with a defense based the previously expressed policy of the of the Marine Corps placed in the legal on the realities of the world situation, it Congress and the wishes of the American status of a consultant to them on mat could well be that a settlement would people are carried out with respect to ters affecting the Corps. But how and have been reached in Korea without any the place of the Marine Corps in our by whom it is to be determined what intervention by the Chinese Reds. We national defense organization. meetings the Commandant should at probably would not have had this pro Section 1 of the bill as reported by tend? As pointed out in our committee longed fighting and heavy casualities. our Armed Services Committee specifies report accompanying the bill, it is a The point I wish to emphasize is that both a ceiling and a :floor for the Marine significant fact that on only six occasions the shocking state of our unpreparedness Corps. By this provision we will insure since 1947, when we created the Joint at the outbreak of the Korean war was by unmistakable law the maintenance of Chiefs of Staff, has the Commandant not the fault of the Congress. On the a versatile combat force of four full of the Marine Corps been invited to their contrary, it was due to the deliberate re strength Marine divisions and four full meetings. And all six of these occa fusal of the President, the Department strength air wings. It is my under sions occurred after the Commitee on of Defense and our Joint Chiefs of Staff standing that a committee amendment Armed Services unanimously agreed to to carry out the defense program as set will be offered fixing the :floor in the sponsor legislation to make the Com up by Congress. We are determined that size of the corps at three full-strength mandant a permanent member ·of the shall not happen again. It is this fact marine divisions and three full-strength Joint Chiefs of Staff. that makes this bill necessary. air wings. This is the approximate If the Commandant of the Marine I need hardly to remind you that strength of the Marine Corps today. Corps can contribute as a consultant to under our Constitution the Congress To maintain it at this strength assures the deliberations of our military leaders not the Commander in Chief, not the us of a basic force in readiness, which on over-all planning and strategy for Defense Department and not the Joint can increase as the need may arise. the defense of this country, he will be In fixing the size and character of the in a much better position to make his Chiefs of Staff-is vested with the re valuable contribution if he is given per sponsibility for the size and nature of Marine Corps we are simply carrying out our constitutional duty and prerogative. manent membership. This is not a our national defense. It is our prerog question of dignity, stature, position, ative, not theirs. to say how large our It is the function of Congress to deter mine the size and composition of the and rank. That may have its place in Armed Forces shall be, and of what kind military protocol. But this is a question and character. Armed Forces. It is the function of the Executive to command them. of making certain that in all matters With the advent of the Korean war In establishing the siz.e of the Marine pertaining to the defense of this coun and our commitment to it by the Pres Corps as proposed by this bill we are try the best available brains from ex ident, we were shocked to the realiza doing exactly the same thing as we did perience and training are utilized. And tion we were not prepared for such im when we enacted legislation for a 70- no one can plan a proper defense in mediate action. We had no highly group Air Force or authorized a specific these days of many uncertainties and mobile, completely integrated, superbly number of ships of a specific tonnage to undeclared wars without having the trained striking force in readiness for be built. We are in no way transgress benefit of the viewpoint of the man who just such a contingency. That has been ing upon the rights and prerogatives of commands our shock troops, with the the traditional mission of the Marine the President and his Chiefs of Staff. mobility to act on a moment's notice Corps. But the Marine Corps has been And I am sure the Congress has no in until the larger and less integrated emasculated. It had been reduced to tention of abdicating our authority to forces can be brought into action. only 8 battalions, with 16 squadrons of them. As I stated at the outset, this is one supporting aircraft. This was done con Section 2 is, in my judgment, the most of the most important defense measures trary to the expressed will of Congress. important part of the pending bill. to come before us. This bill reaffirms It was done as a part of the adminis This section makes the Commandant of the P-OSition previously taken by this tration's predetermined policy, the Con the Marine Corps a permanent member Congress. It helps us establish the kind giess to the contrary notwithstanding, of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. For over of defense we must have if our people to make the Marine Corps no more than a year, our Committee on Armed Serv are to have real security. By the pass a police force. ices is on record as believing that our age of this bill we are seeking neither During the consideration of the Na national security demanded that the to reward nor to punish. Our sole ob tional Security Act of 1947-sometimes Marine Corps Commandant be a full jective is to have a well-balanced, fully known as the Unification Act-which ftedged member of the Joint Chiefs of coordinated, highly :flexible, basically was enacted by the Eightieth Congress, Staff. sound defense machine prepared for it came to our attention that the ad After an extensive study beginning in every conceivable contingency. This ministration was seeking to eliminate the fall of 1949 of the various problems bill is a real step in the accomplishment the Marine Corps as an effective combat relating to the unification and strategy of that objective sought by all of us on element in our defense establishment. in cpnnection with our Armed Forces, both sides of the political aisle. The Congress took cognizance of this our committee filed in March of 1950 a fact. We took the pains to write into unanimous report in which we stated Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the National Security Act language de that the Joint Chiefs of Staff should in the gentleman yield? signed k insure the Marine Corps its clude the Marine Corps Commandant as Mr. ARENDS. I yield to the gentle continued existence for the performance a member. We were definitely con man from Texas. of its historic functions as a powerful vinced then as to the desirability of M~. TEAGUE. In proportion, was the mobile striking force poised in readi- putting tne Marine Corps Commandant Marine Corps emasculated? 5358 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 Mr. ARENDS. From information This word "readiness," in my judg created quite a furor across the Nation. available to me and also from a conver ment. is the most important word in dis and subsequently required the President sation held with the chairman of our cussing the place of the Marines. It is to apologize to the Marine Corps League committee, I understand it became nec this readiness which keynotes their ne for his impetuous remarks about them. essary that some members of our com cessity to a well-organized. well-coordi In view of the President's expressed mittee go down to the Defense Depart nated Armed Forces defense program. opinion just about 2 years ago, does the ment to see t,o it that the Marine Corps The Marine Corps can be and is called chairman of the committee believe that be not further reduced in force or upon first to go into combat to establish this bill may be vetoed by the President abolished. our defenses until the Army. Navy, or because he so expressed himself at that Mr. BROOKS. I would like to say to Air Force can be called to the scene. It time? the gentleman that when this matter stands to reason that a full-strength Mr. VINSON. I wish to say to the did come before the committee, I think army, navy, or air force cannot be called gentleman from California that the re I was the only member who did not fa.. into combat at the drop of a hat, so to sponsibility for other officials to do their vor putting the Marine Commandant on speak. For one thing, our national econ duty never enters my mind, because I the permanent Joint Chiefs of Stat!. omy would not permit subsidation of a feel that I cross only one bridge at a Mr. LYLE. Mr. Chairman, will the full-time, full-strength standing armed time. I have no comments to make gentleman yield? force. Secondly, these specialized forces about that. At least, I think this bill is Mr. ARENDS. I yield. cannot be alerted to meet the fir.st at so sound that the President of. the Mr. LYLE. The gentleman has made tacks. This is no discredit to the other United States would be amply warranted an excellent statement, and I am certain branches of the service. However, it in approving a bill of this kind. it would be very diflicult for anyone to does point out the need for a ready force. Mr. McDONOUGH. I want the REC disagree with the words he has used. This, gentlemen, is the Marine Corps. ORD to show that I am definitely in favor Does the gentleman have any idea what I am :firmly convinced that had a full of both the increase in the personnel and General MacArthur thinks about this? Marine division with air cover been on the Commandant of the Marine Corps Mr. ARENDS. Unfortunately, I do hand to meet the first stages of the Ko having equal representation on the Joint not. rean confliet undoubtedly, we wouldhav,e Chiefs of Stat!. I presume from what Mr. LYLE. You have asked him been in far better shape to meet the the chairman of the committee has just about everything else. I thought per initial Communist attacks in the so· informed me, there have been no inhibi haps you had asked about this. called police action. A strong Marine tions or objections from the White Mr. ARENDS. Perhaps I should have Corps as provided in this bill would have House concerning the bill? called the General for his opinion on the saved lives and equipment in those early Mr. VL.""iSON. Not at all. matter. suffice it to say that whatever stages of the Korean war. Mr. McDONOUGH. And that it is position the General might take, it The work of the Marine Corps, how not an administration bill? would be sound and logical, and I would ever. does not end with this preliminary Mr. VINSON. Of course not. All like to believe he would support this stage setting on the combat field. The officers have been free to testify and give legislative proposal. Marines follow through with coordi the committee the benefit of their views. Mr. LYLE. I thank the gentleman. nat.ed air, sea and land strategy rivaling Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair Mr. ARENDS. I yield back the re the coordination of the other branches man, will the gentleman yield? mainder of my time, Mr. Chairman. and indispensible to them. Mr. McDONOUGH. I yield to the Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman. I yield Because I am a Navy veteran of World gentleman from New York. such time as he may require to the gen War n and served with some Marine Mr. COLE of New York. In connec tleman from Michigan [Mr. FoRn]. units at sea, I know :first hand the capa tion with the question which the gentle Mr. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani bilities of the Marines. My whole man from California has just raised mous consent to extend my remarks at hearted approval of this legislation is in with respect to the presently announced this point in the RECORD. no way disloyalty to my own bran~h of attitude of the Commander in Chief to The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the service. My decision to support this ward this bill, I would suggest to the the request of the gentleman from Mich legislation is based on the safety of the gentleman the possibility that the igan? Nation. The Nation in this crucial pe President may have changed his mind There was no objection. riod needs S. 677. or his conception of the purposes of the Mr. FORD. Mr. Chairman, inasmuch To sum up, gentlemen, the Marine Marine Corps, in view of the fact that as I a was one of the original sponsors of Corps cannot be discounted as a second it is by direction of the President him bill similar to the measure before the land force or a second anything fQr that self that the first Marine Division is Committee, I favor the enactment of matter. The Marines are separate and fighting in Korea today. Unles he still 677. s. distinct, and vital as is each of the other insists that that is a police action in Any opposition to S. 677 to fix a mini branches, to a successful defense pr<> Korea, I think he would recognize that mum personnel strength of the Marine gram. Its long tradition and history of Corps and to establish a Marine Corps the First Marine Division is a fighting preparedness behind it, the Marine Corp force and not a police force. representative to the Joint Chiefs of stands alert today to meet the highest Staff can only be attributed to a misun Mr. McDONOUGH. I think that is derstanding of the functions and re expectations of the Nation; expectations very evident from the fine record of the sponsibilities of the Marine Corps. recognized and established by law-a First Marine Division, and eividently it The Marines, in a sense, are a maver force in readiness to perform any mission. was the first :fighting force that was ick group. They are not a Navy. They Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield equipped and ready to respond to the are not an Army. Furthermore, they are such time as he may desire to the gen call in Korea. And they have so dis not the Air Force. Rather, the Marines tleman from California lMr. Mc tinguished themselves in Korea that have functions which incorporate each DoNOUGHJ. they are entitled to all the recognition of these specialized operations-these Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Chairman, I that this bill will give them. and more. would like to ask the chairman of the During the first session of tills Con "The Marines get there first" is not committee a question in connection with gress, I introduced H. R. 2032 which pro merely a phrase emanating from Marine this matter. Vided for the Commandant of the Ma Corps pride. It is a truism developed Many of the Members will un rine Corps to be a full member of the from the Marine Corps record. the Ma doubtedly recall that I wrote the Presi Joint Chiefs of Sta.1I and also to increase rine Corps mission as a separate and dis dent on this very subject in August of the United States Marine Corps to full tinct part of our Armed Forces. From 1950. In his reply to me he stated that strength of four combat divisions, and its very inception in 1775 the Congress the United States Marine Corps was the four full strength air wings. visualized, and the Nation came to ex police force of the United States Navy. I am glad to see that the bill-S. 677- pect. that Marines composed a special and as long as he was President 1t was under consideration makes the same type of organization which was ready to going to remain as such. He add~ provision. perform any and all duties of a military also, that it had a propaganda machine The fallowing is a copy of my letter to nature, be they duties ashore, afloat, or almost equal to that of Stalin's, whieh the President urging him to recngnize in the air. was beside the point, but nevertheless the Commarulant vI the United States 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5359. Marines as a full member of the Joint of the Marine Corps, including the addi Mr. TEAGUE. I want to say that I Chiefs of Statr and bis reply to me: tions in this bill for a period of 2 years? am not trying to mislead anyone or mis AUGUST 21, 1950. Mr TEAGUE. According to what the state anything in this debate. Hon. HARRY S. TRUMAN, admiral said, he said that for the first Mr. SHORT. I am sure of that. The President of the United States~ year the build-up would be $4,332,000,000. Mr. TEAGUE. All I have done is to The White House, Washington, D. a. Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. What protect the record. MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: The United states does the gentleman include in that? Mr. SHORT. I am stating the fact. Marine Corps has a.gain on the battlefields What is the cost for a year, the addi Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman from o! Korea demonstrated that it ls an effective hard-hitting mobile force which can be de tional cost occurring because of this bill? Massachusetts intimated that I was try pended upon to produce results on the Mr. TEAGUE. Presumably there will ing to make a statement here that I have battleground. be certain camps and facilities con no basis for. I have the bearings and Over the past 180 years, the Marine Corps structed that will last throughout the the bill. time and again have proved that they are years. He states next that it is esti Mr. SHORT. I am stating the facts. invaluable to the defense of America and mated that after the first year of build Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Cer to fight the aggressors which threaten Amer up the annual direct cost at present tainly I would be the last one to accuse ican security. In my opinion, the United States Marine costs of material would be approximately the gentleman from Texas of misrepre Corps is entitled to fUil recognition as a. $3,361,000,000. senting anything. I was never quite sure major branch of the armed services of the Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Now I what the gentleman meant by the United States, and should have its own rep want to get the record straight. On $4,000,000,000. The only reason I rose resentative on the Joint Chiefs of Staff in page 909 of the hearings appears this at this time was to make certain that the Department of Defense. I, therefore, sin inquiry by the chairman of the com the House would understand just what cerely urge that as Commander in Chief of the gentleman meant by his figures. the Armed Forces you will grant the Marine mittee: Corps representation on the Joint Chiefs of What is the present budget of the Marine Specifically on page 904 of the hear Sta.ff. Corps. the entire buaget? · ings you will find this statement. The Very truly yours, chairman said this: GORDON L. McDONOUGH, General Cates replied: How much increased cost will this be over Member of Congress. One billion six hundred million dollars. the present budget; that is, with the four Now, that is for an entire year. divisions? THE WHITE HOUSE, The chairman then said: And General Cates said this: Washington, August 29, 1950. That ls for the fl.seal year 1952? MY DEAR CONGRESSMAN McDONOUGH: I read For the fiscal year 1952 it would only be with a lot of interest your letter in regard to And General cates said: .$200,000,000. the Marine Corps. For your information the So obviously there is no such real Marine Corp is the Navy's police force and as Yes, sir. long as I am President that ls what it will The CHAIR.MAN. What would be the east in figure as $4,000,000,000 in additfonal remain. They have a propaganda machine fiscal year 1952 1f this bill were enacted? costs. that is almost erual to Stalin's. General CATES. That would be $1,800,000,- Mr. TEAGUE. What does the gentle Nobody desires· to belittle the efforts of the 000. man, a member of the committee and a. Marine Corps but when the Marine Corps Obviously the entire cost of the Marine very bard-working member of the com goes into the Army it works With and for the Corps even with the addition of the four mitt.ee, believe Admiral Sherman meant? Army and that is the way it should be. divisions-and of course we have an Mr. BATES of Massaehusetts. 1 can I am more than happy to have your ex answer specifically. He meant this, the pression of interest in this naval military amendment which will reduce it--but organization. · The Chief of Naval Operations even with that cost it will be only $1.800.- cost not only of the Marine Corps at the 1s the Chief of Staff of the Navy of which the 000,000. I fail to see how the gentleman present time at its present strength but Marines are a part. gets a $4.000,000,000 additional cost. in addition to that the new strength Sincerely yours, Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman. will the added by this bill, and not for 1 year but HARRY S. TRUMAN. gentleman yield? for 2 years because the entire budget I trust the President has since changed Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. I shall figure with this bill will only be $1,900,- bis mind about the Marines and will not be pleased to. 000,000. veto this bill. Mr. TEAGUE. What does the next Mr. TEAGUE. We are told from one jigure mean, $3,361,000,000 that he gives Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman. I yield 2 source that it will eost $4,000,000,000; minutes to the gentleman from Massa as the first year build-up? we are told in the budget that it wm be The CHAIRMAN. The time of the chusetts [Mr. BATES]. $2,000,000,000: the Commandant comes Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Mr. gentleman has expired. in and asks for $1,800,000,000, and the Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman. I yield Chairman, I take this time to propound Chairman of the Armed Services Com such time as he may desire to the gentle an inquiry to the gentleman from Texas So mittee says it will cost no more. what man from Massachusetts CMr. PmLBINJ. CMr. TEAGUE]. Something that has con 1s the House supposed believe? to Mr. PIHLBIN. Mr. Chairman. not cerned a great many Members bas been Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. I asked only Congress but the American people the additional cost; and, as I understand the gentleman specifically what he has tt, strongly favor the objectives of th.is the amount of some $4,000,000,000, to back up the $4,000,000,000 and the bill. which the gentleman from Texas men gentleman bas not given me an answer. tioned, was made by Admiral Sherman, It is not necessary for me to laud fur Mr. TEAGUE. I certainly did give ther the gr.eat heroic contributions of who testified before the committee. the gentleman an answer. the Marine Corps since the very incep Mr. TEAGUE. It is on page '167 of the Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Spe tion of this Government. No eloquence, House hearings. He also says he is pre cifically. what is the $4,0D0,000,000? however powerful and lofty, no mere senting a breakdown of the figure, but The CHAIRMAN. The time of the verbal commentary, however profound the breakdown was never placed in the gentleman from Massachusetts has ex and comprehensive, no eulogies or en RECORD. pired. comiums~ however inspiring and glorious Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. On Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield could possibly pay fitting tribute to the page 908 of the hearings is this state myself 1 minute to clear up this matter. American Marines. ment by the chairman: The fact is there will not be one dime Their exploits are written in the eyes Admiral Sherman said that the cost would of additional appropriation because this and minds of their defeated enemies. be four and a third billion dollars. all falls within the 1953 fiscal budget if Their gallantry :is inscribed upon the What does the gentleman from Texas we adopt the amendment o1Ier.ed by the most glorious pages of American his understand as to the meaning of the cost chairman to cut it down to three combat tory. Their courage and Americanism of four and one-third billion dollars? divisions and three combat air wings as is etched in bu.man blood upon the Does that mean that is the additional before reported. finite record of great sacrifices and great cost of this bill during the fiscal year? Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the victories for justice and freedom. Their Does he mean that is the total cost of the gentleman yield? :fidelity to duty in the spirit of their Marine Corps for 1 year or the total cost Mr. SHORT. I yield. moving m-0tto. Semper Fidelis, strikes a XCVIII-337 5360 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 chord of admiration and gratitude in Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield Mr. Chairman, a statement was made the hearts of all Americans who are 5 minutes to the distinguished gentle here in connection with the readiness deeply conscious of the unpayable debt man from New York [Mr. CLEMENTE]. of the Marine Corps, that if we h?,d had the Nation owes to the Marines. M.r. CLEMENTE. Mr. Chairman, I a striking force like the Marine Corps In this bill there is no reflection what wish to assure my distinguished chair prior to Korea the story might be dif ever upon any of the other armed serv man and all the members of my commit ferent. ices. The Marines claim no monopoly tee that I hold all of them in the high Comparative readiness is a hard thing on patriotism, sacrifice or loyalty. All est esteem. During all the sessions in to judge, but the most equitable com of our services on land, sea, and in the which I have participated and through parison I can find indicates that this is air have made their own special con which I have sat I have never felt any not strictly in accordance with the facts. tributions to the country during its war~. animosity toward any member of the The First Marine Division at Camp Pen just as commendable, and they too are committee or any Member of the House. dleton, Calif., was authorized for Korea and must be the sharers of our truly un I would like to recite the history back on July 4, 1950. Ships were spotted at payable debt. of my vote against the Marine Corps bill. the port for the movement on July 9, I do not propose to underwrite the About 2 weeks before the bill was to be and the First Provisional Brigade of the mistakes that have been made in mili voted on our distinguished chairman First Marine Division sailed on July 14, tary policy nor to elaborate upon the appointed the gentleman from Massa arriving at Pusan, Korea, on August 2, many unfavorable results that have chusetts [Mr. BATES] and myself mem 1950. The Second Infantry Division was :flowed from them. I would deprecate bers of a committee to take a trip to authorized to be dispatched to Korea on every effort to divide or embitter the one of the camps out West. At that time July 9, 1950, 5 days later than the various branches of our Armed Forces. I gave to the clerk of the committee my Marines were dispatched. The ships Unity is of paramount importance proxy to vote against the Marine bill. were spotted at the port for the move unity of action to combat the enemy and However, the trip was called off and, ment on July 13, and on July 19 the Ninth meet every emergency. therefore, I was present at the meeting Regimental Combat Team of the Sec To my mind, the services must learn and voted against the bill. There was ond Infantry Division sailed and ar to get together, work together and stay no animosity in my vote against the rived at Pusan, Korea, on July 31, 1950, together until the emergency is over Marine Corps. 2 days ahead of the Marine Provisional come. This is not the time to exploit Mr. Chairman, I want to call the at Brigade in spite of being authorized 5 interservice jealousies. We should not tention of the Members of the House to days later and sailing 6 days later. Cer permit overzealous rivalry to alter or the Constitution of the United States. tainly the Second Infantry Division of impair the unity that is so essential in Article I, section 8, reads as follows: Heartbreak Ridge has proven since it our Armed Forces if we are to achieve The Congress of the United States shall landed that it was equally as ready as safety and security for our people. have the power to raise and support Armies, the First Marine Division. The Marines are a great, integral, rec and to provide and maintain a Navy. The Senate and House hearings indi ognized part of our defense organiza cate a rather widely accepted belief that My interpretation of those two state the Marine Corps can operate inde tion. Historically, strategically, tacti ments is that if there is to be any floor cally, in every way the Marines belong in pendent of Army logistical support in placed on any of the services that floor land operations or Navy logistical sup an illustrious and effective way to our should be placed on the Army and Navy defense program. The Marine Corps port in amphibious operations with little by reason of the fact that the Consti or no change in the Marine Corps present must be integrated and coordinated with tution provides that we shall provide air, sea, and land components in order organizational framework. and maintain an Army and Navy. No This proposal to put a legislative to weld together not only an impregnable where in the Constitution do I find any defense but a striking force that can "floor" under the Marine Corps and to provision that says we must provide and give special status also to the Comman strike swiftly and powerfully. maintain a Marine Corps. Korea points up this fact more than dant of the Marine Corps which contra Mr. DEVEREUX. Mr. Chairman, will dicts all principles of command is one anything else. The situation there the gentleman yield? which I will not detail at this time should of the most single service preference Mr. CLEMENTE. I yield to the gen pieces of legislation ever to be introduced teach us the importance of prepared tleman from Maryland. ness and the need for having a ready, in the House. Mr. DEVEREUX. Is there any pro This campaign to elevate the Marine potent, overpowering coordinated strik vision in there about maintaining and ing force to deal with dangerous aggres Corps above all the major services by providing for an air force? legal guaranties has not been carried sion from potential enemies and their Mr. CLEMENTE. I have not so stated. out by the Marines :fighting in Korea. puppets. Following this provision which says They have been too busy doing their job. Much more should be done to round that the Congress shall have the power The responsibility for this masterpiece out such a force but this bill will help to raise and support armies and to pro of lobbying should not be charged materially to insure improved coordina vide and maintain a Navy there is a. against the Marine Corps as a whole. tion and effective functioning of our phrase that "no appropriation of money Most of the pressure has been generated · defense arms. to that use shall be for a longer term and applied by former members of the The Marines are entitled to a place on than 2 years." Corps who have a justifiable pride, as the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Nation's I venture to say that if we pass this bill everybody knows, in their organization. safety and security requires that they we are actually appropriating money for I believe they do not realize that in their should have it. I think this provision more than 2 years. If we establish a. efforts to get special privileges and to will improve and strengthen our armed :floor for the United States Marine Corps guarantee for themselves quantity at the services and believe it will make for we are in effect appropriating money suf expense of quality they are sacrificing broader and more intimate, more effi ficient to pay for a Marine Corps :figure the principal element that has made the cient cooperation between them. of 300,000. Marines-a great organization. They have This bill is not directed against any I am deeply conscious of the fact that a glorious history and the great pride other service branch and cannot be so the Marine Corps is a very sterling strik that only a small organization can de construed. It has general support from ing combat force. It is my belief that if velop. The Marine Corps is justifiably those who are aware of and disturbed ws do establish a :floor to the Marine boastful of its record and tradition and by present shortcomings of our military Corps we will have to have some associ there is, at present, no hostility among policies and establishments and if en ated expenditures to go along with any the other services toward this boastful acted, as I expect it will be, should be increase in the Armed Forces, including ness because Marines have been consid most helpful in assuring fuller recogni pay for the enlisted men, pay to the ered a special organization and not a tion, better representation, greater par officers, establishment of new bases of competing one. This bill would change ticipation by the Marine Corps and operation, new aircraft, new equipment. all that-it would set up the Marines as hence a better implemented national and so forth. So in my estimation it is a second land Army-too big in peace defense so vitally required at present. going to cost us some money to enact time in proportion to the Army and I V:lill vote for this measure. this legislation. Navy for the amphibious task it was de- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5361 signed to perform. It would make the can operate independent of Army logisti those expenses and only charge this Ma Marine Corps a problem to the Navy by cal support in land operations or Navy rine division with what it provides for guaranteeing it a certain independence logistical support in amphibious opera itself, yes; it appears inexpensive. through the peculiar provision for rep tions with little or no change in the Now, if we were to accept the proposal resentation on the Joint Chiefs of Staff Marine Corps' present organizational of S. 677 at face value, the Marines and it would also make the Marine Corps framework. I can scarcely believe it. should be capable of acting as a ready an organization competing with the They have never done it before and all of force for land operations independent of United States Army in the performance our experience in Korea and every other support from other sources. But, such of the same tasks and functions. As I war has indicated that sizable forces is not the case because the Marine di say, the advocates of this legislation, do engaged in modern warfare must have vision, though larger than an Army di not realize that in their desire to do artillery, armor, signal, and engineer vision, has very limited Marine support something big for the good old Marine services to supplement those in divisions. for conducting sustained land opera Corps they are threatening to destroy Today, in Korea, the Army is having to tions. The Marine Corps can make no Marine Corps' claim to distinction and support the First Marine Division just inland penetration under sustained they are creating hostilities in the mil like its own Army divisions. The Army combat conditions, for it cannot support itary services themselves which will is, or was recently, furnishing the follow itself alone inland. What happens? create bitterness against the Marine ing support there: One and one-third The Army furnishes many of the things Corps and its special status of being the field artillery battalions, two engineer that the Marines need to be successful only force with a fioor if this bill passes. battalions, five transportation truck in such cases, just as in Korea today, but The late Admiral Sherman in his great companies, one ordnance medium main all this multitude of supporting services wisdom pointed out the foolishness of tenance company, and one mobile army are charged against Army appropria such an error and he pointed out that surgical hospital. Also, the Army was tions, and Army Tables of Organization, several billion dollars would be required delivering to the First Marine Division, and I don't think it is all together fair to pay the cost of this seemingly harm in its own area, rations, gasoline, ve to make a virtue of this kind of economy less little gesture that Members of the hicles, bridging material, oil, lubricants, or this kind of so-called independent Congress are taking so lightly today. weapons, ammunition, fortifications, and operation. Not only was Admiral Sherman right in other items without which it is impossi Now, here is an outfit organized pri pointing out the great cost of this ~ro ble to fight a war. The spectacular air marily for amphibious assaults which posal and the fact that the Marine Corps drop of a bridge to the First Marine Di has been proposed as our combat ready would be made less useful to the Navy vision for the first time in history in force for land operations. I just do by such a move. He was also right in December 1950, was accomplished by not think it will work. I think the Ma predicting that such a move would es the Air Force and an Army Quarter rines will still have to borrow things from tablish a precedent which may event master Airborne Supply outfit. There the Army if they are going to engage in ually result in endless confusion and im are countless other examples which lead land warfare. Would not it be better measurable cost. The Marines are the me to believe that the Marines cannot to let the Army furnish its own ready amphibious force de.signed, trained, and be self-sufficient and independent in forces just as it has in the past? equipped at great expense to help the their operations to the same degree that I question seriously the fulsome state Army and the Navy establish beach the Army, Air Force, or Navy can. ments of the enthusiasts who want us heads. In the House hearings it was testi to pass this bill in its present form, that They accomplish the transition of fied-in connection with amphibious herein we provide a fully integrated military operations between sea and . warfare-that "the Chief of Staff of the ready force and, yet, it is not a second land. Now we have another kind of mili Army knows, of course, about land oper Army. Unless the Marine Corps rt: tary service today-the Airborne Section ations, but I doubt that he knows about mains a part of the Navy it is not fully of the Army that accomplishes the amphibious operations and the integra integrated; it is not capable of sustain transition from air to land. It is cer tion that is necessary." In World War ing itself independently in land warfare. tainly just as specialized and just as im ll, the Chief of Staff of the Army was I would like the supporters of this bill portant as the Marine Corps and it de responsible for many more and larger to name one of the islands he thinks we serves equal consideration despite the amphibious operations than the Com will have to take with four divisions of fact that it does not have, as yet, a group mandant of the Marine Corps. The amphibious specialists. Again I am of overzealous alumni to put pressure on present Army Chief of Staff, J. Lawton forced to the conclusion that this ready the Congress. Collins, was Commander of the Eighth force is intended primarily for opera We have another military unit-the Army Corps, which participated in the tions on land, and when so used, it will Strategic Air Force-which has responsi amphibious assault of Normandy-by far have to be supported by some other serv bilities in case we are attacked calling for the largest and most complex amphib ice, or create a duplication of the Army a far greater degree of readiness than ious assault ever conducted anywhere in organization and a second land Army. even the Marine Corps can achieve and the history of warfare. I believe, at the present time, that the calling for a greater degree of independ The Navy or the Army builds all of the Military Establishment is sufficiently ence in its preparation and training, Marine air bases without cost to the complex and the military situation from The Strategic Air Force also will be justi Marine Corps. Medical services for the a strategic point of view is sufficiently fied in seeking special status of this type. Marines are at naval expense. Many of difficult without Congress multiplying Certainly, if a fioor is to be put under the Marine supply services are not the difficulties through such steps as this. any unit, the Strategic Air Force should chargeable to the Marines. One can always spin a finely drawn web be the organization to have it. It takes They are in fact an inexpensive Army of technicalities and arguments around many years to create and it must be over only because much of the cost of main any situation to justify a certain Hne the heart of enemy territory just a few taining, supporting, and equipping them of action and bide the fundamental fact hours after any war begins. is borne by others. If we are comparing that 1 plus 1 still makes 2. I just do We have enough problems today with costs then ought we not to figure in the not think, however, that this is the time out creating a minimum standing .AI·my costs of all the things that go into sup to do that sort of thing. Even if the in any type of uniform. Out of respect porting a Marine division m action, in Army were derelict in their duties and for the Marine Corps, its great useful cluding those furnished by others. In an did not have a ready force, or even if ness and great tradition, let us use judg amphibious operation they receive a the Joint Chiefs of Staff were avoiding ment here today and see to it that the great amount of support, both air and the plain legislative intent of the Con Marine Corps, despite the efforts of some logistics, from the Navy. In a landing gress, or, in some manner, if anything of its over-reaching associates, remains operation, while functioning as part of a else were wrong with the Military Estab the Marine Corps and does not become land force, they must receive the same lishment that has already been spelled United States Army No. II. type of support from the Army. Air out as legislative intent, I can see no Good legislation, as we all know, is strips must be built by the Army, some sense in circumventing the basic issue based on factual material brought out transportation, signal communications, through such maneuvers as this. If in committee hearings. The Senate and and medical services must be furnished, something is wrong with the Army's House hearings indicate a rather widely along with artillery support and armored readiness, let us work at repairing, or accepted belief that the Marine Corps support. When you let the Army carry reforming, the Army; if something is 5362 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 wrong with the men on the Joint Chiefs Let us for a few minutes speculate as status as an integral part of the United of Staff and you lack confidence in their to the outcome, if the bill now before us States Navy. deliberations, let us replace them. If is approved by this body. Now, there has been one consequence those are the real issues at stake-and The first result of the formation of of this expansion of the Marine Corps, I cannot believe that they are-let us four full-strength marine divisions and an expansion, of course, below the level face them squarely and realistically. four full-strength marine airwings would contemplated by the present bill, which It has always been a point in the be to shift the center of gravity of the might well forewarn us of the coming Marines' favor that their spirit has been Marine Corps from within the naval change in the character of the Marine high with a great deal of pride in their establishment to the Department of the Corps. You know what that consequence organization. This esprit de corps is Army. This would be an unavoidable is-the Marines have been forced to turn primarily the result of the comparatively development. The augmentation of the to the draft to provide a substantial small size of their unit and the system Marine Corps to four full divisions and number of their personnel. under which they take their recruits four airwings would inflate it all out of One of the historically great building a voluntary system-by which they can its proper relationship to the United forces for the Marines' esprit de corps be most selective in their choice. This States Navy. We in the Congress would was that every man was a volunteer has been the Marine philosophy for indeed meet ourselves coming back if that the men in the corps accepted the many years- comparative smallness we were to pass this bill and create a tough discipline and the hard training with emphasis on quality. I cannot see second land army, and, at the same time, because no marine could complain that why, all of a sudden, diScrimination. is try to continue the original purpose of he was drafted-he was there of his own being charged on this score of size unless unification under the National Security free will and choice. Thus far, we have they want to develop a second land army. Act. The two are inconsistent-and I been assured, the hard core of volun In closing, it seems to me that, re think there are enough inconsistencies tary regular leathernecks has brought gardless of what avenue this bill is ap today without Congress deliberately the level of proficiency and morale of the proached from, it always leads to a compounding them. The Army is not draftee boot up to the level of their second land army. It would be, indeed, perfect by any means. However, I do own. But how long a state of affairs an anomalous situation if we were to pass not believe many of us would intention can be maintained, where the change in this bill and create a second land army ally support a bill to set up a second quality of the draftee portion of that and, at the same time, try to continue national army. Instead we would work hitlwrto all-volunteer organization will the original purpose of unification under to make the one we have better. always be in one direction-upward the National Security Act. The two are And would, then, this Marine Corps one can only speculate. I fear it is in inconsistent, and I think that there are be the Marine Corps we envision with . evitable-under an acceleration of these enough inconsistencies in this world to such a thrill of pride when we think of circumstances where the Marine Corps day without compounding them. The Iwo, Tarawa, and Okinawa? Would it is part volunteer and part conscriptive Army is not perfect by any means; how be the same tough, -Spring-steel outfit that there ultimately will be an aver ever, neither is Congress; but I do not that slowed the inundating onslaught of aging out of quality. Therefore, the re believe many of us would support a bill the Chinese Communists across the sult will be a level of proficiency and to set up a second national legislative Yalu? Would it be the same men who morale so far beneath that which we are arm. Instead, we work to make the one retreated with such skill and courage, accustomed to attach to the United we have better. carrying their dead and all their unit States Marine Corps that the glorious The CHAffiMAN. The time of the equipment with them that they might history of the Marines may cease to be gentleman from New York has expired. return to fight again with the integrity dynamic and growing and sooner or Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield of their organization unimpaired? The · later we will find the word "finis" writ 15 minutes to the gentleman from Texas answer, gentlemen, the answer that none ten on the final page of their annals. [Mr. BENTSEN]. of us can crowd from his mind is em A further consequence of legislation Mr. BENTSEN. Mr. Chairman, we phatically, "No." that relegates the Marine Corps to an have before us this afternoon a very The Marine Corps has for many years, adjunct of the Army would be a loss of unusual bill. It is clear, I believe, that from 1910 until 1950, been maintained at distinct identity by the Marines, and ul the proponents of this bill are sincerely a strength level of approximately 20 timately, absorption by the Army. This convinced they are doing the Marine percent of that of the United States absorption would be logically inevitable Corps, the Defense Establishment, and Navy. After the outbreak of the war in once the Marine Corps became nothing the Nation a service by presenting it and Korea, this percentage rose sharply to but a miniature edition of the United advocating its passage. In its briefest almost 30 percent and has been since States Army. The economics of the sit terms, this bill provides for a Marine maintained at an abnormally high level. uation would be such that the corps Corps that will be no larger than 400,000, According to figures I can find this is a would be gobbled up the way the corner no smaller than 300,000, and whose higher ratio than has existed in the 40- grocery store is gobbled up by a nation Commandant shall be a member of the year range of time prior to the Korean wide superchain. Joint Chiefs of Staff. campaign. Such an increase in strength would Now, at first glance, these provisions I have heard reports that the propo mean nothing to the Army, since by the might appear to be a splendid guaranty nents of this bill will seel{ to amend it time it occurred, all of us, you and I and that the Marine Corps, whose glorious to cut the number of allotted divisions the people of our Nation, wouid have traditions and enviable esprit de corps from four to three but still leaving a come to think of our ground strength are famous, would always be available in base under this one service even though merely as the sum of Marine Corps and adequate numbers, as an elite, first-line none of the other services has a base Army strength-a strength level we fighting force whose interests would be under them at this time. To me this is would maintain even though the Marines represented at the highest military and an admission of a mistaken principle. joined the Macedonian phalanx, the governme.ntal level. To me the proponents of the bill are Texans of the Alamo, and the brilliant If in any manner I could bring myself saying, "Yes, we were in error in asking cavalry of the Confederate armies on a to believe that the bill now before us for a four-division base to be placed completed page of history. would accomplish these ends, then I under the Marine Corps. This was bad, If the force we know today as the would most certainly support its passage. but it will not be quite as bad to have a Marine Corps began to fray around the A thoughtful appraisal of this bill, three-division base under the Marine edges and finally disappeared from view, however, forces me to conclude that this Corps." the impact upon our military effective bill, if enacted into law, would seriously This is fallacious arguing. If the ness would be serious enough. But there jeopardize not only the peerless quality principle is bad to start with, it remains would be other impacts and other con of the Marine Corps, but its very exist bad even though we lessen it in degree. sequences. Consider the precedent that ence. The losers would be not only the It goes back to the old analogy often would be set, particularly, in the matter officers and men of the Marine Corps made about pregnancy-that you just of Joint Chiefs of Staff representation, today and tomorrow but every citizen of cannot be a little bit pregnant. We for other elite and specialized services. the United States, and perhaps the free should leave the position of the Marine Why would not the commanding general wo1·ld, too. Corps as it is today in a rightfully proud of the Strategic Air Command, a mili- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5363 tary force as elite, as highly trained, fact, on that basis,° I do not believe our additional expenditures were to be justi· and far more striking power than that paratroopers have any peers in the world. :fied, the bill now before us would have of the Marine Corps, have an equal place Incidentally, our paratrooper units are to give complete assurance that the Na in the councils of the Joint Chiefs? the only purely volunteer units that we tion would benefit proportionately. No And if the commanding general of the have for ground combat in our Armed such benefits are in prospect. On the Strategic Air Command, why not the · Forces today. contrary, I foresee increased taxation Army's top expert in the employment I need not discuss at any length my buying diminished military effectiveness. of air-borne troops or armor? Certain fear that to guarantee a minimum size Let me conclude with the reminder ly these two elite forces whose total · for the Marine Corps, or for any service, that our Nation is now confronted with strength is greater in peace and in might well lead us away from our tradi the greatest challenge to its qualities of finitely greater in war-why could not tional reliance upon the citizen volunteer leadership that has ever occurred in our these leaders add their voices to an al in time of emergency and prompt us to history. If we are to take up this chal ready overcrowded forum and slow take the first steps toward the perpetual lenge and answer it as we must-if we down further the none-too-rapid pace maintenance of a large professional mili are to survive as a free nation-our with which the Joint Chiefs now com tary force. Such a step, once taken, military strength must be adequate to plete their business before them? would commit us to support unnecessary the task. If something is wrong with the There is the question of what the Ma large forces at some future date of little Army's readiness, let us work at repair rine Corps could contribute to the Joint danger. ing or reforming the Army. Chiefs of Staff. That is the highest mil I have not yet mentioned the cost that If something is wrong with the men itary board of strategy. Only the funda would be added to the heavy burden now on the Joint Chiefs of Staff; if you lack mentals in the broadest terms should be carried by the taxpayers if this proposed confidence in their deliberations, let us considered at that level. Otherwise its expansion were actually to be under replace them. deliberations become cluttered with de- taken. It is obvious that this increased If those are the real issues at stake tails to the detriment of important force to the Marines would result in more and I cannot believe that they are-let policy considerations. appropriations and a heavier burden to us face them squarely and realistically. The basic elements of military war our taxpayers, heavier burdens at a time Let us then direct our energies to the fare are threefold, corresponding to the when we have just passed a military building of adequate military power. In elements in which the war must be car budget that most of us think we have cut so doing, let us above all preserve those ried on. There can be no more-no more to the very bone. elements of strength, such as the United than the forces which operate basically Along with the obvious costs of such States Marine Corps, and let us refrain in the air, forces which operate ·basically expansion we have many indirect costs. from any ill-advised acts that would tar.:. on the sea, forces which operate basically -There would be added the cost of some Dish the Marines' prestige, diminish on the land. 200 additional ships for the Navy to pro their stature among the military forces It is obvious that if the Marine Corps vide the necessary amphibious lift and of the world, and lessen the famous Commandant is to contribute anything the budgeting of immense sums for the Marine fighting spirit. of major proportions to the strategic de Army and the Navy to augment the Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield liberations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, logistic· support and other services both 5 minutes to the distinguished gentle he must duplicate one of the principle now provide on a routine basis. man from Mississippi [Mr. SMITHJ. concepts of warfare now included within There are those proponents of the bill Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. the Joint Chiefs of Staff. who argue that the Marine Corps is a Chairman, I would like to associate my If the argument is to be made that much cheaper and more economical self today with those who have raised we are preparing a super-ready force to service to operate in the Nation's defense. questions about the advisability of pass protect the Nation in the Marines, with The facts simply do not bear this out. ing this bill, and those who have pointed their specialty of seaborne invasions, Proponents, in their arguments, fail to out some of the dangers involved. I why cannot we just as readily argue and point c:.ut the many supporting elements think there is a danger not only to the perhaps, even better, that we should given by the· other services to the Marine Marine Corps, as the distinguished gen.:. develop and - emphasize our airborne Corps so that the Marines may carry out tleman from Texas so ably pointed out forces? If we want to single out· any their objectives. To compare the costs in his remarks preceding mine, but one specialist group, why not the air of the Marine Corps to the costs of the danger to the security program of our borne, so that we can drop into the Army is like comparing the cost of the Nation. enemy's homeland or anywhere and seize Army's airborne corps to the cost of the Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the vital objectives in a matter of hours? Navy because, obviously, the airborne gentleman yield? Those of us who have bad experience corps receives many expensive services Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. I yield. with airborne units know the high esprit from the Army that would not appear in Mr. TEAGUE. After it became known de corps with which these volunteer or its costs alone. Such a comparison can that I was going to oppose this bill, I ganizations carry on. Though the air not be made fairly. learned that there are many more people borne corps has not the long tradition of Let us go further. What does the Army in the lower ranks of the Marine Corps the Marines behind it, I would venture do for the Marines in combat when the who are against this bill than there are to say that the airborne's :fighting spirit Marines are far inland, away from naval in the higher brackets. Since it be:. and pride of organization is the equal of support? In such a case the Marines came known that I was going to oppose any service anywhere in the world. usually operate as part of the Army. this bill, I have had many Marines come The Marines are a special force organ Take a Marine division operating as a. by and tell me that they are against it. ized, trained and equipped for special part of the United States Army Corps, Yesterday, one Marine Reserve said to operations, particularly amphibious, in as has been the case with the First Ma me, "So, you are going to prevent me conjunction with the Navy. The Ma rine Division in Korea. The same sup from coming back to duty," which means rines are unable to undertake land cam port is afforded the Marine division by they will have to call up the Reserves, paigns of any magnitude, without Army the Army as is rendered to an Army di and the Reserves are naturally against it. support. The Marines should not be vision. This support usually consists of Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. There is a considered as the Army's ready force _or engineers' support to build bridges, sweep shortage of officers in the Marine Corps, in any way construed as part of the mines, and do many of the other engi and the Reservists are having to be Army, or forming a second iand Army, neer-type tasks. It usually consists of' called up involuntarily and they are hav as would obviously be the objective of this artillery support to fire artillery mis· ing to be kept on duty for longer periods bill. I submit that when one considers sions. It is estimated that $75,000,000 of time than they desire. The entire the future type of warfare, the speed of worth of food, ordnance equipment, and volunteer spirit of the Marine Corps is transportability to any troubled area in supplies alone were issued the Marine already endangered today because of the the world, :firepower, combat ability, ef division by the Army by the end of fiscal demands for personnel upon the Corps. fectiveness, and esprit de corps, you can• year 1951. · If we act today to so enlarge it, what not help but arrive at the decision,. that This figure does not include other tech are we going to do. to that morale of the the airborne corps is outstanding as the nical service estimates· nor does it in Corps, which has been built up on this Army's readiness force. As a matter of clude ammunition. If these tremendous volunteer spirit? So much has been 5364 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 made today about the great qualities of The CHAIRMAN. . The time of the full-strength Marine divisions, fully the Marine Corps as a fighting organi gentleman from Mississippi has expired. equipped and always ready to fight, are zation. I concur in what has been said Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield in being at all times. about the Marine Corps. But, let us 15 minutes to the gentleman from Penn.. Communism respects only power, and point out something else. Sylvania [Mr. VAN ZANDT]. three Marine divisions represent the type OTHER FIGHTERS Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Chairman, of power that a Communist respects. The other branches of our armed serv this Nation has learned many valuable I am not unmindful of the cost of ices are also fighters. They have also lessons from the war in Korea. Had it maintaining three marine divisions and demonstrated on the field of battle that not been for Korea the Nation might three marine air wings at full war they are capable of fighting and defend still be proceeding on the theory of more strength. Nor have I overlooked the ing this country of ours. There is no defense for less money; we would still traditional 20 percent limitation of the greater record achieved in combat than be pursuing the course that came peri size of the Navy, now suspended, but the record of some of these Army divi lously close to ending in disaster. placed on the size of the Marine Corps, sions in World War II and in Korea to We were not prepared for Korea. It during the past 13 years. But we are day where their personnel is made up might have been Alaska or Western Eu not in traditional times. Unusual cir almost entirely of draftees. There is rope. I shudder to think what might cumstances require unique remedies. no greater record of patriotism and cour have happened. We were not ready. A Marine Corps strength of three full age and devotion to duty achieved in But I am sure that those who previ divisions with supporting aircraft and World War II than that demonstrated ously viewed our defense program other necessary elements is programed through rose-colored glasses are now by the casualty list~ of the Third Di in fiscal 1953 budget which the House vision, which received casualties nearly well aware of our weaknesses. And I am has already passed. Thereafter, the three times as much as the authorized confident that they will agree with me annual cost would be slightly more than strength of the division during the period that the situation in which we found is planned for the Marine Corps in this that it fought in World War II. ourselves in June of 1950 must never be fiscal year. If that strength could stop Let us not get the idea that the only repeated. another Korea, it would more than pay way we can fight a war is with the Ma Korea is the penalty we are paying for itself for many years to come. Such rine Corps. We have fought our wars for not having a force in readiness-a a force would require little over 258,000 from our entire civilian population, force capable of fighting immediately omcers and men. And I can reliably in drawn into our Armed Forces through a force fully equipped and continuously form the House that these divisions, if the basis of the draft and voluntary en maintained at war strength. Mr. authorized, could be ready for combat Speaker, we have the framework of that much sooner than many might imagine. listments. If we are going to es.tablish force in readiness in the Nation today a system which puts all of this priority the United States Marine Corps. Mr. Chairman, in my years in Congress upon the Marine Corps, which assigns it Included in the bill now under con I have supported a large Navy, a large the first job of fighting, what does that sideration is a provision that will au Army, and a large Air Force. But I mean to the working of the United States thorize the Marine Corps to expand to know of no project of more immediate Army and the United States Air Force? four war-strength divisions, and .four air importance to the Nation than the for .. Does it mean that the people in those wings, along with the necessary support.. mation of three marine infantry di· services will believe that the Marines ing elements. visions, with their close support aircraft. have to do all the fighting? Does it Mr. Chairman, we have within this The war in Korea is a perfect example mean that the people are going to resist Nation a potential force to police Ameri· of the necessity for such a force. being drafted into the Marine Corps, can vital interests throughout the Nowhere in the history of modern war just as today they resist being drafted world-the United States Marine Corps, fare has there been a better illustration into some of the units of the Army that I fervently hope that this Congress will of the need for self-contained divisions are liable to see combat, and try to en see fit to authorize its expansion to three operating with close air support. Gen.. list in branches of the service that are full . war-strength divisions of combat eral Ridgway has only one marine di not likely to encounter the enemy? We troops with the necessary supporting ele vision, and no more than that because have to establish a system today whereby ments and three full war strength air our defense policy did not foresee a need every citizen can be called upon to serve wings. With such a force in being, ready for tnarines. But that relatively small in whatever capacity it is deemed he can to move at a moment's notice, I am of force is a hard-hitting air-ground team. best serve our country. If we set up this the firm opinion that we would deter It is a balanced force of combined arms. system for the Marine Corps and decide future acts of aggression, short of total This means that they have, within that they are going to have the primary share war. force, the tools required to do the job. of the fighting, we are going to be estab Military weakness invites war. The The only shortcoming of the Marines in lishing a type of force which is foreign very fact that the puppet government of Korea to date seems to be that there to a civilian army system that we have North Korea and Communist China saw are not enough of them there. fought with in this country down fit to match their strength against the And speaking of close air support, I through the ages. United States must indicate that in cer think the House would be interested to I raise the question that the wars tain parts of the world we are looked know that practically every marine avi which lie ahead of us, if we are to have upon as being merely a potentially great ator has received extensive schooling in any, the strength we are going to build military power-but incapable of im· ground operations-and many of these up, if we are going to be able to avoid mediately def ending ourselves. pilots have actually· served with ground war and be able to resist Communist -The time has come to recognize that a troops. In fact, today, just as before forces arrayed against us, must be large police force, ready to move to all World War II, no Regular marine of achieved by drawing from all the mass parts of the world to protect American ficer is assigned to flight training until of our population. We have to make use interests, must be the responsibility of he has completed 2 years training with of the Army that is just as capable and the United States. The fact that a com ground troops. How reassuring it is to just as ready to be an immediate strik bat team of the First Marine Division the man on the ground to know that ing force as any other branch. There was under way to Korea within a few the pilot of the aircraft over his head have to be considerations as what par days after receipt of orders, fully understands his problems, knows his or ticular units are assigned to an imme equipped and immediately ready to fight ganization, and fully comprehends his diate striking area, but our Army itself on arrival, indicates the potentials of capabilities and limitations. When an has to be thus prepared. That cannot that great Corps. With proper trans .. obstacle must be removed from the path be done with the idea of having just a portation facilities available in the na· of an advancing battalion of marines, few divisions from a special new army ture of ships and planes-always ready the marine aviators called upon to sup which we are setting up, ready to do this to move-we have within this Nation port the attack know what that bat fighting. the potent nucleus of the police force talion can do, what it cannot do, and We will make a grave mistake today if necessary to maintain peace in all parts the help it needs. It is this close co .. we forget the reality of warfare in our of the world. ordination, yes, this close family rela· effort to commend the great record of I believe that the citizens of our Nation tionship, that makes close air support a the United States Marine Corps. will sleep easier if they know that three reality in the Marine Corps. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5365 Now, why do we need three divisions fierce pride-is essential to the force of Staff would make that organization of marines to establish this objective which we must have ready to go any unwieldy, obviously invites similar criti of maintaining a hard-hitting, fast where, any time, for any reason. cism of the addition of the Chairman moving police force? The chips are down-time is running of the Joint Chiefs of Staff which Con I am not a tactician nor a military against us. If we do not prevent further gress authorized in 1949. I heard no strategist, but I believe that you will outbreaks, our military strength, our such complaint from the Defense Es agre3 that there should be contained in equipment, and our solvency will surely tablishment about that addition. In any task force, such as I have proposed disappear. ·we can't afford to be caught fact, they urged it upon the Congress. today, the units capable not only of aid napping again. Our prestige in the eyes Let me say one word of caution. This ing in the defense of the United States, of the world has been lowered; our in bill is not intended, nor should it ever if necessary, but also of preventing the ability to prevent Korea has invited be construed, as an effort for or an in outbreak in other areas vital to America similar performances in other parts of vitation to, a separate military depart of the type of war that is now being the world. We must act now-firmly ment for the Marine Corps. The Com fought in Korea. While the deploy and resolutely-and we must be ready to mandant testified that he did not favor ment of troops of this nature would be put down future outbreaks immediately such a separation, and while there may a matter for determination by the Joint where they adversely affect our interests. be individuals with such ambitions, no Chiefs of Staff, nevertheless, I submit If we can demonstr~te to the world our Marine officer has ever suggested such that a war strength marine division on ability to stop aggression by Russia or a move in his official capacity. The the east coast, and a war strength di her satellites in such regions, we can Marine Corps will and should remain vision of marines on the west coast. prevent their occurrence there and else under the Secretary of the Navy. plus two marine divisions overseas, where. Mr. Chairman, we are dealing with ready to fight at a moment's notice, The bill in addition to creating a the harsh, cold facts of survival and would make any future aggressor think Marine Corps of not less than three full petty service pride must be eliminated. twice before moving. strength combat divisions and three full I am convinced, as was the entire Com If the situation warrants such deploy strength air wings also makes the Com mittee on Armed Services in March, 1950, ment, I feel certain that two full Marine mandant a member of the Joint Chiefs without dissenting vote, that the mili Corps divisions in Western Europe would of Staff. I have heard many argu tary strength and efficiency of our go far to bolster the morale' of the At ments presented by Department of De Armed Forces would be enhanced by lantic Pact nations. The European re fense witnesses in opp-0sition to this the addition of the Commandant of the covery program and the Mutual Defense feature of the bill. Some said that the Marine Corps to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Assistance Pact are great projects in the Chief of Naval Operations can ade I am confident that this bill, in its en maintenance of freedom, but it must now quately represent the Marine Corps in tirety, will receive the overwhelming be obivous to all that dollars and equip the deliberations of the Joint Chiefs of support of the House and that if it is ment are not enough. Staff. Others said that the addition ve~oed, as some forecast, it will be over The marine is a professional soldier, of the Commandant would make the whelmingly passed over such veto. trained in the art of warfare, and spe Joint Chiefs of Staff unwieldy. There is Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the cializing almost to a man in the art of no question in my mind that the Chief gentleman yield? small wars, amphibious operations, and of Naval Operations knows more about Mr. VAN ZANDT. I yield. rapid movement. The Marine Corps is n_aval operations than do the Chiefs of Mr. SHORT. To have such an ex not burdened with the additional assign Staff of the Army and Air Force and the panded Marine Corps would also enable ments usuaily given to the Army. They Commandant of the Marine Corps but us to mobilize all of our industry as well do not have to maintain large adminis I do not believe that the Chief of Naval as our military might. Earlier in the trative forces. They procure nothing Operations would contend that he day one of the speakers said that we were for themselves relatively sp.eaking, and knows more about amphibious a.Esault building up a special police force of they can devote their entire energies to landings and land operations following marines. The President can call up any the unpleasant but necessary task of an initial landing than the Commandant bra!lch of the armed services at any learning and perfecting the art of de of the Marine Corps. In 1S49 we were time. struction. Korea has taught us, if there advised by the highest authority that Mr. VAN ZANDT. That is right. To ever was any question, that bayonets, large amphibious operations were a me the striking force this bill provides is hand grenades, rifies, machine guns, thing of the past. If that is the case designed to save for the American tax mortars, and artillery are still very much then the Inchon landing began a new payer a lot of money. Some day in the a part of modern warfare. But above era in history. Korea is a perfect ex future I hope when this country of ours, all, I think the thing that impresses the ample of the type of war that entails if not the world, is at peace that we can American people and the rest of the amphibious assault landings in the ini skeletonize the Armed Forces of our world more than anything else is the tial stages. And there is no one in the country, and that applies to the Army, mobility of the Marine Corps. If ships Department of Defense who can guar Navy, and Air Force. When this reduc are alongside, they can be combat loaded antee this Nation that there will not be. tion takes place we will have in being at and on their way within 72 hours. The more Koreas. And I doubt very much all times ready for any emergency the marines they carry can be in action whether any member of the Joint Chiefs mobile striking force of the United almost immediately after the outbreak of Staff would again predict that am States Marine Corps as provided for by of hostilities. phibious assault landings as such are this bill. Mr. Chairman, from a purely dollar a thing of the past. Amphibious assault Mr. YATES. Mr. Chairman, will the and cents viewpoint, it seems to me that landings entail special training and that gentleman yield? we have an investment in freedom knowledge should always be available Mr. VAN ZANDT. I yield to the gen throughout the world that must be pro to the Joint Chiefs of Staff by the con tleman from Illinois. tected. I know of no better guardians of tinued presence of the Commandant of Mr. YATES. Is the gentleman argu that freedom than the Marine Corps. the Marine Corps as a sitting member ing that the Marine Corps is trained any It seems to me, Mr. Chairman, that the of the Joint Chiefs, not just as a guest better or differently than the Army? Marines have demonstrated their quali of the Joint Chiefs of Staff when the Mr. VAN ZANDT. The Marine Corps fications for the job as this Nation's spirit moves them to extend an in is trained in many phases of warfare, in force in readiness. They're a proud vitation. I think the American people fact in all phases of warfare, which in lot-these Marines-but with justifiable cludes not only land warfare but air have too much respect and admiration warfare as well as naval warfare. They reason. They believe their corps to be for the Marine Corps, and too great an the :finest fighting outfit in the world. are all-around military men. I don't know -Nhether they are or not, but, appreciation of their great importance Mr. ARMSTRONG. Mr. Chairman, looking at the record, I'm not pr.epared in the science of warfare, to want them will the gentleman yield? to dispute their claim. And if you want to continue to be relegated to the posi Mr. VAN ZANDT. I yield to the gen reassurance on this point--ask any tion of being represented by proxy at tleman from Missouri. marine. the Nation's highest military level. Mr. ARMSTRONG. Speaking of the I cite these things because I believe To say that adding the Commandant all-around soldiers and without taking that that kind of spirit-that kind of of the Marine Corps to the Joint Chiefs anything from any other branch of the 5366 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 service, I wonder if the gentleman, him been in danger of being reduced to a ible," or proportioned to the number of self, a distinguished veteran, could tell us mere parade and police outfit. Within sailors in the Navy, is an old and worn what he thinks would have happened on my memory and within the experience of out argument, the purpose of which has Koje Island if we had had marines in most of my colleagues, the Marine Corps been repeatedly obvious to this House. charge of that camp? has been the target of repeated attempts In regard to the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mr. VAN ZANDT. In a few words, I to eliminate it as an effective combat question-the principal argument I have doubt if a Marine general would have force. heard against placing the Marine Com been there without having an adequate And as recently as 1950, Louis John mandant on the Joint Chiefs is that the guard. However, had a Marine general son, then Secretary of Defense, told the Marines are already adequately repre been captured I am sure there would Congress and repeated to the press that sented by the Chief of Naval Operations. have been 65,000 or 70,000 POW's liqui the Marine Corps would be maintained This is refuted by the cold facts that by dated in a matter of a few minutes and at a strength of two divisions. Yet he law the Chief of Naval Operations does the Marine general would have been knew, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff knew, not command the Marine Corps nor is released. . that plans were even then being written the Commandant of the Marine Corps Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the to reduce the Marines to six half subordinate to the Chief of Naval Oper gentleman yield? strength battalions. Any military man ations. Also, the Marine Corps is not Mr. VAN ZANDT. I yield to the gen knows that this plan would have reduced part of the Navy, but is a separate service tleman from Texas. the Marine Corps to about the strength by law, court decision, and opinion of the Mr. TEAGUE. I think if any general, of one good fighting regiment. Navy judge advocate general. For these whether he was in the Marine Corps or In view of the repeated attempts to re reasons the Chief of Naval Operations the Army, had been caught in any such duce the Marine Corps, it is my opinion cannot and should not represent the ridiculous situation, the Communists that the Armed Services Committee Commandant of the Marine Corps in the should have been told to keep him, that showed excellent judgment in recom Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Chief of we did not want him back. But if you mending that the Senate bill be amended Naval Operations has no more real rea refer to mistakes of the Army, we can to authorize a minimum personnel son to represent the Marine Corps than refer to mistakes of the Marine Corps. strength for the Marines. Only in this he does any of the other services. One All of the services make mistakes, in way can the Congress insure that the can but imagine the reaction if the Chief cluding the marines as well as the rest Marine Corps will be maintained at a of Naval Operations should claim the of them. strength that will enable it to carry out authority to represent the Army or Air Mr. VAN ZANDT. That is correct. the missions assigned to it. Force in the Joint Chiefs of Staff. We We all make mistakes. I have heard the arguments of the op should remember that like the Air Force Mr. Chairman, I want to plead for the position in the past and there is nothing and Army, the Marine Corps, too, is a passage of this bill because I believe in new in these repeated attacks on legisla separate service. the end it is going to give to the Ameri tion which would insure an adequate Logic as well as legal status demon can people that type of striking force Marine combat-ready force. We heard strates why the Chief of Naval Opera we will have to have in future years to the same kind of arguments in 1945, 1946, tions must not represent the Marine protect our interests throughout the and 1947. At that time the opposition Corps in the Joint Chiefs of Staff. entire world. While we maintain this did not want the roles and missions of The Marine divisions are infantry. striking force it will be provided at a re the Marine Corps written into law; they They fight on land; as they did at Bel duced cost so far as our military is con wanted the Marine Corps functions leau Wooq, on Iwo Jima, and now in cerned and it will save the taxpayers of "flexible," as they called it, subject to Korea. They use ri:fies, machine guns, this country a lot of money. change by an Executive order of the bazookas, and tanks, and artillery. They Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield President. In 1948 and 1949, the Defense are the ones qualified to represent the 10 minutes to the gentleman from New Department urged that we give the Sec Marines particularly on the matter of York [Mr. KEARNEY]. retary of Defense such unrestricted weapons, for example, or in making war Mr. KEARNEY. Mr. Chairman, I rise power that he could. have transferred plans-on whether it would require a in support of this bill which assures the Marine infantry to the Army and Marine battalion or a regiment of Marines to Nation of an adequate marine ready aviation to the Air Force. And there is capture a specified objective? Or how combat force and places the Marine considerable evidence that the Secretary much artillery they will need-or how Commandant on the Joint Chiefs of of Defense had under actual considera many tanks? Or how much time should Staff, to whose councils I believe he can tion the transfer of Marine aviation to be allotted for the assault and what the make a valuable contribution. the Air Force, when the vigilance of Mr. probable casualties will be? Permit me to say, at this point, that it Vinson, the distinguished chairman of The answer is that while the naval is my considered opinion that our Armed the Armed Services Committee, brought members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Services Committee has done a particu this venture to a halt. It is to the ever are undoubtedly experts on the employ larly fine job in getting in all the inter lasting credit of this Congress that the ment of battleships, carriers, cruisers, ested parties on both sides of this ques power of the Secretary of Defense to and submarines, they are definitely not tion and permitting them to have their make any such transfers, or to transfer qualified to reprernnt the Marines on full day in court. Then, with all the evi or assign the functions of the Marine their kind of fighting. dence in, the committee analyzed the is Corps, was specifically restricted by ap Now the Senate bill would make the sues and presented this House with a propriate amendments to the National Marine Commandant a consultant. The carefully detailed analysis of the evi Security Act. Joint Chiefs could consult him if they dence and arguments for and against Now we have before us a bill to provide felt like it. But I call your attention this measure. and insure that this country will always to the fact that the Joint Chiefs never The Armed Services Committee re have an adequate ready force of Marines invited the Marine Commandant to their ported favorably on S. 677 with amend to take the first shocks of aggression, meetings until after Chairman CARL ments by a vote, I understand, of 26 to 1. which the late Admiral Sherman pre VINSON introduced his bill, and then they I submit that the greatest weight should dicted we might well expect in a "series hurried up to get a few consultations on be given to the recommendations of the of small wars" in the next decade. When the record. committee. this legislation is so badly needed, I It is my considered opinion that the This bill, with the amendment to be want to go on record as saying that I only way to get the Marine Commandant offered by the committee, provides for a have very little patience-and I believe on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in a status floor of 235,000 enlisted Marines so that this House will have very little pa where he can do his service and the there will always be enough combat tience-with the kind of sniping that country the most good, is to make him ready Marines for the three divisions and this bill has been getting from the Pen a regular member. Let us permit him three air wings authorized by the bill. tagon. The same kind of sniping that to go in the front door and speak his We have been told by the opposition has been leveled against the National piece, not in the back door and sit in th§) . that the Marine Corps should not be pro Guard of the United States. The argu back row, as a consultant, and speak tected by a legislative floor. In this con ment of the opposition that the Marine only when the members of this exclu nection, may I remind my colleagues that Corps needs no legislative floor, that its sive club consider that their discussions not one of the other services has ever minimum strength should remain "flex- are of any concern to the Marine Corps. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 536'1 Before closing my remarks,- I should compliment him on it, as it comes from Mr. TEAGUE.. Why should there nat like to make one brief observation. him as a lifetime Army officer, who not then be a floor under the other servicP.,s There has been some suggestion that only knows the operations and problems as well as the Marine Corps? Is there the passage of this Marine Corps bill, or of the Army but also as a legislator is any reason why the Marine Corps should the advocating of its passage, is a reflec interested in national defense and our be treated differently than the others? tion on the other services. That is far national security. But let me probe the Mr. DEVEREUX. Basically, yes. The from the truth. · gentleman's mind just in this respect: Army is designed to expand in case of Never in my hearing and to my knowl In my opinion, section 2 of this bill is by a national emeTgency. I might say to edge have any supporters of this meas far more impartant than section 1. Sec the gentleman from Texas, whom I re ure ever cast any slurs on any other tion 2 makes the Commandant of the spect and on whose side I am in many branch of the services or any organiza Marine Corps a member of the Joint of our discussions in the Committee on tion. Chiefs of Stat! as a matter of right. Veterans' Affairs, I do not approach this However, I have noted with some sur There are two ways this can be done: in any manner of trying to pull down the prise and concern, that many critics of Either let the present Joint Chiefs invite other branches of the service. I have this bill have gone back to World War the Commandant to come in as a consul the utmost respect for the Army, for ex I in search of an opportunity to make tant when in their opinion matters re ample. I am an Army junior, if you will references which have no bearing on lating to the Marine Corps are involved, I have close relatives in all other the merits of the bill but which exag or, on the other hand, let the Comman branches of the service. gerate, distort, and attempt tp rekindle dant of the Marine Corps come in on his Mr. TEAGUE. I certainly do not some old-time interservice grievances. own right, and then when he finds that want to pull down any of the other To my mind, such attempts to encourage the Joint Chiefs of Stat! are dealing with branches of the service, neither do I and aggravate these interservice jeal something in which he has no interest. want to build up one at what I believe ousies and animosities constitute a great allow him to invite himself out. to be the expense ot some other branch. and grave disservice not only to our Mr. KEARNEY. It is my understand... Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the Armed Forces but to the Nation. ing the only time the Commandant of gentleman yield? Looking back over the military history the Marine Corps was invited to attend Mr. DEVEREUX. I yield. of our country, I think we should be any ses.5ions of the Joint Chiefs of Stat! Mr. SHORT. We are granting no fa proud indeed that the Army and the Ma occurred since the introduction of this vors to the Marine Corps at all, and we rines have fought side by side in every bill. are not tcying to place them above the war of the United States against the Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, we have other branches of the service. But, the enemies of our Nation. just heard from a great general of the Marine Corps by its very nature, and And. out in Korea today our Marines state of New York and the Army. I am constitution and assignments of mis and soldiers are again :fighting side by happy now to yield 12 minutes to an sions, does have a peculiar and particu side; digging into the same dirt, wallow other great general,.. a hero of the Pacific lar job to perform. ing in the same slimy mud, and shed war, General DE\TEREUx, of Maryland. Mr. DI!VEREUX. There is no ques ding the same American blood for their Mr. DEVEREUX. Mr. Chairman, in tion about it. country. approaching this question, I think it Mr. YATES. Mr. Chairman, will the As one whose entire military career should be looked a~ primarily as a ques gentleman yield for a question? has been associated with the Army and tion of· what is best for the defense of our Mr. DEVEREUX. I yield. the National Guard, .I deem it a privi country. I do not wish to be repetitious Mr. YATES. Is it not implicit in the lege to support this bill and wholeheart~ on many things that have been so ably question I asked General Kearney? Are edly recommend its passage by the presented by other Members of this great we not here deciding that our profes House. body, but I have made a few notes as we sional army for the future, whether the Mr. YATES. Mr. Chairman, will the have been going along in this discussion, rest of the forces go up or down, that gentleman yield? and I may skip from one to the other. our professional army shall be the Ma Mr. KEARNEY. I yield to.the gentle but I would like to cover them and give rine Corps rather than the Army proper? man from Illinois. my answers. Mr. DEVEREUX. No; I do not think Mr. YATES. Is there not a funda First of all is the question of cost. The so. First of all, we have professionals in mental change of concept involved in distinguished gentleman from Louisi the Marines, and professionals in the this bill, as I understand it? Historically ana [Mr. HEBERT] conducted a very ef Army. The Army, as I said before to the the Army has been the professional arm fective investigation on various costs. gentleman from Texas, is primarily de of the armed strength of our Nation. If you people will refer to the hearings, signed to expand in case of national By placing a floor under the strength of you will find that the Marine Corps, emergency, and the nucleus upon which the Marine Corps so that when the though not absolutely clean, came out they will expand will be the professional strength of the entire Armed Forces goes much better than any other branch of army. up or down the Marine Corps shall be the services. The question was brought Mr. YATES. there not. neverthe,;, up as to what General MacArthur's po rs fairly well stabilized, are we not deciding less, a hard core of the Army that has here today that the profes.5ional armed sition would be on this bill I am not in a position to say, but this. I do been used in the past as the professional core of our country shall be the Marine know~ army of our Armed Forces, and do we Corps? When General MacArthur called for ad ditional planes in Korea, he called for not p:ropose by putting a :floor under the Mr. KEARNEY. I do not think so, but Marine aviation so that they could Marine Corps to now make it the Ma I should like to call the gentleman's at furnish that wonderful close air support. rine Corps? tention to the fact that in one of the The question arises as to why we Mr. DEVEREUX. I do not quite fol previous Congresses we placed a floor or should have a floor under the Marine low the gentleman's question. I have ceiling on the Air Corps of 70 groups. Corps. That is something which should. given the explanation as to why we Mr. CLEMENTE. Would not the gen be determined by the Congress, and not should have this force in being, and t tleman make a correction that it was a something to be left to those who are have also gone along with the gentle 70-group ceiling; it was not a floor, it not directly responsible to the people of man that we must have a nucleus of was a ceiling? the country. professionals in the Army upon which Mr. KEARNEY. Call it a ceiling if Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will to expand. you will. the gentleman yield? Mr. YATES. But are you not saying Mr. YATES. The floor is a minimum Mr. DEVEREUX. I yield. you must have two professional armies; !orce, will not the gentleman agree. as Mr. TEAGUE. Is it any more proper one, the professional army that we have opposed to a maximum force? to put a fioor under the Marine Corps had in the pastr the United States Army Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair tha.Ii it is for any othei· service? proper, and now the Marine Corps, be~ man, will the gentleman yield? Mr. DEVEREUX. It is a decision cause the Marine Corps is primarily Mr. KEARNEY. I yield. which is up to the Congress as to whether :fighting the missions of war facing us Mr. COLE of New York. First I want or not we want to have this ready force in the future? to commend the gentleman on the very in heing, and ready to go out at a mo Mr. DEVEREUX. We have always excellent statement he has made. I ment's notice. · · - · had professfonals in the Marine Corps, 5368 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 That has been the most professional Congress shall provide and maintain an and in a position to present them to the service we have had. Army and Navy? civilian heads of our Government, if you Mr. YATES. But has it not been a Mr. DEVEREUX:. In that respect, I can get a wider dispersion of thinking, part of the Navy, the striking force of beiieve the Marines were established be that, in my personal opinion, is extreme the Navy, rather than a professional fore the Constitution was even estab ly safe; it is a safeguard for the best standing army? lished. interests of our country. Suppose there Mr. DEVEREUX:. We can go ahead Now let me go ahead with my observa were but one person in place of the and talk around in circles all day. tions, if you please. staff-one person representing the entire Mr. KEARNEY. Mr. Chairman, will The question comes up about unifica military thinking-that one person could the gentleman yield? tion. The gentleman from California inject his ideas completely on the civil Mr. DEVEREUX:. I yield to the gen said that perhaps we are going into more ians who are the heads of our Govern tleman from New York. divisions. If there is unification, the ment, but with four people reporting we Mr. KEARNEY. There seems to be Marine Corps definitely has that. They have that division which, in my humble some thought on the fioor of the House are supplied in many cases by the Army opinion, makes it extremely safe and the that this bill is intended as a sort of and the Navy with medical assistance. proper thing to do. favor to the Marine Corp~. Does not Their chaplains come from the Navy. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman agree with me that it is The Marines go to all of the Army or such time as he may desire to the gen a favor in the interest of national de Navy schools, where they recognize that tleman from Oregon [Mr. ANGELL]. fense? they may have a particular ability to AMERICAN AGED BYPASSED Mr. DEVEREUX. There is no ques teach one particular subject. So I be tion about that. lieve in that respect, the Marine Corps Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Chairman, I am Mr. SHORT. That is all it is. The is in a little better position for estab strongly in favor of this bill and in main Marine Corps has been in the "doghouse" lishing policies in our country; they taining the Marine Corps at full and we are trying to get it out and give could make a great contribution. strength. I want briefiy to discuss an it an equal footing on the Joint Chiefs Some remarks were made about what other matter. of Staff. General Vandegrift had to say as to the Mr. Chairman, I am glad that both Mr. JACKSON of California. Mr. size of the Marine Corps. That was sev the House and the Senate are consider Chairman, will the gentleman yield? eral years ago, before our thinking had ing legislation which will give some in Mr. DEVEREUX. I yield to the gen been changed. I believe we must recog crease in the allowances to our worthy tleman from California. nize that changes are necessary, and citizens who are recipients of social Mr. JACKSON of California. Touch therefore I support this bill. security benefits. As I have said in the ing on the point of a professional corps, Now, we come to the question of the heading of these remarks, America's it seems to me that since 1775, on more Commandant of the Marine Corps being aged have been bypassed by the Con than 200 occasions when violence has on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Let me gress. While we have been spending fiared, whether it is in the Everglades of bring to your attention that every Com billions of dollars for help to our neigh Florida or in the Caribbean or Latin mandant of the Marine Corps has been bors overseas and hundreds of billions America or anywhere else, the first group the. product of cross education in the of dollars for armaments and war, we that has been called upon, because of various armed services. He has proba have failed utterly to provide even a a state of readiness, has been the Marine bly attended either one of the high-level minimum of assistance to the elderly Corps, in excess of 200 different occa naval schools or Army schools in the citizens of America who are in need and sions. Had they not been readily avail past. Today we recognize that in the who are denied the right to participate able, the Seminole Indians might still National War College right here in in remunerative industry. While we be running Florida. Washington, where all branches of the have enacted legislation for those re Mr. DEVEREUX:. I thank the gentle service are represented, including the tired from industry and some old-age man. State Department and the Department assistance to others, we have completely Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Chairman, will of Commerce. I think the Commandant, ignored another large segment of our the gentleman yield. through this cross education which he population who receive nothing from Mr. DEVEREUX:. I yield to the gen has had, can contribute something to either of the programs. tleman from Pennsylvania. better thinking on higher-level policies. As I have of ten said on this fioor in Mr. VAN ZANDT. Is it not true that It has been so recognized throughout the my judgment, there is only one sound the Marine Corps is a specialized unit by entire world. The Amphibious Warfare solution to this problem and that is the reason of the all-around training that School in Quantico is the best amphibi .. enactment of a Federal old-age security the individual member receives? ous warfare school in the entire world, program, Nation-wide, which will pro Mr. DEVEREUX:. There is no ques and many other countries send their stu vide security for all aged citizens who tion about that. I think that has been dents there to learn what they can in are unable to participate in industry or brought out very fully. that respect. remunerative employment and who are Mr. CLEMENTE. Mr. Chairman, will Had we had the Commandant of the without the bare necessities of life. the gentleman yield? Marine Corps in a position where he H. R. 2678, which I introduced February Mr. DEVEREUX:. I yield to the gen could make contributions to our military 15, 1951, and its companion bill, H. R. tleman from New York. thinking, it is probable that the state 2679, introduced by our colleague the Mr. CLEMENTE. Does the gentleman ment made by the present Chairman of gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. BLAT mean to infer that in the past Congress the present Joint Chiefs of Staff to the NIK] would, if enacted, provide such a has let go of the control of the number effect that we would have no more am.. program. This legislation would pro of men in the Armed Forces? That is phibious landings would not have been vide every adult citizen in the United not the impression you mean to leave given such publicity. Perhaps if we had States with equal basic Federal insur here, is it? had the Commandant of the Marine ance, permitting retirement with bene Mr. DEVEREUX:. I certainly do, Corps on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, close fits at age 60, and also covering total dis budgetary-wise. air support would have been emphasized; ability, from whatever cause, for certain Mr. CLEMENTE. Would it be pos perhaps if we had had him on the Joint citizens under 60; would give protection sible for the Marine Corps to have more Chiefs of Staff, dive bombing would have to widows with children; would provide men in it than the Army and Navy com- . been exploited like the Navy and the an ever-expanding market for goods and bined? That is, if we went back as far Marine Corps did. services through the payment and dis as 1940? I would like to touch now on one little tribution of such benefits in ratio to the Mr. DEVEREUX. No. I hardly think thing in closing-something that is very Nation's steadily increasing ability to so, because the Congress still has control. basic: It has been suggested that if we produce, with the cost of such benefits Mr. CLEMENTE. Would you say that have the Commandant of the Marine to be carried by every citizen in propor the Army and Navy had just as much Corps on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, per tion to the income privileges he enjoys. merit toward obtaining a fioor as the haps we will have an overbalance of mm .. Having failed to secure committee Marines have, in view of the fact that tary control. But if you have more peo consideration of this legislation, I filed the Constitution only recites that· the ple up there representing different views Discharge Petition No. 4 to bring this 195fJ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5369
bill on the floor, and 179 of our Mem present, the Federal share is one-half mum of $30 per ehild per month, where bers have signed the petition. I most of the amount in excess of .$20 and up there is only one ehild in a. home '.feceiv sincerely urge that every Member of the to$50. ing assistance, .and to a maximum of House interested in the welfare of these With regard to dependent children, $21 each for additional children in the elderly citizens sign this petition at once the Federal Government would be di same home. so that this legislation may be brought rectetal amounts The Senate amendments do not con .500 miles long. Today the housewife paid in to those the four ass1Sta.nee .cate stitute a yardstick .in respect tio the cost cannot find potatoes. Th-at has .cmeurred gories, the direet effect of these amend of living. Certa.mzy if we were to aoopt ments would be to increase the average slnce the Gutbr:ea.k of the war m K.orea. a yardstick it would provide for assist Many of the~e elderly-people need pota recipient's payment by only a littl~ more ance far greater in amou.nt tn_a,n that toes. At the same time, mo:re than 300,- 10 J)ereent. Also m the than included provided by these amendments, which 000,900 dozen eggs have 'been destroyed, classification of l'Ublic assistanee is g_en provide for a very meager sum to enable at a cost of millions of oollars to the eral assistanee, which is financed entire these people to eke out a ba;re existence. .American taxpayers. It is wrong. ly by state and local funds, and which We could not 1moperJ.y regard amend Those who do n@t wish to hav.e th~ gives aid to some 336,000 :persons per ments of this sort, providing for su.ch Federal Government take care Qf these month. If we take this into eonsi~era small increases in assistance, as a _yard needy persons can always find some tion. the Federal share Qf all public as stick. The 53-eent dollar has cut in half excuse. I eaU the attention -0f my col sistance is reduced to 46.6 pereent. old-age assistance. High living eosts leagues to the fact that before this -ses These amendments make no new re make their problem crii.tieal sion ends we will have an opportunity to quirements of the states, except to pro These elderly persons are "up against show by-0ur votes whether w.e are wim.ng hibit them from reducing their sha~ it " and something ,should be done at t;o have the Federal Government take of the load. We certainly should not olice. One assistance we -could give them care of the -aged and blind persons and wan~ to give them added Federal funds, would be to check some of the adnllnis dependent 'children. only to have them cut down theiT own tration's reckless-_spending policies Mr. Chairman, as shown by the fure- contributions. The Senate amendments wbich are deflating every dollar and are - go1ng observations made -0n the floor of also stipulate that, in determining need, putting these elderly people "behind the the Senate, the time is overdue for an the States need not take into consider eight ball." We must not forget that overhauling of the whole social-security ation the first $50 per month earned by those who are not covered by social se program with ref-erence to ol-d-age bene a recipient in agricultural or nur.si:ng curity are likewise suffering, and wou!d fits., and the enactment of a Nation-wide pursuits. This provision would apply get no assistance from these amend Federal plan giving equal consideration only for 1 year, and is designed to en ments. If we are to consider expendi to all elder citizens throughout the Na courage public assistance recipients to tures, the United States should .be will tion and thereby remov.e the restricti-0ns seek part-time work in these fields where ing to do its duty by these needy peo in the present program, which is ap there is a critical shortage of personnel. ple, regardless of what other ex_pendi pli£able only to a few selected groups. I The States should mateh this additional twes may be. urge that Petition No. '4, on the Speak.er~s money with funds of their own, thus I regret very much that this necessary desk. be signed at <>nee so that such leg.= giving the aged, blinrl, and disabled $10 increase in assistance has been delayed. islation may be considered by the House more. Twiee before we have raised the .so long, because these needy aged and without further delay. Federal share of public assistance by the blind persons and dependent emiidren Mr. WALTER. Mr. Chairman, I ask same method, namely, by -revising the should certainly be given increases now unanimous consent that the gentleman matching formula under which the proposed. How anyone could object to "from Pennsylvania CMr. FLOOD] may ex grants are computed and raising by $5 it, I cannot understand. tend his remarks at this :point in the the limit to which the Federal Govern During the past 18 months, since the RECORD. n1ent participates in the state programs. war in Korea began, and during whleh The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Briefly, the effect of this amendment time the elderly people o1 our country U> the reWorld War I, Iceland, There are larger benefits, not only for to the request of the gentleman from Guadalcanal, and now Korea, Americans the Naval Establishment, but for the Montana? have come to depend on the Marine Nation. There was no objection. Corps as a national force in readiness- The United States is a maritime power, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Chairman, in not ready 2 years from now, 6 months and its strategy is maritime in charac view of the fact that certain questions from now, or even a month from now, ter. But the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as have been raised here today, I would like but ready now. For this reason, I can now organized, includes today only one to call the attention of the House to the not see much ground for opposition to voice for sea power as against three for support behind this particular measure the objective of the bill's first section. land and land-based air. By adding to by the Marine Corps Reserve Officers' That objective, as I read it, is simply to the Joint Chiefs of Staff the Comman Association and by the Marine Corps make it mandatory that the Defense De dant of the Marine Corps, you will add League. I would like also to say in re partment always remembers to maintain not only the professional experience and sponse to the statement made by the a Marine Corps force in readiness---an versatility of the Marine Corps in all gentleman from California [Mr. HOLI air-ground force commensurate with the elements---land, sea, and air-but a voice FIELD], that this bill would create a new national responsibilities of the United which can speak with authority and service, a fourth service, that that is States. Certainly if England had had knowledge for the maritime interest of entirely in error; that the Marine Corps such a f orce--if her own Royal Marines the United States~ · is already a service so established and so • had not been forced to the wall-the Gal Now the cross-service experience of noted in the annals of the Navy as well lipoli fiasco, or the loss of Norway could the Marine Corps is traditional, and per as in the annals of the Defense Estab have been averted. haps we take it too much for granted, lishment. A strong argument for the four-divi but the fact is, the Commandant of the I have here in my hand an advertising sion concept was well stated before the Marine Corps is probably the only pro brochure put out by the Department of Senate Armed Services Committee by a fessional military man in this country, Defense with reference to a report to the distinguished former Assistant Secretary on the average, who really understands people on America's first Armed Forces of the Navy, the Honorable John Nicho the major problems of all three other Day, May 20, 1950. You will note in the las Brown. Mr. Brown's argument, if I service chiefs. _\s an example of this, picture on the front of this folder a sol recall it precisely, was simply this: The I need only point out that 17 out of 19 dier from the Army, a sailor, a soldier Marine Corps' salient contribution, his Commandants of the Marine Corps to from the Air Force, and a marine, indi torically, has been as a national force date have served at sea as officers of Navy cating, of course, that the Defense Estab in readiness. For this reason, the need combatant ships; and that 15 of those lishment recognizes that there are four for Marines will always be proportion 19 have served on shore in combat im services. ately greatest when the other Armed mediately beside or under command of · Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the Services are at low ebb. As the other the Army. In recent times, since we gentleman yield? three services mobilize, the need for have had a modern system of profes Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen Marines returns to normal. sional education in the service, it is a tleman from Texas. In my view, the national need for fact that, with one exception, the Com Mr. TEAGUE. In the National De Marine divisions and Marine tactical air, mandants of the Marine Corps have fense Act of 1947, H. R. 2319, we specify should be the yardstick of our strength. graduated from many professional the Army, the Navy, the Department of If-as Congress seems to feel today schools conducted by services other than the Air Force. Then, for the Joint we need certain Marine forces, let us their own; more so, I believe, than have Chiefs, in that same act, we specify the have the Marine Corps we need. any of the officers so far seated on the Chiefs of the three services. Does the You will see that I do not regard this Joint Chiefs of Staff. gentleman contend that the Marine legislation as a horizons-unlimited signal Thus, not only because of continual Corps is a completely separate and a for Marine Corps expansion. One of the cross-service experience, but by virtue different service? best aspects of section 1 is its 400,000 of continual cross-service education, the Mr. MANSFIELD. Not in the manner ceiling on the Marine Corps. No Marine Commandants of the Marine Corps seem that the gentleman has in mind. It is wants his Corps to become a second land to be natural choices for Joint Chiefs of in a certain sense, but ever since the army; that is not the Marine Corps' job. Staff membership. And I believe that beginning of time, almost, the Marine In World War II, we discovered empiri inclusion of the Commandant among the Corps has been recognized as a separate cally that we could field six excellent Joint Chiefs of Staff would add a broadly. service, and there are opinions handed Marine divisions, but I doubt that we catalytic element by no means now al down by the Judge Advocate General of could have raised many more without ways present. the Navy to the effect that this is so. real dilution in quality. And quality, In conclusion, I favor the bill. I favor Mr. TEAGUE. I think it is most in not size, is the objective of the Marine its organizational and strength provi teresting that on the Navy stationery, Corps. sions because they will make an effec across the top, it says "United States At the outset, I emphasized that I re tive, useful Marine Corps available for Navy," and underneath, if it is the Ma gard section 2 of this bill as much the the common defense. I am now con rine Corps, it says "United States Marine more important, not only from the vinced that the corps needs representa Corps." Of course, we do not ever ex Marine Corps viewpoint, but from that tion on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and I pect the Marine Corps to hide their light of the Nation. believe that such- representation is under a bushel; but if it was a separate It is far more necessary now than be strongly in the national interest. unit, it would have its name across the fore unification that the Marine Corps The marines have never asked for top, I am sure. be represented on the Joint Chiefs of anything but the right to :fight for their Mr. MANSFIELD. A separate service Staff. Before passage of the National country. Today, we are asking some which has been established in law and Security Act, the top level of the Navy thing more for the Marine Corps: Not in precedents. Unfortunately, Members Department was the level at which im- only the right to fight but the right to of Congress. or at least some of them, do 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5371 not seem to want to admit that fact, but that the Joint Chiefs of Stat! structure is Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen a fact it is. inadequate in its present form. It must tleman from Illinois. Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will be obvious to us that some of its past Mr. YATES. At the present time is the gentleman yield? performances have revealed a weakness the Commandant of the Marine Corps Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen in certain areas. The House Armed subject to the orders of the Chief of tleman from New Jersey. Services Committee unanimously recom Naval Operations? Mr. CANFIELD. Will the gentleman mended that the Commandant should Mr. MANSFIELD. No. He is subject tell the House what is the oldest branch become a member of the Joint Chiefs of to the orders of the Secretary of the of the military service in the United Stat! in 1949. This recommendation was Navy. States? not made solely on the basis that the Mr. RIVERS. Only, when attached to Mr. :MANSFIELD. It is, as the gentle Commandant of the Marine Corps is the the Chief of Naval Operation, as an op man, a real friend of the Marine Corps, head of one of our services, but it was erating force. knows, the United States Marine Corps. made upon the additional basis that the Mr. MANSFIELD. But he reports di Mr. Chairman, I am delighted with the Commandant of the Marine Corps com rectly to the Secretary of the Navy. high plane on which this debate is being mands a service so wholly integrated in Mr. SHORT. Just as the Chief of conducted. Of course, as we all know, its combat functions that he is the one Naval Operations. everyone has the highest esteem for the person in our entire military establish Mr. RIVERS. That is right. different services which comprise the ment who has, under his command, Mr. YATES. Will this bill change his fighting force of the United States. forces in the air, on land, and at sea at status in any respect? The bill which we are now consider one and the same time. By the very na Mr. MANSFIELD. No. ing is one with which you are all fa ture of his position within the Depart Mr. YA TES. In other words, it places miliar. I will not go into the details ment of the Navy he must maintain a him on the same operating level as other which have already been presented to knowledge and understanding of the ac members of the Joint Chiefs of Stat!, you, but will cover broadly the philoso tivities which are the principal activities with the same responsibility that he phy underlying the Marine Corps bill. of the other three services. It seems to presently has. I had the distinct honor of testify me that there can be no argument but Mr. MANSFIELD. That is right. I ing before both the House and Senate that this man's presence on the Joint might point out that prior to Korea the Armed Services Committees in favor of Chiefs of Stat! would serve as a broad Commandant of the Marine Corps was this legislation. I did this because of ening and catalytic infiuence and that called into a meeting of the Joint Chiefs my firm conviction that this legislation his views would render a real service. of Stat! just once, and that was about serves the best interests of our beloved I do not want to burden you with all a month after a recommendation had country at a time when forces through the details of the defense establishment. been made by the Committee on Armed out the world are pecking away at her · You all are just as familiar with those Services to the effect that the Com very vitals. I took the time and energy items as I. I do want to call to your mandant should become a member of to thoroughly explore the background attention the fact that this bill had the the Joint Chiefs. and history, not only of the United support of more than 70 Members of Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Chairman, will the States Marine Corps, but of all cur the House and Senate when it was intro gentleman yield? Armed Forces, especially in the light of duced in January of 1951. I want to Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen the National Security Act of 1947. I point out to you· that it has had opposi tleman from South Carolina. arrived at the conclusion that the leg tion from only two sources, the Defense Mr. RIVERS. The reason we insisted islation before you for consideration Department and, because of the advice that the Commandant of the Marine today is a means of forever insuring of that Department, from the adminis Corps hold membership in JCS, along to the people of the United States the tration itself. The people of this coun with the Chief of Naval Operations, is services of that great force of :fighting try have asked their Representatives, because we contend the only individual men, the United States Marine Corps. whom the Constitution charges with the who can speak for a marine is a marine There are three things which stand duty of raising the fighting forces of our himself. out in the concept of this legislation. Nation, to enact into law S. 677. I state Mr. MANSFIELD. Well, who really First and foremost, as is so clearly to you that there is no need for us to go knows what he is talking about and can enunciated in the report of the House behind the clear intent and purpose of represent three different points of view. Armed Services Committee relating to this bill as stated. The House Armed Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the purposes of the bill, this legislation Services Committee did its job thor the gentleman yield? is designed to give this country a versa oughly and well. Its report is clear and Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen tile expeditionary force in readiness, al succinct. I commend it to you. I want tleman from Texas. ways combat ready to serve this country to state to you that the reasoning be Mr. TEAGUE. Is it not fair to say and its commitments wherever the hind this bill is sound defense legisla that the Chief of Naval Operations did President or the Congress of the United tion to further insure the safety of our have in his immediate office a maTine States directs. Nation. There is no thought on my part general? Secondly, this bill is designed to main in supporting this legislation that this is Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes. tain that force in readiness at a strength done purely because the Marines are a Mr. TEAGUE. To intimate that he level which will prevent the Joint Chiefs most gallant fighting body of men. was not consulted at all because he did of Stat! and the Defense Department Their virtue in the field of battle stands not come into the meeting, does not give from making the mistake which they before you and the people of our Nation, the true picture. Is it not also true that had perpetrated immediately prior to the untarnished in any way. Nothing that on the stat! of the Joint Chiefs of Stat! outbreak of the Korean conflict when you, nor I, nor any other Member of this there were a number of marines assigned they had emasculated this force to a august body could say would increase the there; eight or ten, something like that? point where the action of the First Pro stature of the Marine as a citizen of Mr. MANSFIELD. What rank is the visional Brigade in the Pusan perimeter America. He has created his place in gentleman talking about now? and the landing of the First Marine Divi the history and hearts of our country by Mr. TEAGUE. As I remember, the sion at Inchon approached the realm of his deeds, beginning in the Revolution Joint Chiefs of Stat! had a stat! of ap being military miracles. No other force down through the Korean conflict. proximately 100 officers. I do not know in the world could have done the deeds In closing let me state that, with our what rank they were, but I understood in the time allotted and with the initial country continuously faced with inci there were eight or ten marines assigned drawbacks faced by these gallant ma dent after incident, we would be remiss there. Maybe the gentleman can tell. rines of both the regular and reserve. in our duty as Congressmen if we did Mr. MANSFIELD. I would be prone Thirdly, and as important as any part not take every step necessary to quell to say that those marines were not very of this bill, is the placement of the Com these incidents at their very inception. high in rank; that they were not taken mandant of the Marine Corps as a mem The Marine Corps bill is the strongest into the inner councils, and only after ber of the Joint Chiefs of Stat!. This step we have yet taken to do this. Korea and the action of this committee Congress has had warning after warn Mr. YATES. Mr. Chairman, will the was the Commandant called in for con inJ from its Armed Services Committee gentleman yield? sultation and was a marine of general 5372 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 rank given any kind of responsible po pose to off er an amendment that the floor tions for service on vessels .of the Navy sition within the Offi.ce of the Joint will be 220,000 enlisted personnel, or a and of providing security detachments Chiefs. total of 243,000 enlisted men and offi.cers, for the protection of naval property at Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will and it will not cost anythir..g additional. naval stations and bases. The law the gentleman yield? Mr. CLEMENTE. In this sum that further reads, "and shall perform such Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen you said would be expended, if we did other duties as the President may direct tleman from Texas. pass this bill today, you did not include provided that such additional duties Mr. TEAGUE. The gentleman men the funds which will be expended by the shall not detract from or interfere with t ioned that this bill has had opposition Navy in purchasing materiel for the Ma· the operations for which the Marine from only two sources, the Defense De rine Corps. Corps is primarily organized. partment and, because of the advice of Mr. MANSFIELD. That is under In order to perform its mission, the that Department, the administration stood. We are not trying to get away Marine Corps must be prepared to land itself. I do not know whether I am from any responsibility. The Marine its forces on a hostile beach, coming in classed in either of those two groups, but Corps has likewise furnished support to under fire, and against such strongly I know a lot of Members are opposing the Army and the Navy, which you held enemy defenses as Tarawa, Eni the bill because they believe it is wrong, should keep in mind. What about the wetok, or Iwo Jima. The operations may not because the Defense Establishment Marine planes which are supporting the involve only a small island such as the or the administration is opposed to it. Army in Korea today? ones I just mentioned, or they may be Mr. MANSFIELD. Of cours~. the Mr. CLEMENTE. I meant to qualify larger like Guadalcanal or Okinawa gentleman is making a statement which the statement that this money which where the enemy had to be pursued far I would assume is true, but what I am was going to be expended was only into the back country; or it may involve saying is that the bill in committee had chargeable to the Marine Corps fund that seizing a beachhead on some part of a opposition from only two sources. I am you are talking about. large continent in order to permit the not talking about what opposition there Mr. MANSFIELD. No, it applies to establishment of a base. is on the floor here. Certainly anyone the Naval- Establishment in which the All · supporting arms, artillery, engi who opposes this bill does it, I am quite Marine Corps is incorporated. neers, and aviation are a part of the sure, on the basis of his belief as to Mr. THOMPSON of Texas. Mr. Marine Corps combat team. Aviation, whether or not it is a good or bad thing. Chairman, to understand the reason for as a general rule, is first carrier-based Mr. CLEMENTE. Mr. Chairman, will a Marine Corps, it is necessary to con and operates from the carriers until the the gentleman yield? sider the nature of naval warfare. The landing is consolidated and an airstrip Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the gen United States has never been willing to provided ashore. The pilots must be ver tleman from New York. settle its wars on its own soil and I know satile and fully qualified as naval avia Mr. CLEMENTE. Will the gentleman it has no intention of changing this tors. Anyone who has ever commanded go along with the theory that if we pass traditional viewpoint. A fleet or a naval a considerable number of troops knows this bill no additional expense will be task force must project its operations far how essential to success in battle is the incurred? into enemy waters. Its plan of action combined training of all of the elements Mr. MANSFIELD. No. I should like does not contemplate remaining close to of a combat team. Each of the special to bring out that fact. I am glad the the home shores merely to repel an in ists, be he artillerist, aviator, engineer, gentleman brought it up, because I al vader. or other, is first a marine and second most forgot it. Additional funds re The modern fleet consists of a number a specialist. This is essential because of quired to maintain such a force as is of carriers which are necessarily very the nature of the operations of an am contemplated above that contemplated large vessels. There are usually some phibious force. The numbers are lim in the fiscal year 1953 budget would be battleships and cruisers-both heavy and ited and officers must be so thoroughly $111,000,000 a year. I think there has light. There are destroyers and prob trained as to enable them to take over been a misunderstanding about that. It . ably submarines. There are the usual the duty of any other offi.cer. The clos should be brought out that these addi cargo vessels, tankers, and transports. est possible teamwork is demanded in Thousands of men are involved. They this form of operation, and the Marines tional funds will be required, but it is leave the home shores fully equipped and cheap insurance and you are getting have that teamwork. As a matter of outfitted. The consumption of food and fact they have the only true air-ground your money's worth by this expenditure. fuel is tremendous, as is the consumption Mr. VINSON. That is, if you main;.. team in all of our Armed Forces. They of ammunition when action starts. make wonderful use of this team as our tain four divisions. A fleet operating far from home and Mr. MANSFIELD. Three divisions. records from Korea wlll demonstrate. without any intermediate bases neces I think it is unnecessary to dwell on Mr. VINSON. The Marine Corps per sarily arrives at the point of action with sonnel will level off at 243,000 in fiscal the excellence of the training that is its supplies depleted. The operations traditional in the Marine Corps. I think 1953. If we put a floor of 220,000 under must be broken off in time for the ves the Marines, you will not have to spend it is also unnecessary to point out how sels to return home again to be re-out essential have been the functions of the 1 penny more than set out in the fiscal fitted. It is perfectly obvious, therefore, 1953 appropriations. Marines, particularly in the Second that an effective fleet operation makes World War. The advance across the Mr. MANSFIELD. The distinguished necessary advance bases, located just as chairman, the author of this bill, is cor Pacific spearheaded the drive which took close to the enemy shores as possible. our troops to the shores of Japan and rect, put if he uses that figure he is go This calls to mind an old naval saying ing below the figure we were led to be which would have landed them there that "a fleet is tethered to its base." had the war not ended when it did. lieve he would advocate. It is the primary responsibility of the Mr. VINSON. That is practically Marine Corps to furnish the Fleet Marine No one has discounted the individual three combat divisions. It is just a little Force to go with the fleet and to seize and bravery of the Marines nor has anyone shy of three combat divisions, and you hold the necessary advance bases. This argued that it is unnecessary for some accomplish both things. You will not is the prime mission and the basic reason body of troops tJ be prepared to do the incur any additional appropriation in why we have a Marine Corps. job which is done by the Marines. Nor fiscal 1953 an'.i you will have practically The National Security Act. of · 1947 does anyone disagree that in the Marine three combat divisions of the same com directs that the Marine Corps shall be ·Corps a job assigned is a job accom bat strength you have today. It will organized, trained, and equipped to pro plished. be just a little supporting strength that vide a Fleet Marine Force of combined The questions which confront us to is not there. arms together with supporting air com day involve the size of the corps and Mr. MANSFIELD. On the basis of the ponents for service with the fleet in the presumably the determination by the figures just given by the gentleman there seizure or defense of advance naval bases Congress of the minimum number nec would be no additional increase? and for the conduct of such land opera essary to maintain and to have in in Mr. VINSON. That is it. May I say tions as may be essential to the prosecu stant readiness at all times. There is that, after c0nsultation with the distin tion of a naval campaign. another more obscure question and o.ne gui~ hed minority member, the gentle The Corps is given the additional duty which escapes all except those who are n1an from New York [Mr. TABER], I pro- of providing detachments and organiza- vitally interested and who have watched 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5373 with zealous care the security and the effective and leave it nothing but the for action in the Pacific, another in the future of the Marine Corps. ignominious functions of the navy yard Atlantic, and a third somewhere in the This deals with the ambition of the guard and such as that. United States ready to move wherever Army to take over the Marine Corps The first to go was to have been Marine necessary. lock, stock, and barrel. You have heard Corps Aviation. The order was on the The nature of the Marines' duties re in the present discussion the references desk of the man with the authority to quires that this force be immediately to a second army, duplication of effort, destroy it. The story of what happened available. If naval action develops, it and so on. You have also heard, or you can be told by the gentleman from Geor is apt to come very suddenly and the will hear later, that the Army is per gia, the distinguished chairman of the advanced bases which must be taken or fectly capable of coLducting amphibious committee, Mr. CARL VINSON. held must be in hand without delay. It warfare. An interesting part of it, in these days is very unfair to rely for any portion of Let us consider the ability of the Army when we would like to see more economy, this particular force on members of the to do the job. Of course they can so far was the maneuvers that were performed Reserve. Certainly I, for one, do not as the individual men are concerned. in the office of the Secretary of Defense. ever want to see another call like that All of the men come from the same pool Someone told the Secretary that marine of June and July of 1950. The only way of young Americans. The Army can do aviation was bound to be vulnerable and you can prevent it is by having a suit· the job except for one very important that its costs would have to be higher able force of regulars. consideration-they are not trained in than either Air Force or naval aviation. Some may argue that the apprehen amphibious warfare. It is not their Someone wisely suggested checking the sion which we entertain over the fu function to have a division or two or :figures. They found that it cost con ture of the corps is a :figment of our three divisions ready to move on an in siderably less to operate the Marine imaginations. I wish this were true; stant's notice, to go aboard ship, and live Corps planes than either of the other however, I have just told you of the there until the hostile shore is reached services. The plan to destroy marine most recent policy of whittling and whit and then go over the side, scrambling aviation was, at least, postponed for a tling and whittling, and I have told you down a cargo net with full equipment. while. of the results and the effect when the There is a very definite know-how nec However, the gradual whittling down marines were called on to go to Korea. essary when you go ashore under fire of the corps continued, and when Korea Prior to that, in 1946, the then Chief and have to scratch out a toehold, or a exploded in our laps, the only way the of Staff of the Army and the Chief of beachhead as we call it. It is a job for Marines could put the necessary troops the Air Force proposed that the Marine experts and even when each man in the in the field was by calling in the Re Corps participate only in minor shore landing force knows his job, it remains a serves, most of whom were already vet combat operations of interest to the dangerous and precarious operation. erans of World War II and virtually none Navy alone and that the Army in the The Army plan, as I understand it, is of whom could return to service without future undertake the land aspects of to have a certain number of divisions great personal sacrifice. I should add at Navy amphibious operations. They fur trained in amphibious warfare and ready this point that under no stretch of the ther recommended that Marine Force to go with the fleet. Let us see how that imagination is Korea a Navy show. The was not to be appreciably expanded in would work. only reason why the Marines were called time of war, and that Marine units be I think you will agree with me that the in at all was that they were closer to limited to the size of a regiment with troops, whether they are Army or Marine ready than anybody else and so, as has a total size of the corps to be limited to Corps, must be trained to a very fine happened so often in the past, they were 50,000 or 60,000 men. point. Since they are to function with called upon. In 1932, President Hoover, with the the Navy and live with them for perhaps The Marines have been looked on for full concurrence of the Chief of Staff, a long time, they will have to learn how 175 years as the Nation's most depend conceived the idea of transferring the to live afloat. There, like the marines, able force in readiness. They have been entire Marine Corps, by executive order, they will have to pick up Navy usages and called upon to face many Koreas in the into the Army. Representatives Melvin Navy talk. Because they are bound to be past and when they answered the call J. Maas and Fiorella J. LaGuardia led picked troops, they will develop a very in 1950 with the help of their Reserves a group of other Representatives in a high esprit de corps-again, like the they were merely doing what they have protest vigorous enough to put a stop to marines. Because they are highly done many times previously during our the move. trained specialists, they will remain with history. It was unfortunate, indeed, In 1894 there was a move in the Con the Navy and there you have all the mak that they had to rely so heavily upon gress to establish a corps of what they ings of another Marine Corps. The their Reserves to meet their responsi called marine artillery within the Army, Army would pay and equip them in bility to the Nation; but there was no transferring all functions of the Marine stead of the Navy; but that would not be other way. They had been so whittled Corps to Army command. the principal di1Ierence. The principal down that their regular fighting forces In 1867 there was a resolution to abol difference would be that the command were too small to meet the crisis alone. ish the Marine Corps entirely and detach would not rest with the Navy, with whom And, of this I am sure-had there been its members to the Army. the troops would serve, but rather with three Marine divisions available in June In 1864 there was a similar move, and the Army. The Army would tell the of 1950 instead of only eight under in 1837 another. Navy when they were ready to go and strength peacetime battalions, I have no Just today, I received a telegram from how and where and when to land, and doubt that we would have found the the adjutant general of one 0f the States there you would have the cart before the Korean war finished and done with which reads in part: horse. The time may come when some today. National Guard opposes S. 677. Request ambitious Navy brass will conclude that Now, let us suppose that on the day you oppose passage. Marines are not super it is just as well to let the Marine Corps the Marine First Division landed in Ko men, but good American fighting men like go overboard. They may think that rea, an outbreak in the opposite part other components. Bill is asinine, unnec they will thus insure some advantage, of the world-the Mediterranean, Africa, essary, dangerous, costly. This count ry some good trade for the Navy, maybe a the Middle East-had necessitated naval needs only Army, Navy, and Air Force. If new supercarrier or something like that. action. There was no other Marine di saving money and efficiency desired absorb I hope that it will never happen, because vision in readiness and yet the world Marines into Army. the day that the Navy sells the Marine conditions were and are such that the I need not emphasize that this adju Corps down the river, that day the Navy fleet might have to go somewhere on tant general is wholly misinformed nor will become the ferry command for the very short notice. We have another di need I point out that somebody has been Army. vision now· ready on the east coast to feeding him some false propaganda. It will probably be argued here that day, and there is one on the west coast It is of particular interest to note that under the National Security Act of 1947 which is partly up to strength and near on each occasion when there was an the future of the Marine Corps is as ing the point of readiness. That makes attempt made to destroy the Marine sured, but it is not anything of the kind. three divisions and that is what we ask Corps-or diminish its stature-or to re Since that act was signed, there was a in this bill. move some of its functions--or in any well-laid plan to so whittle down the The ideal situation for the Marine way to damage the corps, this Congress Marine Corps as to make it entirely in- Corps would be to hav.e a division ready rose to its defense, and in the end took 5374 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 action which had the effect of strength nical experience. But, inasmuch as par the troops that had landed on that God ening the position of the corps in our tisanship is not entirely absent from this forsaken peninsula. i:;nilitary structure. I need not tell you floor, I hope I will be excused in this Be it said to its credit, however, that that in return, the marines have never instance. There are three groups to the Marine Corps has never officially let us down. . whom in fairness credit must be given sought expansion such as is provided in The efforts of various people to de for bringing this bill before the House this bill. Traditionally, they have done stroy the Marine Corps as such have for our consideration today. the job assigned to them and have ac been going on for a long time. In spite The first group consists of those ene cepted augmentation of their forces as of the discouragement which might eas mies of the Nation with whom the Ma a recognition of an organizational genius ily follow these efforts, the corps con rines have been engaged on the field of which has planned in advance for the tinues to do its traditionally superb battle down through the years, and from needs of an expanding conflict. And job. the Halls of Montezuma through Belleau their planning is not just happenstance. Those of us who have a sentimental Wood and Guadalcanal to the wastes of It comes from a century and a half of attachment feel that the corps deserves northern Korea the minions of aggres :fighting a lot of little wars from which better than this constant uncertainty. sion have grudgingly attested to the has come the principal development we Many who are sponsoring this legisla might and valor of the leathernecks. call amphibious operations. And it was tion were never in the Marine Corps The second group are those who have this valuable experience, molded and and care nothing about it for other than seen service in the corps and, indoc developed in the years between World practical reasons. These men feel that trinated with that esprit de corps so pe War I and World War II, that made the the security of the fleet may depend on culiar to the Marines, have served and Marines at the outset of the latter strug the functioning of the Fleet Marine fought-thousands to die that an indom gle the sole respositories of amphibious Force. They realize that if the fleet itable spirit might be enriched-and know-how and enabled them to train fails in this mission, then this country thousands more to live out their days the armies-not only of this Nation but may feel the shock of an aggressor's at in peace but with a devotion to their of our allies as well-in that technique tack. They do not want to take this cherished outfit that is second only to which made possible the landings on chance. their love of God and country. And Normandy and the island-by-island · We all join in asking that the legis that is why the most stalwart champions come-back from Guadalcanal to Tokyo. lation be enacted and that a floor be of the Marine Corps today are those who Prior to Korea it was pretty generally established beneath which the strength have worn its khaki, its green, or its accepted in certain quarters that our of the Marine Corps may not go in these blue and, having returned to the pur future wars were to center around stra perilous times. We ask it in part out suits of peace, continue to live again tegic bombing with the B-36 as the pri of fairness to the brave men who have their service and thereby indoctrinate mary weapon. Indeed, the supporters from time immemorial carried on the their fellow citizens with the conviction of that school of thought went so far tradition of the corps. We ask it in that of the world's :fighting men the as to suggest that such strategic strikes consideration of that military service Marines are the peers. had outmoded the aircraft carrier, the which has never demanded anything of The third group to whom we are in tank, as well as the Marines with their its country other than the right to :fight; debted for an aroused citizenry, who amphibious operations and particularly but mostly, we ask it because the se have demanded this legislation, are their tactical air operations. Here curity of the Nation may well depend those in the other services of our Na again, however, the Korean campaign upon it. tion who through envy or a misunder has confronted the arguments of the Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr. standing of the mission of the Marines strategic concept and we find that we Chairman, I am in full support of the have persistently tried to belittle the have had need, and in increasing quanti measure now before us to set a floor of exploits of the corps and who have by ties, for all those things that were sup four divisions and four air wings for the devious methods and at times by frontal posed to have been outmoded by the in Marine Corps and to place the Com attack attempted to whittle it down to tercontinental bomber, including tac mandant of the Marine Corps on the the point where there would be little left tical aviation. Joint Chiefs of Staff. I have appeared except our beloved band and a few scat The development of tactical air by the before the Armed Services Committee in tered legation guards. And it is little to Marines was a natural corollary to their behalf of this legislation as I feel it is their credit that numbered among. those amphibious program and received im very necessary to have a force in being who have tried to wreck the Marine petus from the effective use of air sup such as the Marine Corps in readiness at Corps are the otherwise distinguished port of ground troops by the Germans all times. I feel also that this legislation names of Eisenhower, Marshall, Brad in the invasion of France and later by is necessary to make sure that the ley, Collins, Vandenberg, and more re the Russians in repulsing the invasion strength of the corps is not reduced cently a Commander in Chief who, a lit bf their country by the Nazis. Undoubt through appropriations but is kept tle more direct than most, would have edly Marine Corps planners learned strong and ready through legislation of relegated the corps to the role of naval much from the operations in Europe but this kind. police and ascribed to them propensi at the same time they unquestionably Mr. CHATHAM:. Mr. Chairman, I ties for propaganda akin to that of brought to their tactical air training have served in the Navy in both World Stalin. Suffice to say that the United their own peculiar ideas of organization Wars and have been closely allied with States Marines stand today secure in and their appreciation of the use that the Marine Corps. I know of their high the esteem of their fell ow countrymen could be made of this aerial form of ar morale, their pride in their branch of on the basis of the enemies they have tillery. In the first place the Marine service, and of their :fighting ability. acquired-both domestic and foreign Corps' concept of close support of ground Every red-blooded American is proud of and we who so vigorously support the troops is that such support shall range our marines. I am for this bill because pending bill are grateful for the attacks from 100 to 600 yards and they firmly I think it will add to our defenses and that have unwittingly strengthened our reject a greater distance as not being help us keep world peace. I am for any cause. close support. In the second place your thing and everything that keeps us Admittting to a measure of sentimen Marine pilot is required to serve 2 years strong and peaceful. As the prophet tality on the part of many of us when as a Marine infantry officer before he said, "When a strong man, armed, the corps is concerned, the judgment of may even apply for aviation duty which keepeth his palace, his goods are in the public at large rests on what they I submit qualifies him completely for his peace." see and know and they have only to assignment since he not only knows his Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield look back a few short months to Korea own job but is also thoroughly familiar 10 minutes to the gentleman from Penn where admittedly the Army learned to with the needs of the ground commander sylvania [Mr. DAGUE]. fight but where the Marines were ready he ·is supporting. In Korea this dual Mr. DAGUE. Mr. Chairman, as an to fight when they landed-where even training has been enlarged so that in al inconspicuous and undistinguished ex Douglas MacArthur ordinarily not an ternating periods your Marine pilot is private first class of the Marines, I ap enthusiastic witness for the leather delivering the bombs and rockets as di proach this whole subject with consid necks-stated unequivocally that the rected by the controller on the ground erable humility and plead guilty, if you Marines were the best equipped and best and later is filling the role of air con will, to some bias but very little tech- trained for the job at hand of any of troller himself, And·! submit that no I '1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5375 other branch of our service has devel placing the Commandant of the Marine must depend in the final analysis upon oped or even tried to develop this close Corps on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. the high spirit of the individual, upon his coordination between ground and air. By passing this bill, you will strengthen courage and ~is devotion to ideals; that In summation, then, what I have been the Joint Chiefs of Staff, enhance the phase of a plan must be put into execu trying to do is to justify the pending development of better battle methods, tion by the men who must carry or lose bill-S. 677-on the simple basis that and assure this Nation of the continued the day. the Marine Corps has clearly demon service of the world's most efficient fight These are confused times for men who strated its competency to train and ing organization, the United States go forth to battle. Hundreds and thou equip for the specialized operations in Marines. sands, possibly millions, of Americans to which it excels the four full-strength Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield day do not understand the necessity for combat divisions, together with the four ·10 minutes to the gentleman from Cali the conflict in Korea; many others doubt full-strength air wings the measure en fornia [Mr. JACKSON]. the military or political necessity for the compasses. There are those who will, of Mr. JACKSON of California. Mr. struggle. There is, as a matter of truth course, argue that what we are doing Chairman, first I would like to comment and of fact, no brilliant end goal, no ulti here is creating an additional land army on the high tone of the debate up to this mate goal of achievement to act as a · but I submit that with these divisions time, and the fact that relevant material guidon to the men who fight; and, as and wings placed, say, with one in the has been discussed. the controversy rages at home with re Middle East, one in the Far East, one on I would also like to apologize to Flor spect to the war in Korea, it is inevitable our Atlantic coast and another on our ida for my remark about the Seminole that men confronted with a determined west coast we will have stationed them Indians. I think Florida is much better and well-equipped foe must on occasion so strategically that their very presence off the way it is. call upon some inner urge, some higher will be a powerful deterrent to aggres I should also like to pay a word of directive in order to conduct themselves sion. We can plan to build up our re tribute to our distinguished colleague, with valor and with determination. I serves through UMT or any other means the gentleman from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE]. think that tradition is germane to the of recruitment, but despite such plan It is not very pleasant to be on the op debate here today because so much of ning there will always be need for a posite side of an argument with Mr. the Marine Corps, so much of the indi limited number of professionals such as TEAGUE after having traveled many thou vidual marine's own attitude is con the Marines if we are to be instantly sands of miles with him, and having cerned with tradition. Today's marine ready to quench at their inception argued the Army-Marine Corps matter fights literally in the presence of and periodic confiagra tions such as Korea. ad nauseam, to say nothing of colloquies in the shadow of American history. He Indeed, it is my firm opinion that had having to do with Texas against Cali traces his military ancestry from Tun the outfits herein planned been available fornia and Democrat versus Republican: Tavern in Philadelphia in 1775, before in the spring of 1950, with at least one but I admire his courage in taking the the founding of this Republic; he recalls division with its over-all strength at 23,- well of the House today and in leading today that his predecessors fought in the 000 effectively based in Japan or in opposition to this measure, which oppo fore top of the Bonhomme Richard; that Okinawa, the North Koreans would never sition, I am sure, springs from deep con his early counterparts fought on Lake have struck. My friends, riots are not viction on his part. Erie under Lawrence. He knows of the prevented by police reserves but instead · Mr. Chairman, in consideration of S. marine who interposed his body between are stopped before they start by trained 677, it is possible for the average Amer the sicimitar of the Tripoli pirate and cops who are on the beat. That is the ican to become sentimental. It is par the figure of Stephen Decatur; he re traditional role of the Marines and I ticularly difficult for one who has had members the Marine Corps trek on feel that the strength they will acquire the privilege of service in the United camels across the desert to attack the through this bill will better enable them States Marine Corps not to wander from fortress of Derne, Tripoli. to discharge their historic mission as the the proper area of cold reality and dol It is a source of pride to the marine Nation's trouble shooters. lar-and-cents facts into a realm which is of today to know that the German field As regards section 2 of the measure it . highly colored by past associations and commander at Belleau Wood called the is pertinent to observe that the tradi present memories of service in the Marine :Brigade "Hounds of Hell" after tional General Staff-Pentagon envy of corps. I shall attempt to be entirely repeated and futile attempts to break the Marine economy, courage, and perform factual, although the debate today must, line held by the leathernecks had failed. ance of duty has resulted in the well of necessity, enter at times an area which In our own day, Guadalcanal, Tarawa, planted observation that the Comman defies the precise nature of fact, an area Okinawa, Saipan-Tinian, Peleliu, Wake, dant of the Marine Corps does not com which has to do with what is known as and Midway Islands stand as living tes mand a large enough organization to tradition and esprit de corps. These es- timony to the effectiveness of the Marine justify placing him in the Joint Chiefs -sential elements of high military effi Corps, and to the devotion of its men to of Staff. ciency in a first-rate fighting force are duty. My reply to this is that the Comman difficult to define, yet these factors are, When we speak of Wake Island I feel dant of the Marines is the most qualified in truth, the essence of the present legis that I would be remiss if I did not .call member of the armed services for Joint lation. Pride of service, battle efficiency, attention again to the fact that one of Chiefs of Staff membership. Remember and self-confidence are not a part and the heroes of Wake Island sits with us that the Joint Chiefs of Staff must -plan parcel of the military service per se, nor day after day as a colleague in this great for the coordinate employment of all do they exist in ev·ery regiment or divi forum, General DEVEREUX, of Maryland. arms-land, sea, and air. Remember, -sion, no matter how ancient its lineage, also ,that as a member of the Joint Chiefs nor how decorated its battle standards. S. 677 should not become the medium of Staff, the Commandant of Marines The discipline and the high state of for acrimonious debate, nor for onerous would be the only member whose organi organization which led to a successful comparison. The measure should be zation included infantry, artillery, attack upon a strongly fortified Oki considered solely on its merit as an ad tanks-the major land weapons-and nawa or Tarawa, or the orderly with junct to the national defense, and not combat aviation, all of these Marine drawal with weapons and casualties from cause Americans are proud of their Ma arms being employed both in land and a Chohgjon Reservoir are but the out rine Corps. If it is too expensive to amphibious operations. In short, he ward trappings of a spirit and a morale maintain the corps, or if it does not de would be the most qualified to advise as that no amount of peacetime training liver 105 cents of service for every dollar to the joint employment of all weapons. and no legislative device can instill. . of tax moneys invested in it, not only ·The Marine Commandant possesses the These operations, .no matter how bril should the measure be defeated, but the . kind of experience and qualifications so liantly planned and ably executed, must corps should be disbanded. It is pleas urgently needed in the membership of depend in the final analysis upon the ant to languish in the shade of past ·the Joint Chiefs of Staff. high spirit, the courage, and the devotion glories, but every service should today : The country must not be deprived of to ideals of the men who must carcy or be required to stand upon its own feet benefits that would accrue by injecting lose the day. · in the glaring light of present reality. the broad military wisdom of the Marine These operations, no matter how ful This the Marine Corps has done· with Corps into our strategic planning_ by ly ~la~ed, how _br~lliantly _executed, added interest. XCVIII-338 5376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 Efforts on the part of a few have, in I say to you that events since the be might well have knocked them out of the the past, threatened the integrity of the ginning of the Korean war has greatly war. One thing is sure--we could not Marine Corps. A general officer, speak shaken my confidence in our military knock them out of the war unless those ing before a service group some months leaders as represented by our Joint tactics were followed. ago in Norfolk, Va., very adequately Chiefs of Staff. My estimate of them and Then, to make matters utterly tragic summed up the feeling of some individ their ability was rudely jolted when they for the free world and utterly hopeless uals, when he said, in effect, that the agreed to the firing of Gen. Douglas Mac for our fighting men, our military chiefs Marines were a fouled-up army, speak Arthur without granting him a hea1ing granted discussion of a cease-fire at the ing Navy talk, and that the organization or a single notification to him or his request of the aggressors. The request should be integrated into the Regular staff that he was to be summarily dis was voiced by the chief Communist Army Military Establishment. missed. My estimate of the present spokesman in the United Nations, Soviet What are the substantial arguments Joint Chiefs of Staff was not only jolted Delegate Malik. That should have been which have been presented against this but pushed to a new low when these gen notice to our leaders that no good could pending measure? First, I believe, is tlemen came over here during the Mac come of giving the aggressors a cease the fact that there is no precedence for Arthur hearings and said their pieces in fire on their terms. Any schoolboy knew putting a statutory :floor under the justification of the firing of that man that the only reason for the request for Marine Corps. who stood as a bulwark of strength discussing an armistice was that the Second, is the claim that the legisla against communistic aggression in the aggressors were hurt, reeling, and ready tion will destroy the esprit de corps of Far East even before the Korean war to be defeated; they only wanted time to this great combat organization. I think began. The one prime target of our recover and to build up for more aggres the best answer to that argument is the enemy, the Communists, and their fellow sive action. We knew that. The Chiefs fact that during the war the Marine travelers, was Gen. Douglas MacArthur. of Staff knew that-if they are worthy Corps went to six combat divisions, Ah, but you say these members of the to represent their Government and peo probably six divisions which were never Joint Chiefs of Staff are captives of our ple any longer, they knew that. matched before in combat efficiency foreign policy. They must conform, Now, since the fake cease-fire talks either in the Marine Corps or anywhere against their will. I measure my words began, the aggressors in Korea have else. It expanded beyond the wildest when .I say that I hope the inclusion of a built up tremendously; they have mcra dreams of any marine who ever lived marine on the panel of the Joint Chiefs than doubled their air power; they have and they still delivered the goods out of Staff will help to reestablish our con rebuilt their material; they have brought in the Pacific. fidence in the decisions and plans of our in vast numbers of troops; they have The third-point is that passage of the military leaders. equipped themselves with the latest bill will create a·second land mass Army. From the beginning of the Korean artillery and other weapons; they are I think that point has been pretty well war, our Joint Chiefs of Staff agreed to ready to move upon the defenders of destroyed in the debate today. After the policy of fighting a "stalemated freedom who have been told they could a11, 200 landings or in excess of 200 land war." That means a war we do not in defend freedom only in a limited and ings which requirert not the process of tend to win, and is something new in stalemated way. slow mobilization, not the process of American policy-and history. To im I say, let us put a fighting marine on taking a leisurely trip to the scene of plement this policy, the Chiefs of Staff the Board of the Chiefs of Staff and we action but action on the instant has agreed to the plan of refusing to block shall at least have a little more action never in the history of this country found ade the China coast, an absolute essen than-we are getting today. If our Chiefs the Marine Corps unwilling or unready tial to cutting off the supplies going to of Staff are captives of the policy mak to move. the Red regimes in China and Korea. I ers, following these policies of a stale What is the present threat? What is cannot blame this on the Chief of Staff mated war, permitting our enemy to the situation with which we are con who represented the United States Navy, build up constantly as they have since fronted that requires an effective trained and I am told upon good authority that July 10, then let us change the composi force in readiness at all times? It is not he desired to put that blockade over tion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. I only a situation in which mass foroes will be China and make it stick. · hope that the inclusion of a marine will engaged on land masses. It is more apt Then our leaders refused to use the bring that about. to be a situation in which there are loyal Chinese troops who are still stand The gentleman from Montana [Mr. islands to be attacked, islands to be de ing and rotting away on Formosa. MANSFIELD] was quoted the other day f ended. It is very likely that the threat Does anyone here want to stand up and as saying that they did not need a brig of the Soviet will be directed against the defend that pusillanimous policy, that adier general to run that prison camp vast periphery of islands throughout the refusal to use our loyal allies, the Chi at Koje; what they needed· was a top Pacific. Such actions will not require nese? There are at least 350,000 effec sergeant marine. If the gentleman from large land masses but it will require able tive fighting men on Formosa ready and Montana was correctly quoted, I agree and effective forces which can be dis anxious to be used in this fight for their with him entirely and I commend him patched in early moments of aggression. own freedom, for the liberation of their for that statement. What that whole I hope that this legislation will be homeland from Communist domina group in the Far East needs is a policy passed by an overwhelming majority. tion, for the freedom of their relatives that will untie the hands of our military. Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield from Soviet slavery, and for the pro We should either permit our fighting 5 minutes to the gentleman from Mis tection and defense of the Free World men to win that war in Korea, or we souri [Mr. ARMSTRONG]. including the United States. Why are should bring them out of Korea and ad Mr. ARMSTRONG. Mr. Chairman, I they not used. Will anyone tell me mit that our weaknesses, our mistakes, assure the members of this Committee I why? Do the Chiefs of Staff know our regrettable lack of leadership has do not speak in order to drag out the why? Maybe a marine on the staff will lost us the war. If I interpret the tem time but, rather, to bring up a matter be able to stiffen the backbones of his per of the people back home correctly, it that I consider quite important. I hope comrades and change that dismal pol must be one or the other. Maybe-just that the passage of this bill will help to icy of inaction and appeasement. maybe-a marine might be able to help strengthen our Joint Chiefs of Staff in Next great mistake on the part of along the decision. their work. At ieast I hope our action our military staff was to refuse to per Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield will bring some morale strength to this mit the one thing necessary to the end such time as he may desire to the organization. ing of the war, namely, the bombing of gentleman from New Jersey [Mr. I have always thought of our. military the enemy lines of communication, their WOLVERTON]. leaders, and particularly the Chiefs of routes of march, their airdromes, and Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I Staff of our armed services, as being the their depots of supply There they all strongly favor the adoption of this legis bulwark of our national strength; in lay, easy targets for our strategic bomb lation. I commend the Committee on peace the bulwark of strength in plan ·ers. Had that been done, it is very Armed Services on the splendid bill they ning for our continued defense, and in likely that there could have been no have brought before the House. -war ·a bulwark of strength in the active further build-up of their fighting The main objectives of the legislation direction of our efforts toward victory. strength. Had that been done, we are to require: Flr.st, the maintenance of 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5377 a versatile expeditionary force always to be a member of the Joint Chiefs of Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield ready for combat, to consist of four full Staff, I am strongly of the opinion that 3 minutes to the gentleman from Mis strength Marine divisions, four full the size and importance of the duties of souri [Mr. CURTIS]. strength Marine air wings and other the Marine Corps as part of our national Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Chair forces incidental and necessary thereto. defense entitles it to representation on man, I rise in opposition to this bill. I Second, to add the Commandant of the the board of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. I think the entire issue involved here is Marine Corps to the membership of the cannot agree with the objections that the unification of the Armed Forces. I Joint Chiefs of Staff in order to broaden have been made by the present members am no orator, so I cannot add to the ora the base of planning and deliberations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, particu tory already given. I should like to of that group as well as to provide the larly that it would make the Staff un point out, though, that in my opinion Marine Corps with direct representa wieldy if a fifth member were added, the trouble our country is facing today tion at this level. and that the headquarters of the Marine can be traced back to just this business It has been made plain time after Corps is not properly staffed to support of following expediency which is being time during our history, and particu the Commandant's membership on the urged here today by the proponents of larly so in recent years, that this country Joint Chiefs of Staff, and to provide this bill, instead of looking ahead not needs a mobile force ready to move at such a staff would be needless duplica just a few years but for a generation. a moment's notice and ready to· go into tion. These objections are so inconse When will this philosophy of quick, ill action on land, sea, or in the air when quential that they approach the ridicu considered action born of imagined ever and wherever the national neces lous when seriously advocated. emergency end? It has been going on slty or security requires. The Marine If I correctly understand the thought now for 20 years. Indeed life in its en Corps, ever since it was first formed, has of our people it is one of absolute con tirety may be viewed with alarm and been the arm of the service that was fidence in the fidelity and ability of the treated as a never-ending emergency, but organized for performance in these Marine Corps under any and all cir a person and indeed a nation that is to varied fields of activity. It has always cumstances, and that its record of survive must have a calmer attitude bsen ready on a moment's notice to achievement throughout its entire his toward the problems of the day and serve faithfully and effectively wherever tory has been such that it is entitled to seek to solve them on a more permanent duty called. The men who served in its the honor of having its Commandant sit basis, looking further into the future ranks have always been men who in with the other Chiefs of Staff and par than the day after tomorrow. The men spirit and fighting quality measured up ticipate in the decisions that are made who wrote our Constitution probably to that of the minute men who met the by them in the conduct of our national had more cause than we to view life as challenge in the early days of the War defense in times of peace or war. His a series of emergencies which could be of Independence. The American peo presence and counsel will undoubtedly solved only by day-to-day improvising. ple have confidence in the ability of the add much to the deliberation and de Yet they had the courage and the calm Marine Corps to meet and successfully cisions made by the ~oint Chiefs of Staff, ness to resist this dangerous attitude and handle any situation that it may be particularly when it is realized that the they hammered out a structure that has caned upon to face. Time may bring Marine Corps has always had an impor served their posterity well for over 16 its changes in all things else, but time tant part in the joint operations of the decades. has never been able to dull the spirit or different branches of our armed services. In 1947 the Congress passed the Uni deteriorate the fighting quality of the This experience can be extremely help fication Act, which was supposed to try American fighting man, and this has ful in determining policies affecting the to bring the Armed Forces together. In been proved by the men of the Marine duties and usefulness of the Marine my opinion, the bill before us is just Corps throughout its entire distin Corps, as well as the other services. one further step backward from that guished history. Recognizing as I do the great value of goal. A great many arguments have Thus, the purpose of this legislation the service that can be rendered by the been advanced that the Air Force and to definitely fix the number of enlisted Commandant of the Marine Corps in the Army are sniping at this bill. I be men is sound and logical. It fixes the the deliberations of the Joint Chiefs of lieve those arguments are well founded. ceiling for active duty strength of the Staff, I am at a loss to understand why I have no brief for them, only censure. Marine Corps at 400,000, and a mini there is objection made by other Chiefs Those same services have certainly been mum of not less than 300,000 Regular of Staff to his inclusion, and why we guilty of sabotaging the purposes of the enlisted men. I am convinced in the have been so long in coming to a deter Unification Act since its enactment. light of administration action in recent mination in this all-important matter. But it is not going to do any good to years in cutting down the size of fighting I trust that the importance of this bill commit another sin to get back at the elements of our military forces below will be recognized and the House give to sins already committed. that fixed by Congress, that it is ad it the support its importance entitles it There are two outstanding things that visable to fix definite limitations. This to have. have come out in this debate. The first requirement in the proposed bill is im Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield is that this bill means a very serious portant from the standpoint of the ac 1 minute to the gentlewoman from Mas modification of the Unification Act of complishments of the purpose intended sachusetts [Mrs. ROGERS]. 1947. The subject of whether the Ma by this legislation. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. rine Commandant wac to be included on Furthermore, we should not overlook Chairman, I want to bring out one point the Joint Chiefs of Staff was a subject the fact stated by our colleague, Hon. ·again, and that is how extremely im that was considered by the Expenditures JAMES P. s. DEVEREUX, the famous Ma portant it is to the Navy to have a Chief Committee when they held hearings on rine Corps general who led the heroic of Staff and for the Marine Corps to the Unification Act. I am sorry to see defense of Wake Island at the very out have a Chief of Staff on the Joint Chiefs that the Armed Forces Committee that set of the last war, that should we have of Staff Committee. As it is today, the considered the bill now before the House such a force in readiness, we would Navy has one vote only, and time and apparently has not gon~ deeply into not have to disrupt the lives of our Re time and time again all of us who have those hearings or made available to serves as we did so recently. They would followed the matter closely, those on the themselves the arguments pro and con not have to be called in immediately but Committee on Armed Services especially, upon which the Congress once based its at a later date if we had to go into an know that the Navy must have been out decision that we would not put the Com expanded war. What we need in the in voted again and again and again. So the mandant of the Marine Corps on the itial stage is a force in readiness to be Navy should be extremely grateful to Joint Chiefs of Staff. called into instant service and properly have a Marine Chief of Staff on the Joint Second, this is a very serious change trained without the delay in time that Chiefs of Staff who knows their prob in the primary mission of the Marine is otherwise necessary. The clear need Corps. I believe, with those who are for such a force as has been provided in lems. It will tremendously strengthen our national defense and will prevent opposed to this bill, that this will in this bill has been demonstrated beyond effect create a fourth service. question. the weakening of the Marine Corps that As to the second objective of the bill has been so often attempted, particularly I again say that we are going a step now before us, namely, the designation during unification. I am very grateful backward. I plead with this House to of the Commandant of the Marine Corps that this bili is on the floor. look ahead a generation and stop this 5378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 business of legislating for the expediency these terrific enemy mountain positions of any national conflict. To the gentle of the moment, for just a few years which they were attacking. Also, I man from Texas let me say that every ahead. I ask everyone to consider this think the marines should be compli soldier, sailor, airman, coast guardsman, bill on the basis of whether or not it mented for the wonderful work they and marine is held in high esteem by me. will further the unification of the armed have done in bringing the wounded out The CHAIRMAN. The time of the services, and, if it will not further the of the front lines by the use of helicop gentleman from Connecticut has expired. unification of the armed services, to ters. They have also done great work in Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I ask vote against it. Let us deal with these using helicopters to move fresh troops that the bill be read for amendment. other problems each on its own base into the fighting line instead of requiring Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, I make instead of trying to solve them by cre the troops to march 20 miles to the front the point of order that there is no ating a more difficult situation that is lines, thus enabling the men to go into quorum present. bound to come back and haunt us in the fighting line feeling fresh and able to The CHAIRMAN. The Chair will the next few years. Let us get away immediately attack. count. [After counting.] One hundred from hand-to-mouth legislation and in By putting this floor under the present and fourteen Members are present; a considering fundamental changes which Marine Corps strength, I think that it quorum. this bill includes in that it changes the will relieve this uprooting of our Re The Clerk will read. primary mission of the Marine Corps, serves, because it will give the Reserve The Clerk read as follows: and the structure of the Joint Chiefs of officer an opportunity first to train Be it enacted, etc., That the first sentence Staff, approach the problems from a themselves at one of our posts while the of section 206 (c) of the National Security long-range viewpoint. The long-range regular troops are holding the line, and Act of 1947 is hereby amended to read as policy is clearly the unification of the also give a Reserve officer and his family follows: "The United States Marine Corps, Armed Forces. To vote for this bill is to an opportunity to square away his per within ·.,he Department of the Navy, shall vote against this policy merely to attain sonal problems. include four full-strength combat divisions, some immediate goals. Before I close, I want to quote a state four full-strength air wings, and such other Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. ment made by one of our most highly land combat, aviation, and other services as may be organic therein, and the personnel Chairman, will the gentleman yield? respected generals, a general for whom strength of the Regular Marine Corps shall Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. I yield. I have a great deal of admiration, Gen be maintained at not more than 400,000." Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. It eral Spaatz. I quote: SEC. 2. The commandant of the Marine would se~:n to me the so-called unifica I recommend, therefore, that the size of Corps shall be a consultant to the Joint tion has proved to be a merger rather the Marine Corps be limited to small, readily Chiefs of Staff on all problems before the than a unification and that both the available and lightly armed units, no larger Joint Chiefs of Staff. On matters in which Navy and Marine Corps have been sub than a regiment, to protect United States the Marine Corps may be concerned he shall merged. interests ashore in foreign countries and to be permitted to be heard and to file a sup provide interior guard of naval ships and porting memorandum for consideration by Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I yield naval shore establishments. the Secretary of Defense and 1;he President. the balance of my time to the gentleman from Connecticut [Mr. PATTERSON] a General Spaatz changed his mind With the following committee amend member of our committee, and also a though, because on July 17, 1950, he ment: Marine. wrote in Newsweek as follows: Strike out all after the enacting clause and · Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Chairman, Two or three Marine divisions, stationed Insert "That the following is hereby sub being the last speaker on the totem pole, at strategic locations ready for quick move stituted ·for the first sentence of section 206 it is rather difficult to tell the Members ment to any part of the world, also are (c) of the National Security Act of 1947 (61 of the House any more than they have essential. Stat. 501): been told this afternoon by their col "'(c) The United States Marine Corps, Mr. Chairman, I will take the recom within the Department of the Navy as de leagues about the attributes of this leg mendations of a great soldier like Gen fined in this section, shall include not less islation. However, I do first want to ex eral Spaatz, and also the recommenda than four full-strength combat divisions, press my appreciation as a Marine to our tions of my chairman, who has been four full-E.trength air wings, and such other most distinguished chairman, the gen here in the Congress handling military land combat, aviation, and other services as tleman from Georgia [Mr. VINSON] and affairs for practically 40 years, and who may be organic thereto. Hereafter the ac to our most distinguished senior minor was handling military affairs when I was tual enlisted strength of the active list of the ity Member, the gentleman from Mis on this earth only a short 2 years. Regular Marine Corps shall be not less than souri [Mr. SHORT]. 300,000. The total active duty enlisted I also compliment again the wonder strength of the Marine Corps shall not be There are things, however, in this bill ful work done by our senior minority more than 400,000, which number shall con which I think should be highlighted at member, the gentleman from Missouri stitute the authorized enlisted strength of this time, and the first is this: Everybody [Mr. SHORT]. the active list of the Regular Marine Corps: has wondered why the First Division, Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, will the Provided, That this limitation shall be sus which is now fighting in Korea, has had gentleman yield? pended during time of war or national emer such a wonderful record. Well, the rea Mr. PATTERSON. I yield to the gency declared by the Congress. The actual son that this division has achieved such permanent commissioned strength of the ac gentleman from Texas. tive list of the Regular Marine Corps, exclu a great record is because the majority of Mr. TEAGUE. I cannot allow to pass sive of copunissioned warrant officers, shall the officers in that particular division one statement which my friend made not be less than 4 percent and not more have had combat experience. Also, the without consent. I saw the First Ma than 7 percent of the authorized enlisted noncommissioned officers had combat rine Division and obviously it was a good strength of the active list of the Regular experience. Therefore the enlisted men division. There is no question about Marine Corps. "Actual strength," as used serving with the First Division had the that. in this subsection, shall be construed to mean opportunity to train under their experi Mr. PATTERSON. That is a real the daily average number of personnel in the enced guidance. I think that in this bill, compliment, coming from an Army man. category concerned during the fiscal year and shall be attained as soon as practicable with it should also be highlighted that the Mr. TEAGUE. I meant it as a com out impairing the efticiency of the Marine United States Marine Corps has been a pliment, because they were a great di Corps but not later than 24 months after the basis for training and the advancement vision. But I also saw our Army Seventh date of enactment of this amendatory act.' of military tactics used by all branches of and our Army Third and our Army Sec "SEc. 2. Section 211 (a) of the National our Armed Forces. For instance, the ond. Any American would be proud of Security Act of 1947 "(61 Stat. 505), as close air support which the marines have all of those divisions over there. amended, is hereby further amended to read advocated for years at last came to light Mr. PATTERSON. I would like to ex as follows: in Korea. I have been told by marines tend my compliments to the Army. I "'SEC. 211. (a) There is hereby established who were in Korea and who witnessed also think the Army should support this within the Depa.rtment of Defense the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which shall consist of the some of the close coordinated ground and bill, because it would give the Army, chairman, who shall be the presiding of air engagements, that it was a real lift to which takes on greater obligations than ficer but who shall have no vote; the Chief the morale of the marine, the fellow who the Marine Corps, an opportunity to of Staff, United States Army; the Chief of is carrying the rifle, when he received train their troops if the Marine Corps Naval Operations; the Chief of St aff, United this close ground-air support on some of ·had a ready, hard-striking force in case States A1r Force; and the commandant of 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5379 the Marine Corps. The Joint Chiefs of Staff 235,000 enlisted men that would have Mr. COLE of New York. But the ef shall be the principal military advisers to made a strength of 258,000, which would fect of the gentleman's amendment the President, the National Security Coun cil, and the Secretary of Defense.' entail an additional appropriation over would be to impose a ceiling of 400,000. "SEC. 3. Section 2 (b) of the Act of April and above what has been appropriated. Mr.·TEAGUE. It does nothing that is 18, 1946 (60 Stat. 92), is hereby repealed." But if we reduce the :floor to 220,000 not being done already in the case of all enlisted personnel it will not increase other components of our Armed Forces. Mr. VINSON (interrupting the read $1 that which has already been appro Mr. COLE of New York. It will mean ing of the bill) . Mr. Chairman, I ask priated for fiscal 1953, because the Mar that hereafter even in wartime the ceil unanimous consent that the bill and the ines will level off at 243,000 enlisted men ing would be 400,000. committee amendment be considered as and officers in 1953. Mr. TEAGUE. No; that is not correct. read and printed in the RECORD, and The CHAIRMAN. The question is on Mr. SHORT. I think it is very evident open to amendment at any point. the amendment offered by the gentle that it is correct. We reached around The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection . man from Georgia. 436,000 marines in World War II and to the request of the gentleman from now the gentleman's amendment would Georgia? The amendment was agreed to. Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I offer put a ceiling that would hold them down There was no objection. an amendment. to less than that. Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I offer Mr. TEAGUE. The same thing exists an amendment which is at the Clerk's The Clerk read as follows: Amendment offered by Mr. VINSON: Page in the case of the Army. I think the desk. present authorized ceiling on the Army The Clerk read as follows: 3, line 3, strike out the figure "4" and insert the figure "3~." today is 837 ,000 men and officers, but Amendment offered by Mr. VINSON: that ceiling has ·been suspended during On page 2, line 12, after the word "than" Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, this the emergency. strike out "four" and insert "three." merely fixes the percentage of Regular In the same line, after the word "divi Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I ask officers in the Marine Corps at 3% per unanimous consent that all debate on sions," strike out the word "four" and insert cent rather than 4, the former figure the word "three." this amendment close in 1 minute and being mQre effective. that the time be allotted to the commit Mr. ViNSON. Mr. Chairman, that is The CHAIRMAN. The question is on tee. carrying out the statement which I made the amendment offered by the gentleman The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the Committee this morning, that as from Georgia. to the request of the gentleman from a committee amendment we are asking The amendment was agreed to. Georgia? that it be reduced from four combatant Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, I offer There was no objection. divisions to three combatant divisions. an amendment. Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I trust Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, there is The Clerk read as follows: the Committee will vote down this no opposition on this side. Amendment offered by Mr. TEAGUE: t>n amendment. . As the gentleman from Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, I offer page 2, strike out lines 10 through 22 and, Texas says, the purpose is to strike out a substitute amendment. on page 3, strike out lines 1 through 10 and the floor which you just agreed should be The CHAIRMAN. Is that a substi insert in lieu thereof the following: 220,000 enlisted personnel. I hope the tute for this amendment or for the com "'(c) The United States Marine Corps, Committee will vote the amendment mittee amendment? within the Department of the Navy, as de down. Mr. TEAGUE. A substitute for this fined in this section, shall include land com The CHAIRMAN. Th~ question is on amendment. bat and service forces and such aviation r .1 may be organic therein. The personnel the amendment offered by the gentle The CHAIRMAN. That would be an man from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE]. amendment in the third degree, and strength- of the Regular Marine Corps shall be maintained at not more than four hun The question was taken; and on a di would be out of order. dred thousand'." Mr. TEAGUE. I offer an amendment vision (demanded by Mr. TEAGUE) there to the committee amendment. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman were-ayes 22, noes 72. The CHAIRMAN. That may be done from Texas is recognized for 5 minutes. So the amendment was rejected. later. Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, I will Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair The question is on the amendment of not take the full 5 minutes. All this man, I move to strike out the last word. amendment does is to leave the maxi Mr. Chairman, if it was not already f erect by the gentleman from Georgia self-evident, my distinguished colleagues VINSON]. mum strength of the Marine Corps at [Mr. who have already spoken on behalf of The amendment was agreed to. 400,000 and strike out the floor of 300;000 this legislation have made abundantly Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, a par which is placed under it. No other serv clear the splendid opportunity we have liamentary inquiry. ~ has a~mu~~tt~dtt~m~~ before us. By enacting this bill, we can The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman festly wrong to place one under the Ma insure that this Nation shall henceforth will state it. rine Corps. To my mind there is no rea have at its disposal a Marine air-ground Mr. TEAGUE. I understood that my son why there should be a floor under the force in readiness capable of instant and amendment was an amendment to the Marine Corps because it makes for in decisive action in times of peril which amendment. flexibility. As I say, Mr. Chairman, all may lie ahead. We shall also, by seat The CHAIRMAN. It is an amend this bill does is to strike the floor out ing the Commandant of the Marine ment to the committee amendment in from under the committee bill. Corps as a full-fledged member of the the bill. Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Chair Joint Chiefs of Staff, round out and Mr. TEAGUE. Is it proper to offer it man, will the gentleman yield? strengthen the membership of that body as a substitute for the amendment? Mr. TEAGUE. I yield. on which our security so much depends. The CHAIRMAN. You may offer it Mr. COLE of New York. I am wonder I have been unimpressed by the ar as an amendment to the committee ing if the effect of the gentleman's guments advanced against this bill by amendment, later. amendment would not be that in war its opponents, who seem to be limited Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I offer time the size of the Marine Corps could in number to the top command at the an amendment which is at the Clerk's not exceed 400,000? Pentagop, and its spokesmen. Insofar desk. Mr. TEAGUE. As the gentleman as the remainder of the public is con The Clerk read as follows: from New York well knows, today there cerned, where this measure has been Amendment offered by Mr. VINSON: On are ceilings on the Army, on the Air examined without regard to interserv page 2, line 16, strike out "three hundred Force, and on the Navy. However, for ice politics, there is overwhelming sup thousand" and insert "two hundred twenty the emergency, these ceilings have all port. It is worthy of special mention thousand." been suspended. The same thing applies that every major veterans' organization, Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, briefly to the Marine Corps. Under present law. as well as numerous other civic groups, I want to call the committee's attention the Marine Corps is limited to 20 percent have heartily endorsed this measure or to the fact, as pointed out by the dis of the strength of the Navy; however, others embodying the same principles. tinguished gentleman from New York that limitation has also been suspended Among the arguments advanced CMr. TABER], if we had kept the :floor at during the emergency. against this bill there is one, however, 5380 CONGRESSIONl\L RECORD - HOU$E May 16 which I want to discuss here, as I feel Chief of Naval Operations are already which they can exploit as being dictated that its insidious character may lend it coequal as heads of separate military by them. Pol' propaganda. purpose, for some color of credibility despite its lack services. Thus the seating of the Marine the sake of being able to say that it was of merit. I refer to the dire prediction Commandant on the Joint Chiefs of their terms that were accepted by the that the establishment of the Comman Staff can in no sense be regarded as a United Nations, rather than having it dant of the Marine Corps as coequal step toward separation. Insofar as re known that they had accepted the with the Chief of Naval Operations in lations between the Navy and Marines United Nations 11roposal, they squirmed the Joint Chiefs of Stall' would be the are concerned. it is simplY a much and evaded an answer. first step toward a separation of the needed affirmation of a ooequality which I cannot from this distance say defi Marine Corps from the Navy with which has existed sinee the oifice of Chief of nitely that the Koje-do prisoners were it has been so long and closely associated Naval Operations was afiirmed by stat ordered inro action. I would be willing throughout its existence. ute 37 years ago. to hazard a guess that it was. The oo This argument is wholly specious. It The more one examines this charge of . incidence of their action with the dilem centers around a misconception of the ''separatism," the more patently absurd ma facing the Communists at Panmun.:.. historic and legally authorized status of it becomes. I have talked to many jom is significant. Indeed, no orders the Marine Corps, and of the relations marines of many different ranks, and I would be needed to experienced Commu between the Marine Commandant, the have yet to find a single one who feels nist agitators. They would know what Secretary of the NavY, and the Chief of that the Marines should go a separate to do. On Wedne.sday they seized Gen Naval Operations. way. I have found among marines a eral Dodd while he was at the camp. We Even a cursory reading of the legis unanimous satisfaction with their his know their plans: They intended to hold lative and judicial history of the Marine toric place in the Department of the General Dodd and release bim after 10 Corps and Navy dispels this mis Navy. The Navy and Marine Corps have days, and foree him, wreathed in fiowers, conception. The United States Marine lived together in harmony within the to walk a gantlet of ·sardonic prisoners. Corps was created as a separate military Naval Establishment for a centucy and This clearly shows the seizure was for service, in addition to the other military a half, and there is no visible disposition propaganda and morale purposes only, services, in 1798. At that time it was among the Marines to leave that roof. not becaue they had real grievances that placed in tne newly established Depart In any event, it is obvious to·all of us, needed to be corrected. That sort of ment of the Navy, under the Secretary of though not to the Pentagon. that Con thing is a typically Chinese way of mak the Navy, t.o give it an administrative gress alone possesses the power to sep ing General Dodd lose face., and, with roof under which to live. The United arate the Marine Corps from the De General Dodd, the whole United Natinns~ States Navy was, of course, placed under partment of the Navy. And I can think Any Chinese ould know that this losing the same administrative roof. The of few things it is less likely to do. I of face would be used at Panmunjom to Marine Corps was not then, and never hope that we shall hear no more about attack the United Nations screening of has been, a part of the Navy itself. But this ragged specter of "separatism.', But prisoners, and thereby o.tfset the body within the Naval Establishment tne if· we do, I am sure my colleagues will blow of admitting that '73.000 Commu United States Marine Corps and the recognize it for the man <>f straw it i~. nist prisoners had publicly rejected the United States Navy exist as se11arate We will 1lnd a great deal more of the Communist way of life in their home military services, each under its own same doubtful quality of building ma land. commander, who is individually and terial if w.e prnbe the other arguments I hold no bfi.ef for General Caul.son's directly responsible to the Secretary of which have been advanced against this signing of the prisoners• demands. He the Navy. . bill. I have examined them carefully was wrong to do so, and he had no au This status has not been altered by the .and while they all possess .some degree thority. Gene.ml officers do not permit fact that specific Marine units are from of plausibility they appear to me to be prisoners fo negotiate and make de time to time assigned by the President heavily outweighOO by the important mands. But let us give a little thuught or the Secretary of the Navy to the naval benefits which will accrue from the -en to his J>OSition at the time. operating forces, where they come under actment of this legislation. We have There bad been previous riots in this Navy operational control, just as they are before us a bill whose passage will do camp at Koje-do. They were instigated frequently assigned by the President to much to bulwark the national security by the hard-core Communist agitators the Army, thus bringing them under at a time when we are surrounded by among the prisoners. These men are Army operational control. grave dangers. I therefore urge my col provocating agents; they know that Nor was the situation altered by the leagues to give this measure their whole riots mean people will get hurt. These enactment of Public Law 432, Eightieth hea.rted support. riots were instigated precisely for this Congress, which broadened the statutory Mr. SIEMINSKI. Mr. Chairman, I purpose. They knew that the prisoners authority of the Chief of Naval Opera move to strike out the last two words. injured in the suppression of the riots tions within the Navy. At the time that Mr. Chairman. the continued criticism they had instigated would be arguments legislation was enacted the Secretary of of the United Nations handling of the reinforcing their own control over the the Navy assured the Commandant of Koje-do prisoners' revolt is only assist camp. They could say: ( provides for the setting " 'SEc. 211. (a) There is hereby established set of thinking, whereas if you have four u:) of the Armed Forces policy council. members on the Joint Chiefs of Staff who within the Department of Defense the Joint Now that is the No. 1 over-all governing Chiefs of Staff, which shall consist of the are advisers to the civilian members of Chairman, who shall be the presiding officer group, committee, or body within the our Government, there is no question in but who shall have no vote; the Chief of Defense Department, and it is to that my mind that you will have a difference Staff, United States Army; the Chief of Na body that everything ultimately finds its of opinion. As a matter of fact, we have val Operations; and the Chief of Staff, United way from subordinate echelons. Now just witnessed from the hearings that States Air Force. The Commandant of the the membership of that top policy body have been brought before us today that Marine Corps shall be a consultant to the consists of five civilian secretaries there was a decided difference of opinion Joint Chiefs of Staff on all problems before headed by the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff which may concern among the various officers who are the the Marine Corps. The Joint Chiefs of Staff four uniformed members, the members members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be the principal military advisers to of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and their and the Commandant of the Marine the President, .the National Security Coun chairman. In the section we pay lip Corps. As a matter of fact, I think it was cil, and the Secretary of Defense.' " service to civilian control by saying that brought out shortly after Admiral Den the Secretary of Defense shall be chair feld was given his walking papers that Mr. VINSON. Mr. Chairman, I ask man and have the power of decision. unanimous consent that all debate on the Commandant of the Marine Corps That means precious little when a came up and presented his position very this amendment close in 15 minutes. group of men are gathering around the The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection clearly without fear of reprisals of any table as full members of a committee, sort. That is the kind of thinking I to the request of the gentleman from discussing i:roposals and making de would like to see on our Joint Chiefs of Georgia? cisions. Staff. There was no objection. The very next section in the United Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, I am op .. Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Chairman, Gen States Code dealing with this subject posed to this amendment by the gentle eral Cates, then Commandant of the is section 171 (f). That provides for man from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE] because Marine Corps, asked in 1949 that the the setting up of the Joint Chiefs. That it strikes at one of the most vital provi Commandant of the Marine Corps be is the thing we are talking about now sions of the bill. made a consultant to the Joint Chiefs of in this amendment. It provides that There never has been a valid reason Staff in all matters before the Joint the Joint Chiefs shall gather together, why the Marine Corps, occupying the Chiefs of Staff which concern the Marine t:C.. e four of them, and shall make deci Corps. That is what this amendment sions. They shall make strategic plans. role it does in national defense, should does. Mr. Chairman, we fight in the air, They shall deal with logistic problems. have been denied for a single day a full we fight on the water, and we fight on They shall reach conclusions. voice in the councils of the Joint Chiefs land. Those are the three basic ele Then those four Joint Chiefs pick up of Staff. ments of military warfare. The Joint their marbles, having reached decisions Have we forgotten that day-October Chiefs of Staff is composed of represent and finished the game, and walk across 17, 1949, a few short months before the atives of .those three basic strategies as the hall to the Secretary's room and sit outbreak of war in Korea-when Gen. the top men of the three basic services down in the Armed Forces Council to Clifton B. Cates, then Commandant of which deal with each particular type of consider the same problems upon which the Marine Corps, testified before the warfare. Now, if you are going to make they have conferred, and thus, of course, House Armed Services Committee and the Commandant of the Marine Corps become a caucus within a caucus. In protested bitterly the shabby treatment a member of the Joint Chiefs of ·staff, evitably, human nature being what it is, that had been accorded the Marine you should probably make the Chief of they become the dominant factor in the Corps? Engineers, the Chief of the Airborne Policy Committee. Permit me to repeat some of General Corps, the Chief of the Strategic Air What the Committee on Armed Forces Cates' testimony on that occasion: Command members and, as I believe one is proposing to do in this bill will ag There does exist within our Corps, a con of our gentlewomen remarked, the head gravate what seems to me a dangerous tinuous feeling of apprehension and annoy of the Women's Army Corps should be situation now. They are proposing to ance sometimes bordering on outright in represented on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. add one more member to that caucus d ignation. We know that we exist solely as an element of the national defense. That Mr. Chairman, I hope this amendment within a caucus, to the Joint Chiefs of is our business. We understand it and we will be adopted because the bill as pres Staff, so that when the Armed Forces know there is much to be done. Yet, dur ently constituted will start us down the Policy Committee sits around the table ing the past 2 years, the time, energy and road to deunifica tion-and beginning there will not even be a theoretical attention of our leadership has been stead right with the top of our military struc superiority of numbers on the civilian ily consumed by the e1Iort necessary to re ture, too. side. There will be five military mem- sist the inroads and incursions of those wl10 5382 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 15 appear to accept the verdict of Con dant of the Marine Corps-should be there, Mr. ARENDS. Is it also planned. or gress. • • • too, because each one has a certain mili are there any plans about voting on the It follows that, at a time when the great tary function and a certain miliQu}t Mutual Security bill next week? requirement within the services is f<>_r a mission. Certainly there is no military Mr. MCCORMACK. Of course that is continuous, integrated effort. uncertamty mission that is developed in this country within the wisdom of the House. l think. and instability are the rule. As long as this I like persists and the services are kept off bal without the Marine Corps having some mJ> views are well known. to have ance • • • there can be no effective or part in it. So an exchange of ideas will a full and complete discussion. Of ganization of the Nation's military poten be brought about by the Commandant course, if it could be :finished by Thurs tial in the manner envisaged by the Na of the Marine Corps being on that com day or Friday, I would ask to go over" tional Security Act. mittee. So I am certainly hoping that, until Monday. With that observation.. Then, fighting against extinction of the committee will make hj.m a bona fide I am always in favor of full and free the already decimated Marine Corps. member of the Joint Chiefs of Stat! in disc:tlsfilon. General Cates said this on October 17, stead of just being a consultant on it. Mr. IllNSHAW. Mr~ Chairman, will If he is be a consultant, what is he 1949, only months before the start of the to the gentleman yield? going to be consulted ahout? Is he go Korean conflagration: Mr. McCORMACK. I yield to the ing to be consulted about one thing today gentleman from Cali!ornia. The Marine Corps emerged from the last and nothing tomorrow? l want him to Mr. HINSHAW. I would like to in war feeling it had perlonned creditably. be a full-fledged member, because the quire bill, With the Navy, it had pioneered and devel again about the McFarland oped the field of amphibious warfare for Marine Corps is an integral part of our amendment to the Federal Communica the use of the entire allied world. 'Illis new national defense. I certainly hope this tions Commission Act. technique proved to be the key to victory amendment will be voted down. Mr~ McCORMA6K. I was :frank with on every major front in the war. • "' • The CHAIRMAN. The question is on my friend last. week. You can see the In addition, our own field forces played a the amendment offered by the gentleman position I am in. The deficiency ap- decisive role in the reduction of the island from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE]. propriation is up for .consideration. The fortresses held by the Japanese. The question was taken; and on a mutual security bill I assume will take Then this blunt statement from the division PEACEFUL REVOLUTION IN UNITED STATES a number of responsible officers who have My further reaction is that so far as AGRICULTURE since returned from Korea. possible we should fight the Reds in Ko In these 20 years, we have brought about But, Mr. Speaker, the State Depart rea with our Asiatic allies. Gen. Chiang a real revolution-a peaceful revolution-in ment-of all peoples-has developed a Kai-shek's troops could largely replace American agriculture. new military strategy. It has decided our ground forces. Eventually Chiang's Some people have never approved of what that we will hold a line in Korea until troops should be able to hold the line in we set out to do-and have been doing. someway, somehow, our enemy will Korea and free our ground force from its They have fought against us every step of the way. They are still at it today. And their naively conclude that the war is futile 2-year-old, arduous assignment. favorite cry has been "socialism," "regimen and then beg to come to honorable Our major effort could then be made tation," Government "control" and "domina terms. in the air and on the sea where we are tion" of the farmer. Cease-fire conversations have been peculiarly qualified to be most effective. Actually what we have been doing is the going on nearly 10 months. The argument that the use of Chiang very opposite of socialism. We've been get What has happened in the meanwhile? Kai-shek's troops would lead to war with ting the means of production back into the Red strength has been increased Red China is fatuous. We are already hands of the individual free enterprisers. enormously. We are outnumbered 2 or 3 at war with Red China. Listen to this. In 1932, less than 58 per to 1 on the ground; nearly 2 to 1 in air While we followed Secretary Ache cent of the Nation's farms were owned by the people who operated them. Today, after craft; our Sabre jet fighter is outnum son's policy of "waiting for the dust to 20 years of what the mossbacks call social bered 5 to 1 by the Red MIG-15. settle," we lost China. ism, that figure has gone up to 75 percent. The Reds have recovered from their Are we going to be foolish enough now. There are 250,000 more farmers who own precarious supply position; in the cease to continue Acheson's leadership of hold their own farms today than there were in fire conversations we are confronted ing a line in a war of attrition while the 1932. That doesn't sound like socialism to with stalling and lies; Red prisoners Reds build up the striking potential to me. It sounds like real free enterprise. So have kidnaped their commanding gen destroy us? far as I know, there is nothing in the free Mr. Speaker, I want to go on record as enterprise system that requires half the Na eral. tion's farms to be owned by absentee land But, Mr. Speaker, the alarming thing warning that the present drift of things lords. about this increased Rec! strength is not in Korea could lead to a class "A" mili All this talk about socialism is just plain its actual present level, rather it is the tary debacle. hokum. What we have actually been work fact that there is a constant and progres The American people have a right to ing for is to extend and strengthen private sive increase. It is not only in Korea, definite assurance that if the Red forces farm ownership. And we have been trying it is in China also. should strike, American boys now in to make it possible for all farm families Airdromes, underground hangars, Korea will survive with minimum losses. whether they own their farms or not-to hard standings, runways, modern anti Are we justified in our present allocation grow good crops and sell them for decent prices. We have been trying to make sure aircraft are mushrooming up in critical of strength for Europe-where there is that we will have a. strong agriculture as areas in Korea, Manchuria; and China. no war-while our forces in Korea face part of a strong economy, and good farm Red submarines are being sighted in a possible annihilation? living as part of a good life for all Americans. Korean waters. Mr. Speaker, if not administration and That has been our goal these 20 years. For the Red forces Korea is a testing military leaders have answers to this That has been the motive power and the laboratory and back of this testing Korean problem, the American people inspiration behind your fine work in the ground real inescapable, sinister power are entitled to those answers, now. If Department of Agriculture. is being amassed. they do not have the answer, the Con And it is still the goal-still the inspira A third of our entire defensive Air gress itself must take a hand. tion-still the reason so many men and women are giving their best efforts to the Force is tied down defending our ground forces; half of all American combat di public service in our agricultural programs. WHAT ABOUT K03EA? we must keep it that way. I hope the time visions are required in Korea and Japan; will never come when the good fight, the good our allies continue with token forces Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask spirit, the sense of real public purpose and only. We are not only sadly short of unanimous consent to extend my re real achievement goes out of this great De equipment in Korea; but we are so sadly marks at this point in the RECORD. partment. short of ammunition that it is being ra The SPEAKER. Is there objection to For there is still a lot to do. There are tioned. Meanwhile, the American pro plenty of problems still to be solved-plenty the request of the gentleman from Ohio? of improvements still to be made. It's a big gram of NATO support continues, so far There was no objection. Job-and a great challenge. as I know, on schedule. Our home de Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, the I know that you will meet this challenge fenses are sadly neglected. American people are not forgetting about in the same spirit and with the same devo Our defense and foreign-aid budgets Korea. No matter how much the na tion that has marked the work of the men have pushed us deep into deficit spend tional administration tries to push the and women we honor here today. ing in spite of the fact that taxes are war into the background, it is still the higher than during the war. The lives most important single problem before of American_youth are completely dis our country. For the first time in Ameri WHAT IS OUR PROGRAM IN KOREA? rupted. By 1954 every eligible lad will can history, we appear to be engaged in Mr. REECE of Tennessee. Mr. have been drafted into the military a war which the Federal Government re Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad service. fuses to recognize. dress the House for 3 minutes and to re Mr. Speaker, never before in all his It is fantastic to watch the way the vise and extend my remarks. tory has a first-rate power succeeded so White Hous·e is treating this tragic strug The SPEAKER. Is there objection to effectively in th'l complete global diffu gle. On every occasion when the issue the request of the gentleman from Ten sion of its entire military resources. has become embarrassing, Mr. Truman nessee? What every real American wants to refuses to call the daily warfare in There was no objection. know is: What is our program for Korea? Korea by its right name. Instead, he Mr. REECE of Tennessee. Mr. How do we end Mr. Truman's war there? insists upon using the sugar-coated Speaker, it is time we faced the facts in What is our long-range military pro phrase he invented 2 years ago, a police Korea. More than a year ago General gram; where is it leading us? action. But notice this. In the Supreme MacArthur was relieved from command. Obviously, in Korea, there are three Court of the United States last week, our Since then our position in Korea has alternatives: Admit defeat and pull out; Solicitor General tried to justify the seiz steadily deteriorated. continue a war of attrition; reinforce ure of the steel industry by saying that When he left Korea, the Red forces and win. "we are at war." He spoke the truth. were suffering heavy losses, their supply The American people have a right to We are at war, and it is time we decided position was precarious and their air know what to expect. My reaction is if on the measures necessary to bring it to support negligible. Had MacArthur we do not intend to win, it is better to a successful conclusion. been given a free hand, with air restric pull out and admit defeat than to con I believe that the motives governing tions lifted, with Asiatic reinforcements tinue the sacrifice of American lives and our conduct in Korea are political, not made available, he would have given us treasure with no hope of a military deci military. They are directed by unseen a victory. "'vVe have this assurance from sion. factors. In my judgment, the blueprint 5388 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE May 16 which would have brought this conflict to Department propose to do. We ought that it was not the Germans, but the an end months ago was drafted by Gen. to know if they intend to perpetuate this Russians, who massacred the Poles, the Douglas MacArthur. Mr. Truman and stalemate or fight the war to a decision. Voice of America kept silent. This si his State Department do not choose to If the Korean war is being fought only lence was all the more difficult to under follow this program because it came from to prop up the American economy, to stand in the light of the fact that that MacArthur. No military leader has of keep the Nation in a state of tension, to agency had available to it complete evi fered any alternative to the MacArthur influence the outcome of the coming na dence in the Katyn case as assembled plan of action which promises victory to tional elections, we ought to know that. by a well-known writer for the New York the U. N. What has been presented to us Our people believe in responsible ac Herald Tribune. Not only did the Voice is a strategy of delay. It is not a blue tion, intelligently planned and boldly of America fail to publish or broadcast print for victory. It is a reduction of carried into execution. American mili this evidence, but it failed to protect the American arms from our tradition of tary commanders must share the feel efforts of public-spirited citizens and valor to the ignominy of stalemate. ing of frustration and shame at the con good American patriots, some of them There is no doubt of our incredible duct of the war in Korea. I challenge former high officials of the Government, predicament in Korea. Here we are, the the administration to take us into its to try to bring out the facts. Despite strongest nation in the history of man confidence and put its cards on the table. the fact that there was intense interest kind,· pinned down on the field of battle Let us fight the way we must fight to in it all over Europe, where front-page by a nation which has never been able to win. Or if we cannot win, let us stop the feature stories appeared in the European unite in its own defense. The country useless waste of American lives and serve press concerning the incident, our own which was the arsenal of freedom in notice on the U. N. that it must build foreign publicity and propaganda agen World War II finds itself frustrated by an honest international force to preserve cies were as silent as the tomb. a lack of adequate planes, munitions, world peace instead of relying on us to Are we to assume, according to the and material. America, never defeated do the dirty work. views of the writer mentioned above, in any war, is being hamstrung by petty I have spoken plainly and clearly. It that the Voice therefore decided to bickering in a tent. This is the sorriest is time to ask the Democrats in Wash play down Katyn because it would spectacle in our history. We have been ington to do th~ same. create too much hatred against Stalin made fools of on the biggest stage in all among the Poles. It is indeed appro the world, and we do not like it. priate to ask, as he has, whether any I do not for a moment suggest that The SPEAKER. Under the previous one connected with this Government de our national vanity should determine our order of the House, the gentleman from sires to create love for Stalin among the policy in Korea. But I do believe that Massachusetts [Mr. PHILBIN] is recog Poles at the American taxpayer's ex the 125,000 American casualties-dead, nized for 30 minutes. pense. wounded, and sick- must determine our Moreover, it should be noted that the policy. Our prisoners who will ultimately POLAND -AND HUMAN · LIBERTY Voice censored the speech of Count Jo be returned and our missing who will Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, it has seph Czapski, one of the few survivors of never return are more important than been my custom since I have been a Katyn, when he was permitted to ad any other concern. Their sacrifice must Member of this body on the anniversary dress the Poli~h people through the fa not be made in vain. Yet every sign of Poland's Constitution Day to join oth cilities of the Voice. He was not per points to the most shocking of all sacri er Members of the House in commemo mitted to mention the mere word of fices-those that achieve nothing. rating that great event in world history. Katyn. I am at a complete loss to un Have we stopped communism? Have I think that Poland's Constitution Day derstand such a policy. Why was it pur we checked its advance in the Far East? has new significance this year, because sued? Have we succeeded in our objective in already there are signs that the indomi If we are interested in helping the Korea? Or have we fallen into a trap table Polish people and other people sim Polish people to liberate themselves designed to pin· us down in one area while ilarly oppressed in Western Europe and from oppression, why was the truth Communist gains were being consoli in other parts of the world are at last, about Katyn suppressed for more than dated throughout China and central after many years of persecution and suf 8 years? Why did the officials of this Europe? fering, prepared to move in order to Government consider it proper to tell the The war in Korea is being fought un throw off the shackles that so cruelly truth about Katyn in May 1951 when the der U. N. banners, but it is being fought bind them. same truth was unfit to be produced in by American soldiers, sailors, and avia There is another reason this year why 1949 and 1950, not to speak of the years tors. Our allies are making a token those of us dedicated to democratic prin before that? contribution, but the decisions are being ciples of self-determination and justice Now that a House committee, under made every day in Washington. They should make special efforts to keep the the leadership of our esteemed colleague are not being made in Tokyo or on the great issues of human freedom alive in from Indiana [Mr. MADDEN] is currently battlefields of Korea, and the result is diplomatic and political circles and that investigating all aspects of the Katyn clear. American prestige is being de is the current investigation of the out massacre, we may at least expect to get stroyed throughout the Far East, not rageous massacre at Katyn. the full truth as it is available from wit U. N. prestige. American influence in Since this frightful mass slaughter oc nesses and documentary evidence. the councils of the world is undermined, curred the world was led to believe that In order to document the foregoing not the influence of the United Nations. the Germans were responsible for it. remarks that I have made in behalf of Is it not time for decisive action? We Even the publicity agencies of our own Poland and especially my references to have been engaged in a bloody war for Government, such as OWI and the Voice Katyn, I desire to set forth in the REC almost 2 years. The only positive for of America, either by their silence or by ORD a portion of an article entitled "The mula ever suggested to the American implication, have given the impression OWI and the Voice of America," by Ju people for bringing this war to an end that the Germans perpetrated this hor lius Epstein, experienced foreign corre has been ruthlessly ignored. rible and indescribable blood bath. It is spondent, former language editor of the We have fallen back into a habit which interesting for me to note that even OWI and a well-known newspaperman. we should long ago have abandoned though the OWI and later the Voice of It is very difficult for me to understand the habit of too little and too late. America had, or should have had, access the tenderness found in many high This time, there can be no excuse for to the facts of this.cold-blooded slaugh places for the welfare of persons who are the performance. Our President took ter of 15,000 loyal Polish officers, who the known enemies of this Nation and its persor.. al responsibility for the use of were massacred on Soviet soil in the institutions. American troops. He has never asked spring of 1940, the evidence unhappily We are engaged in a war, call it a po Congress to this day for a declaration of shows that these agencies apparently ac lice action if you will, but it is one of the war on North Korea or on China. cepted the Russian version of the horri bloodiest wars in American history. I say that it is high time for Uncle ble incident, namely, that it had been What is happening in Korea is only a Sam to demand a bill of particulars. We perpetrated by the Germans. Sunday School picnic compared to what ought to know what is going on inside All the more distressing is that after can happen elsewhere if patent instiga Korea. We ought to know what the the war, when a large number of unde tion from the Kremlin succeeds. The men in the White House and our State niable facts became available indicating world is afiame. Insurrection and revo- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5389 lution are raging throughout the world lant little Poland, it is appropriate that dom-minded peoples who are entitled by through conspiracy and base plots, in all true Americans should pause once every warrant and right and by many which traitorous Americans in this Na again to pay tribute to the valor, gal of our solemn declarations to their God tion have played a part. lantry, and indomitable will of the Polish given rights to live as free men and Much of Asia has fallen into the hands people. It is an occasion also for all of women. of Marxist Communists, who are not only us to rededicate our purpose with moving I have heard it said many times that stealing a way the liberties of the Chinese and more vigorous determination to the compromise is a prerequisite of the po and other peoples of Asia, but actually campaign for the liberation of Poland litical process. It may be true that ~om planning and plotting to steal away, and the other small, helpless nations that promise is often justified to reconcile destroy, cancel, and nullify for all time have been dragged in behind the iron conflicting viewpoints of various groups the liberties of the American people. curtain by a combination of bestial vio within our Nation and also in the in They say: "Be patient. If you say too lence, unconscionable diplomacy, and ternational sphere. But there are some much you are likely to precipitate a war; subversive infiltration. things one can never compromise. if you do too much you are likely to bring We should not delude ourselves about Foremost among these is the right of this Nation into another holocaust.'' this situation. We should not indulge in nations desiring to be free, the right of Personally, I want to say that the sanctimonious feelings of satisfaction each individual to be free, the right of American people are not only outraged with the unwise, unsound, unjust diplo the human soul to find expression in by such talk but disgusted to think that matic settlements in which we had an free institutions, to achieve that measure any American opinion or leadership unfortunate part and which led to the of freedom bestowed by the Creator, the would follow such a spineless, cowardly infamous, unconscionable result of the right of the lowly and the weak to be co:.irse when the clear interests, safety, suppression and domination of the God protected in their choice of life and in and welfare of the Nation are at stake, fearing, liberty-loving, peace-seeking their desire and intention to walk as they are from this great active world Polish people and other democratic humbly in the ways of the Lord seeking conspiracy seething with anti-American minded Christian peoples under the and enjoying the privilege that can come sentiment, with anti-American designs ruthless heel of the Soviet Union. only from free government to order their anj with every purpose of conquering Let us not deceive ourselves or the own lives and to be liberated from the this Nation and subjugating it to the will American people. If these mistakes bondage and the slavery which selfish, of world communism. wer ~ made in a spirit of compromise rapacious tyrants impose upon them. Let us be Americans, whatever we are, that has since been received with such No, my fellow Americans, there can and let us not be afraid to stand on our cynical ingratitude and which has been be no compromise on these great issues feet and proclaim our rights and uphold fraught with such deep anguish and which mean life or death to the demo our liberties, protect our interests, and suffering for millions of democratic cratic way of life in this world. Some maintain and assert our belief in the peoples, let us admit the errors of our tremble before the thought that strong philosophical, ethical and moral validity ways and move to correct and ameliorate policy in behalf of the free way of life of human freedom throughout the world. them. will result in war. Some are unwilling The Polish outrage at Katyn and the In my opinion, this can be done in to risk the chance of war. Some believe rest are just incidents. There are even only one way and that is the way which tha~ as Americans we can hide safely in worse, more dastardly and more danger I have alluded to on many past occasions our ivory tower if only we yield and ap- ous events taking place in the world of in this House, namely, the immediate, . pease and surrender everything that is whir,h we must take immediate note. forthright, and complete renunciation necessary to satiate the lust of the So Time is on the side of those conspiring of the agreements bartering the liber viets for world dominion. In my opin for our overthrow. Will we wait until ties of small nations entered into at Yalta ion, such an attitude and such a policy they have strengthened themselves so and Tehran and confirmed at Potsdam will spell doom for America. It is that they can defeat us? Will we wait but never ratified by the United States craven. It is cowardly. It can lead until they have implemented the atomic Senate according to law. only to further encroachments, ad bomb and other horrible modern weapons If ~e choose to pursue a policy of vances, and aggressions by the Soviet of destruction to accomplish our undo honor, decency, and justice we are in Union. It will ultimately lead to the ing and destruction? conscience bound to notify the Soviet destruction of all free values in this Whatever the consequences be, let us Union and the United Nations of our world and, in short, the physical de face these issues now. If it is necessary, intention to renounce and repeal these struction and conquest of this great mobilize this country morally, physically, agreements. By this means, the way Nation. and economically without further delay. will be paved for the opening of the iron Let us be true to our glorious heritage Eliminate the confusion among our peo doors which now confine so many of the of freedom. This heritage was not won ple. Give direct, affirmative leadership helpless, innocent struggling peoples of through fear and trembling, appease to the aspirations and desires of our peo ment and cowardice. It was won ple to retain their freedom. Mobilize central Europe in the suffocating at mosphere of Soviet control. through bitter sacrifices, bloodshed, and our strength and be ready to check this suffering by millions of people, past and great enemy as we can do if we harness As I have stated so many times, there can be no compromise on these great present, who were willing to give every ourselves to the task. Let the enemy thing they had-their honor, their know that we are indeed in earnest about human questions of the destiny of free protecting our heritage and our liberties. peoples. It is a grotesque and cynical possessions, their material resources, Away with all these smooth-talking con exhibition, contradictory and incredible, and their lives to protect and sustain spirators fostering cowardice and weak that our own great Nation, which has our liberties. This heritage was ness. The time has come to def end our contributed so much to the building of won through determination, through country and the truths that underlie it. democracy here and abroad, should be strength, through courage, through If we do not act soon, believe me, it will an instrument and the means of per fearlessness, and it can only be pre be too late. petuating the ruthless oppression of bil served and protected by the same means. At this time, therefore, once again I lions of helpless people by the Godless Russia is a strong, powerful nation. hail and salute the indomitable Polish and brutal forces of organized Marxism It has resources, it has manpower, it people, who, perhaps more than any and world communism. If we mean to has military organization, it has fierce other, symbolizes the issue of freedom be true to our heritage of freedom, of aim of world conquest, it has hostility to versus slavery. They still fight courage truth, of democracy, of justice, of the democracy, it has hatred of religion, it ously for liberation from serfdom, for the most elementary principles of represent has contempt for free institutions, it has return of their freedoms. Let us send ative government, of international fair dealing, we must without delay, not only designs on our way of life, it seeks our them the encouraging word that they destruction and the destruction of na are not forgotten or forsaken-that this unequivocally declare ourselves on these issues, but take affirmative, uncom tions like us. Nation still believes in their right to be Russia would be a formidable foe. It free and will do its best to help them promising action to resolve them in ac achieve that great aim. cordance with the just deserts and the has puppet allies coerced into its system On the thirteenth anniversary of the basic rights to life, liberty, and the pur which will be forced to fight with the iniquitous and infamous attack on gal- suit of happiness of the millions of free- forces of the Soviet Union. 5390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 16 But the United States of America is Voice of America have sometimes exactly The reader will now understand the ques also a formidable foe. We are not a the same eifect as if they had been designed. tion: If Stalin had a powerful paid agent in weak, helpless nation although some of and carried out by a well-paid Soviet agent the Voice of America, could he have done than the way the Voice treated Stalin's cold better than those gentlemen who so success our leaders would have our people so be blooded. murder of 15,000 Polish officers who fully suppressed the substantial truth about lieve. We have strength too, we have were massacred. on Soviet soil in the spring Katyn? The answer, of course, is: No, he military striking power and second to of 1940. As I already mentioned, the OWI could not have done a better job. All that none, we have an incomparable produc accepted Stalin's big lies on Katyn (that the happened at a time when President Truman, tive machine, a free economic system Germans had murdered the Poli.sh officers) General Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, and that can out-produce and out-distance at face value and disseminated those lies all many other American leaders categorically the whole world. We have millions of ovef the world. When, after the war, a large called for a "Truth Campaign" and the Voice brave, fearless young men who are will amount of irrefutable evidence became avail was supposed to deliver the "T-Bomb." able, evidence to the effect, that not the It was not before .May 1951 that the Voice ing to fight for our country if need be Germans but Stalin's own NKVD had mas reversed its policy with regard to Katyn. and willing to defend it against all peril. sacred the Poles, in order to get rid of the However gratifying that ehange of policy We have some allies, we hope, in the free most valuable future anti-Stallnists in Po was, lt did not answer the question why our world. land, the Voice of America kept silent. To Government's propaganda agency so obsti In the face of these terrible dangers. make sure that this silence was not acci nately suppressed the truth about Katyn for instead of talking about our weakness dental, I offered on February 10, 1949, the more than 8 years. Why did the officials of and the fear and horror of atomic attack complete evidence in the Katyn case to the the Voice consider it opportune to broadcast Voice. After 10 weeks of waiting for an the truth about Katyn in May 1951, when and the power of our potential adver answer, I got it on April 20, 1949. The an the same truth was unfit to be broadcast in saries, let us talk about our own strength, swer was very brief, indeed, just one sen 1950 and 1949, not to speak of the years be let us dwell upon the powerful forces we tence. It read: "We have decided against fore that time? can marshal, the power we can mobi making use of the material at this time." lize, the terrific c.ttacks we are capable of The letter was signed by Charles W. Thayer. making from the air upon any nation ·No reasons whatsoever were given, no ex planations advanced why the Voi.ce did not SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED that dares to commit an aggres.sion want to avail itself of the tremendous ma Mr. MEADER asked and was given against us or against the free world es terial gathered in a long and thorough re permission to address the House for 30 sential to our security. It is a time for search. minutes on Tuesday next following any American leadership of strength, of When I published 1n July 1949 a series of special orders heretofore entered. positivism, of unflinching courage, and articles on Katyn in the New York Herald I hope that on this day devoted to the Tribune, containing new evidence of the Soviet guUt, the Volce kept silent although Polish cause we will rally to the call of EXTENSION OF REMARKS country against the dangers of the mo it daily broadcast press surveys. ment ·by reaffirming our determination. When on September l7, 1949, the New By unanimous consent, permission to to face up boldly to these dangers and Leader carried my article "Murder at Katyn,. extend remarks in the Appendix of the to develop and organize our resources In a special section, the Voice kept its silence. RF.cORD, or to revise and extend remarks, When, as a result of those publications, was granted to: and fighting power in such ways that we the American Committee :for the Investiga can back up and support our demands tion of the Katyn Massacre, Inc., was "formed Mr. KEARNEY. for freedom in this Nation and through under the presidency of Arthur Bli.£:: Lane. Mr. BUTLER and to include a copy of a out the world. former American Ambassador to Poland, and resolution. Poland is an incident in this great under the vice presidencies of Max Eastman Mr. LANE in four instances and to in· struggle between communism and de and Dorothy Thompson, the Voice kept silent elude editorials and extraneous matter. besides briefiy mentioning the fact of the mocracy, but it is an important keystone formation of the committee. It neither Mr. VINSON and to include a very able of policy because it marks a situation broadcast Mr. Lane's speech at the inaugural address made by the Honorable HowARD which we, in part, brought about, a sur press conference of the American Katyn W. SMITH, of Virginia, when he accepted render of democratic values and demo Committee nor his letter to Vishinsky by the Democratic nomination to the cratic sovereignty which must be cor which Mr. Lane invited the Soviet Foreign Eighty-third Congress from the Eighth rected if the ideals we profess are to Minister to appear before the comm1ttee and Congressi-0nal District of Virginia. enjoy the respect and confidence of other to tell the truth about Katyn. (The fm- ma.tion of the Katyn committee as well as Mr. SMITH of Mississippi in four in· nations. Mr. Lane's speech and letter to Vishinsky stances, in one to include an address by Let us pursue these three steps: First, were front-page features 1n the European Gov. James R Byrnes, of South Carolina. an immediate demand for the liberation p~ as well as in many American news Mr. SECREST. of Poland and other small helpless na papers.) Mr. PRICE in two instances and to in· tions that were assigned to the Soviets When I inquired with my friends at the elude extraneous matter. by agreement or taken by force or infil Voice's foreign language units, why the tration; second, demand on the United Voice was still engaged in a rather total Mr. Woon of Idaho in three instances. · Nations that appropriate measures be conspiracy of silence as far as Stalin's erlme Mr. AUCHINCLOSS and to include a taken to implement these objectives; at Katyn was concerned, the answer was: citation. .. We did not get the green light from Wash Mr. Pout and to include an American third. the continuance of building and ington." mobilizing of a tremendous armed When I went to the high officials in the Legion essay by Mr. Jim Blair, of the strengk'l and force to meet any possible New York and Washington offices of the Voice Wheelersburg (Ohio) High School. eventuality that may arise from aggres to find the puzzle's solution, the almost iden Mr. MILLER of New York insurance benefits, to preserve ture to an enrolled joint resolution of and perquisites"; to the Cdmmittee on Armed insurance rights of permanently and totally the senate of the following title:. SerVices. disabled individuals, and to increase the 1442. A communication from the President amount of earnings permitted without loss s. J. Res. 20. Joint resolution to confirm of the United States, transmitting proposed of benefits, and for other purposes; with and establish the titles of the States to supplemental appropriations for the fiscal amendment (Rept. No. 1944). Referred to lands beneath navigable waters within State year 1952. in the amount of $20,000,000 for the Committee of the Whole House on the boundaries and to the natmaJi resources the Department· o1 Agriculture and t25,000,- State of the Union. within such lands and waters, anq to pro 000 for the Department of Defense for civil vide for the use and control of sai,d lands functions, Department of the Army (H. ~· and resources. No. 469}: to the Committee on Appropria REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRI tions, and ordered to be printed. VATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of · BILLS PRESENTED TO THE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB committees _were delivered to the Clerk PRESIDENT LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS for printing and reference to the proper Mr. STANLEY, from the Committee Under clause 2 of rule xm, reports of calendar, as fallows: on House Administration, reparted that committees were delivered to the Clerk Mr. McMILLAN: Committee on the District that committee did on this day present for printing and reference to the proper of Columbia. H. R. 6943. A bill to fix the to the Presidentp for his approval, a bill calendar, as follows: seniority rights and service of Albert 0. and a joint resolution of the House of Raeder as sergeant in the District of Colum Mr. MORRIS: Committee on Interior and bia Fire Department; without amendment the fallowing titles: Insular Affairs. H. R 1631. A bill to set (Rept. No. 1941}. Referred to the Committee H. R. 5715. An act to increase certain pay aside certain Iands in Oklahoma, formerly a of the Whole House. and allowances for members of the uniformed part of the Chej'enne-Arapaho Reservation, services, and for other purposes; and and known as the Fort Reno Military Reser vation. for the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of H. J. Res. 445. Joint resolutton authoriz PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS ing the President of the United States to Indians of Oklahoma. and for other pur prociaim the 7-day: period beginning May 18, posmr; with amendment (Rept. No. 1935). Under clause 3 of rule xxrr. public 1952, as Olympic Week. Referred to the Committee of the Whole bills and resolutions were introduced and House on. the State of the Union. severally referred as follows: Mr. HARRIS: Committee on the District of Columbia. S.1342. An act to amend acts By Mr. COLMER: LEAVES OP ABSENCE relating to garagekeepers and liverymen's H. R. 7888. A bill to amend the Legislative liens a,nd the enforcement thereof in the Reorganization Act of 1946 to provide for By unanimous consent, leave of ab District of Columbia, and for other purposes; more e1!ectlve evaluation of the fiscal re sence was granted to: without amendment (Rept. No,. 1936). Re quirements o! the executive agencies of the Mr. O'TooLE