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The Extent to Which American Children's Folk Songs Are Taught by General Music Teachers Throughout the United States

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The Extent to Which American Children's Folk Songs Are Taught by General Music Teachers Throughout the United States THE EXTENT TO WHICH AMERICAN CHILDREN’S FOLK SONGS ARE TAUGHT BY GENERAL MUSIC TEACHERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES By MARILYN J. WARD A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Marilyn J. Ward ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank God for His help in this endeavor. I believe that He was responsible for the good response rate and provided direction, assistance, and wisdom along the way. I would also like to thank my mother, Dr. Iva Maybelle Hollingshead, who funded and personally delivered, retrieved, and processed the information from the majority of elder study instruments. Not only did my mother physically and financially assist in this project, she has also been a constant source of inspiration and encouragement throughout my life. I owe a great debt of gratitude to both my mother and father, who are some of the most wonderful people I have ever known. Sincere appreciation is expressed to the members of my supervisory committee for their insight, wisdom, and wonderful suggestions for improvement through the many stages of this research study: Dr. Russell Robinson (chairman, music education); Dr. Charles Hoffer (music education); Dr. Budd Udell (theory/composition); and Dr. David Young (directing/theatre). Many thanks are extended to Brad Ward, my husband, who has ever so graciously funded this project, in its enormity. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTERS 1 THE PROBLEM...........................................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................1 The Essential Basis of Music Education ...............................................................1 Responsibility of Nations and Schools..................................................................3 National Songs of Heritage Are Valuable and Important .....................................3 Purpose of the Study.....................................................................................................3 Basic Difficulty.............................................................................................................4 The National Standards .........................................................................................4 Why Teach Our Children Songs of the American Children’s Folk Heritage?......4 Why Use Song in the Teaching of History and Culture? ......................................5 Background of the Problem..........................................................................................6 Educational Trends................................................................................................7 National Issues.......................................................................................................7 Social Concerns.....................................................................................................7 Delineation of the Research Problem ...........................................................................8 Importance of the Study................................................................................................9 Clarification of Terminology......................................................................................10 Assumptions ...............................................................................................................14 Scope and Delimitations of the Study ........................................................................15 Outline of the Remainder of the Dissertation.............................................................17 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................................................18 Historical Background................................................................................................19 Historical Overview of Children’s Folk Songs in America ................................19 1649-1776.....................................................................................................19 1865-1873.....................................................................................................19 1939-1960.....................................................................................................20 iv Historical Overview of American Folk Songs in Elementary Music Textbooks.........................................................................................................20 1850-1880.....................................................................................................21 1870 to early 1900’s.....................................................................................21 1936-1943.....................................................................................................24 1944-1951.....................................................................................................25 1955-1962.....................................................................................................27 1970-1976.....................................................................................................30 1977-1985.....................................................................................................30 American Children’s Folk Songs................................................................................31 Outside the Classroom.........................................................................................31 Collections...........................................................................................................32 General Music Textbook Series ..........................................................................35 Related research on American folk songs in general music textbooks ........42 Summary ......................................................................................................43 In the classroom ...........................................................................................43 The Value of Songs of Heritage .................................................................................49 The Importance of Songs and Singing in American History and Culture..................54 Related Research on American Folk Songs................................................................57 Summary of Literature Reviewed...............................................................................61 3 METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................62 Description of Research Methodology .......................................................................62 Research Design .........................................................................................................64 Research Assimilated Into the Study...................................................................64 Initial Song Lists Considered But Not Used .......................................................65 Song Lists Which Were Used..............................................................................66 Methodology of Song List Creation and Elder Study ................................................71 Song List Creation by Elderly .............................................................................73 Pilot Study ...........................................................................................................77 Elementary Music Specialists Abridge Song List...............................................77 Creation of General Music Teacher Research Instrument ..................................80 Instrumentation.............................................................................................80 Selection of subjects.....................................................................................80 Data Collection ...........................................................................................................89 Summary.....................................................................................................................90 4 RESULTS...................................................................................................................91 Introduction to the Statistical Analysis of This Study................................................91 Normal Linear Model..........................................................................................91 The Scale .............................................................................................................92 Definition of scale values.............................................................................92 Application to results ...................................................................................93 Asymmetrical nature of scale degrees..........................................................94 v Aggregate Findings –Statistical Analysis Detailing the Extent to Which Songs
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