The following supplement accompanies the article
β-diversity of deep-sea holothurians and asteroids along a bathymetric gradient (NE Atlantic)
Martine C. Wagstaff1,*, Kerry L. Howell2, Brian J. Bett3, David S. M. Billett3, Solange Brault1, Carol T. Stuart1, Michael A. Rex1
1Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125 2University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 3National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Marine Ecology Progress Series 508: 177–185 (2014)
SUPPLEMENT. Feeding types of deep-sea asteroids (Table S1) used in Figure 2 in the main paper, which shows the incidence of feeding types with depth. Nested rank order with depth (Fig. S1), showing that the highest nested order is at mid-bathyal depths and there is no tendency for a downslope increase in nestedness
Table S1. Asteroid trophic types in the Porcupine Seabight and Abyssal Plain. Feeding type: C: carnivore, S: suspension feeder, D: deposit feeder, U: unknown Feeding Species Order Family type Source
Asterias rubens Forcipulatida Asteriidae C See references in Jangoux (1982) Astropecten irregularis Paxillosida Astropectinidae C Mortensen (1927), Christensen (1970), Jangoux (1982) Bathybiaster vexillifer Paxillosida Astropectinidae C Tyler et al. (1993), Howell et al. (2003) Benthopecten simplex Notomyotida Benthopectinidae C Inferred from congener (Carey 1972) and confamilials (Mortensen 1927, Carey 1972, Dearborn 1977) Brisinga endecacnemos Brisingida Brisingidae Sa Cheiraster sepitus Notomyotida Benthopectinidae C Inferred from confamilials (Mortensen 1927, Carey 1972, Dearborn 1977) Dytaster grandis Paxillosida Luidiidae C Tyler et al. (1990), Iken et al. (2001), Howell et al. (2003) grandis Freyastera sexradiata Brisingida Freyellidae Sa Inferred from confamilial (Howell et al. 2003) Freyella elegans Brisingida Freyellidae Sa Fatty acid analysis suggests S, but stomach contents show copepods from benthic boundary layer (Howell et al. 2003) Henricia cylindrella Spinulosida Echinasteridae C Inferred from congeners (Mortensen 1927, Mauzey et al. 1968, Jangoux 1982, Shield & Witman 1993) Hoplaster spinosus Valvatida Odontasteridae U Inferred from confamilials (Dayton et al. 1970, Dearborn 1977, Jangoux 1982) Hymenaster pellucidus Velatida Pterasteridae C Howell et al. (2003) Hymenaster Velatida Pterasteridae C Inferred from congeners (Carey 1972, Jangoux 1982) pergamentaceus Hymenaster rex Velatida Pterasteridae C Inferred from congeners (Carey 1972, Jangoux 1982) Hymenodiscus Brisingida Brisingidae Sa Fatty acid analysis suggests S (Howell et al. 2003), but coronata Jangoux (1982) lists as P, although where this observation comes from is unclear Hyphalaster inermis Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Iken et al. (2001), Howell et al. (2003) Luidia sarsi Paxillosida Luidiidae C Mortensen (1927), Fenchel (1965) Myxaster sol Velatida Myxasteridae U Nymphaster arenatus Valvatida Goniasteridae C Pequegnat (1983) Odontaster spp. Valvatida Odontasteridae C Inferred from congeners (Dayton et al. 1970, Dearborn 1977, Jangoux 1982) Paragonaster subtilis Paxillosida Pseudarchasteridae U Pectinaster filholi Notomyotida Benthopectinidae C Inferred from congener (Carey 1972) and confamilials (Mortensen 1927, Carey 1972, Dearborn 1977) Persephonaster Paxillosida Astropectinidae C Inferred from congeners (Pequegnat & Jeffrey 1979) and patagiatus confamilials (Mortensen 1927, Christensen 1970, Jangoux 1982) Plinthaster dentatus Valvatida Goniasteridae C Inferred from congener (Halpern 1970) and confamilials (Gale et al. 2013) Plutonaster bifrons Paxillosida Luidiidae C Tyler et al. (1993) Pontaster tenuispinus Notomyotida Benthopectinidae C Mortensen (1927) Poraniomorpha Valvatida Poraniidae U borealis Poraniomorpha hispida Valvatida Poraniidae U Mortensen (1927) lists as partly a detritus feeder, others in family show a wide range of diets Porcellanaster ceruleus Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Madsen (1961), Jangoux (1982) Psilaster andromeda Paxillosida Astropectinidae C Mortensen (1927) Pteraster spp. Velatida Pterasteridae C Inferred from congeners (Mauzey et al. 1968) Pythonaster atlantidis Velatida Myxasteridae U Radiaster tizardi Paxillosida Radiasteridae U Solaster spp. Valvatida Solasteridae C Inferred from congeners (Mortensen 1927, Mauzey et al. 1968, Carey 1972, Jangoux 1982) Stichastrella ambigua Forcipulatida Stichasteridae U Stichastrella rosea Forcipulatida Stichasteridae U Styracaster armatus Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Madsen (1961), Jangoux (1982) Styracaster chuni Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Madsen (1961), Jangoux (1982), Howell et al. (2003) Styracaster elongatus Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Madsen (1961), Jangoux (1982) Styracaster horridus Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Madsen (1961), Jangoux (1982), Iken et al. (2001) Thoracaster cylindratus Paxillosida Porcellanasteridae D Madsen (1961), Jangoux (1982) Zoroaster fulgens Forcipulatida Zoroasteridae C Inferred from Howell et al. (2003) and from congeners (robust) (Carey 1972) Zoroaster fulgens Forcipulatida Zoroasteridae C Inferred from Howell (et al. 2003)b and Gale et al. (2013) (slender) and from congeners (Carey 1972) aThere are 2 families in the order Brisingida, Brisingidae and Freyellidae. It is well established that the Brisingidae are suspension feeders as they are often photographed with their arms raised, feeding. However, they could also be considered as carnivores as they also feed on copepods and other small crustaceans (Downey 1986, Pawson 1976, Sokolova 2000). The Freyellidae, however, are always photographed lying flat on the bottom and are thus unlikely to be suspension feeders, according to Downey (1986). Evidence from Howell et al. (2003) also appears to be conflicting. We categorize all Brisingda as S bHowell et al. (2003) refer to Zoraster longicauda, which has since been synonymized with Zoroaster fulgens (slender morph)
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Fig. S1. Nested rank order with depth for (A) holothurians and (B) asteroids