Sports and the Law: a Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials Frank G

Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal

Volume 2 | Number 1 Article 5

1-1-1979 Sports and the Law: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials Frank G. Houdek

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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sports and the Law: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Law-Related Materials

By FRANK G. HOUDEK

Reference Librarian, Los Angeles County Law Library. B.A., University of Californiaat Los Angeles, 1971; J.D. (Order of the Coif), UCLA School of Law, 1974; M.L.S., UCLA Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 1976. Member, State Bar of California. The author gratefully wishes to acknowledge the assistance of William T. Ford, Alaska State Law Librarian, in the preparationof an earlier version of this work. [The table of contents below has been prepared to facilitate use of the following Bibliography]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. BOOKS ...... 178 II. PRACTISING LAW INSTITUTE PROGRAM MATERIALS ...... 181 III. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

A. Antitrust and Sports ...... 185 B. Amateur Athletics ...... 188 C. Broadcasting Professional Sports ...... 189 D. Crime and Sports ...... 193 E. Professional Sports ...... 194 F. Taxation and Sports ...... 196 IV. ALR ANNOTATIONS ...... 197 V. LAW REVIEW SYMPOSIA ...... 197 VI. LAW REVIEW ARTICLES A. Amateur Athletics 1. Government of Amateur Athletics ...... 200 2. College Athletics ...... 200 3. High School Athletics ...... 201 4. International ...... 201 B. Antitrust ...... 202 C. Broadcasting ...... 206

177 178 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

D. Discrimination in Athletics 1. Racial Discrimination ...... 207 2. Sex Discrimination ...... 207 E. Labor Relations 1. In General ...... 209 2. Arbitration ...... 209 3. Collective Bargaining ...... 210 4. Contracts-Enforcement Problems ...... 210 5. Discipline ...... 212 6. "Freedom Issues" ...... 212 (e.g. reserve clause, option clause, draft, Rozelle rule) 7. Players' Associations ...... 214 F. Taxation ...... 215 G. Violence and Injury in Sport 1. Criminal Liability ...... 216 2. Civil Liability ...... 216 H. Miscellaneous ...... 219

I. BOOKS American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts, Annotated. San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney and Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Pub. Co. Volume 22: Football Injuries (pp. 287-384) Introductory Comment; Injury Prevention; Nature & Design of Pro- tective Equipment; Care of Injured Player; Proofs with Authorities. American Jurisprudence Trials. San Francisco: Bancroft- Whitney; Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Pub. Co., 1964. Volume 7: Contact Sports Injury Cases (pp. 213-278) Preliminary Matters; Prima Facie Case; Client Inter- views; Witnesses; Preparation of Demonstrative Evi- dence; Parties; Pleadings; Pretrial Procedure; Trial. Appenzeller, Herb. Athletics and the Law. Charlottesville, Va.: Michie Co., 1975. 262 pp. Cal Practice. San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, 1970. Volume 15: Chap. 251 (§251:1-251:24)-Action for In- jury to Participant in Athletic Contest. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 179

Dunkle, Margaret C. Title IX: What It Means and Doesn't Mean to Athletic Programs. Washington: Asso- ciation of American Colleges, Project on the Status and Education of Women, 1976. 24 pp. "Immaculata Conference: Women in Sports, November 11, 1976." Gallner, Sheldon. Pro Sports: The Contract Game. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. 231 pp. CONTENTS: I. TURNING PRO.: Overview, The pros and college coaches, The player draft, The basketball hardship rule, Alternatives to the player draft; II. THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS: Playing the contract game, The Manchurian candidate approach, The "aren't you lucky?" approach, The amicus curiae approach, Gaining the athlete's confidence; III. AGENTS VS. ATTORNEYS: What is an agent? Attorneys and the athlete, Ethical considerations; IV. SUBSTAN- TIVE NEGOTIATIONS: Negotiating the Standard player contract, Salary negotiations, Amendments to the Standard player contract, Contract clauses subject to negotiation; V. THE LEAGUE JUMPERS: Salaries: the motivating force, To play or not to play out the option, The SPC as a personal service contract; VI. THE OWNERS: WHY THEY INVEST: Introduction, Community benefits, Financial considerations, Conclu- sion; VII. THE FUTURE: Introduction, Does the player get a fair shake? Does the fan get a fair shake? APPENDIX (FORMS): Standard Representation Agreement; Athlete's Acceptance of a Representation Agreement; National Basketball Association Uniform Player Contract; World Team Tennis, Inc. Standard Player's Contract; American Football League Bonus Clause, Salary Advance Clause; Specimen Contract Between Club A and Superstar Jones Committing Club to Dolgoff Plan 71; World Hockey League Uniform Player Contract, Section 16 (Arbitration). Government and the Sports Business: papers prepared for a conference of experts, with an introduction and summary. Roger G. Noll, editor. (Studies in the Regulation of Economic Activity) Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1974. 445 pp. 180 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

CONTENTS: 1. The U.S. sports industry: an introduction (R. Noll); 2. The economic theory of a professional sports league (J. Quirk & M. El Hodiri); 3. The social benefits of restrictions on team quality (M. Canes); 4. Attendance and price setting (R. Noll); 5. Taxation and sports enterprises (B. Okner); 6. Labor relations in sports (J. Scoville); 7. Discrimination: the case of baseball (G. Scully); 8. Sports broadcasting (I. Horowitz); 9. Subsidies of stadiums and arenas (B. Okner); 10. Self-regulation of baseball, 1909-71 (L. Davis); 11. Sports leagues and the Federal antitrust laws (S. Riv- kin); 12. Alternatives in sports policy (R. Noll). BIBLI- OGRAPHY. Grieve, Andrew W. The Legal Aspects of Athletics. South Brunswick, N.J.: A.S. Barnes, 1969. 183 pp. INCLUDES: 3) Supervision and Negligence 4) Medical Aspects and Liability 6) Legal Aspects of Spectator Injuries 9) The Legality of Eligibility Standards Determined by Local School Officials 12) The Legal Aspects of State Athletic Associations Sobel, Lionel. Professional Sports and the Law. New York: Law-Arts Publishers, 1977. 839 pp. CONTENTS: 1. Professional Sports and the Antitrust Laws: The Anomaly That is Baseball. 2. Reserve and Option Clauses [origins; current systems; enforceabil- ity in court by teams; legality of intra-league non-judicial enforcement; rationale; alternatives]. 3. The Player Draft [current draft rules; purposes of draft; objections to the draft; legality of the draft]. 4. Profes- sional Sports and the Labor Laws players associations; collective bargaining. 5. Inter-League "Wars". 6. League Mergers and Other Forms of Peace. 7. Disci- pline and Eligibility [nature and purpose; legality]. 8. Buying and Moving Team Franchises. 9. Professional Sports and the Tax Laws: Tax Aspects of Team and League Operations [teams as tax shelters; depreciation and amortization; player contract amortization; the Atlanta Falcons case; proposed tax legislation]. 10. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 181

Professional Sports Broadcasting [blackouts; cable television; pay television]. APPENDIX H (FORMS): Uniform players Con- tract-baseball; Standard Player Contract, NFL; Uni- form Player Contract-NBA; NHL Standard Player's Contract; World Hockey Association-Player's Con- tract; World Team Tennis, Inc.-Standard Player's Contract. Woolf, Bob. Behind Closed Doors. New York: Atheneum, 1976. 300 pp. II. PRACTISING LAW INSTITUTE PROGRAM MATERI- ALS Counseling Professional Athletes and Entertainers. M.E. Blackman & M.I.R. Eolis, Chairmen (Tax law and practice handbook series, no. 17) New York, PLI, 1970. INCLUDES: 3) The Role of the Agent and Manager in Representing Professional Athletes in Team Sports (M. Black- man) A Standard Football Player Contract B Canadian Football Player Contract C Hockey League Players Contract D Basketball Player's Contract 4) Representing the Athlete in Endorsements and Ad- vertising (M. Blackman) A Television Film Commercial Contract B Endorsement Agreement 5) The Role of the Player's Association in Representing Baseball Players (M. Miller) A Basic Agreement Between Baseball Player's Association and Baseball Clubs B Summary of Baseball Basic Agreement 6) The Role of the Player's Association in Representing Football Players (D. Augustine) A Football League Salary Advance Clause B Football League Bonus Clause C Football League No-Cut Clause D Football League No-Trade Clause 7) The Role of the Agent and Manager in Representing 182 Coxm/ENT [Vol. 2

Professional Athletes in Non-League Sports (M. Blackman). A Tennis Player's Agreement 8) A Football Player's Viewpoint (R. Mix) 9) A Team Owner's Viewpoint 10) Federal Tax Problems (R. Shilman) Counseling Professional Athletes and Entertainers-2d (Tax law and practice handbook series, no. 28) New York, PLI, 1970 INCLUDES: 5) The Professional Athlete Engaged in Business (W. Boome) I Outline II Exhibits A The Dolgoff Deferred Compensation Plan for Athletes and Executives. B Preliminary Injunction Against Merger. C Endorsements-Basic Equipment Con- tracts. D Endorsements-Deferred Income. E Endorsements-Exclusivity Illustration. 6) The Attorney in a Small City Counseling Professional Athletes and Entertainers-3d. R. Needham, Editor. (Tax law and practice handbook series, no. 38) New York, PLI, 1971. INCLUDES: 3) Negotiating for the Professional Athlete (D. Augus- tine). 4) The NFL Players Association and Its Role in Repre- senting Professional Football Players (A. Miller). A Outline. B NFL Players Association Constitution and Bylaws. C NFL Standard Players Contract. Sports: Subject to Antitrust? (R. Hernacki). Tax Aspects of Sports and Entertainment Law (W. Weiss). Counseling Professional Athletes and Entertainers. F. Ger- shon & M. Blackman, Co-Chairmen. (Patent, copyright, trademark and literary property course handbook series no. 34) New York, PLI, 1972. No. 1]1 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 183

INCLUDES: 6) Counseling the Professional Athlete (M. Black- man). 7) Representing the Athlete in Team Sports (E. Masry & N. Halprin). 8) Professional Athletes (S. Goldberg). 9) Management Viewpoint in Hockey (R. Arnold). I. Outline. II. World Hockey Association Uniform Player's Contract. 10) The Role of the Player's Association in Representing Football Players (D. Augustine). A Football League Salary Advance Clause B Football League Bonus Clause C Football League No-Cut Clause D Football League No-Trade Clause 11) Tax Planning for Professional Athletes and Enter- tainers (R. Kopple). I. Introduction. II. Adoption of Corporate Fiscal Year to Defer Income. III. Adoption of a Qualified Plan to Defer In- come. IV. Other Fringe Income Tax Benefits Afforded by a Corporation. V. Significant Tax Considerations Relating to the Personal Service Corporation. VI. Estate Planning Benefits of Incorporation. VII. Estate Planning Alternatives. 12) Income Tax Planning for Unincorporated Profes- sional Athletes and Entertainers (J. Thomas) I. Introduction. II. The 'Straight-Payout.' III. Deferred Compensation. IV. Restricted Property. V. Loans. VI. Other Forms of Compensation. VII. The Use of Tax Shelter. 13) Professional Sports Is Not a Game (N. Dachs). Counseling Professional Athletes and Entertainers, 1974. M.E. Blackman & F.B. Gershon, Co-Chairmen (Patent, copyright and literary property course handbook series, no. 51) New York, PLI, 1974. 184 CoMM/ENT [Vol. 2

INCLUDES: 5) Counseling Professional Athletes (M. Blackman). A Television Commercial Contract. B World Hockey Association Uniform Player's Contract. C World Football League Player's Contract. 6) Relationship of Agent to Athlete (J. Mackey). 7) Tax Planning for Professional Athletes and Enter- tainers: General Considerations (R. West). I. Income Tax. A Maximum Tax on Earned Income. B Use of Corporations. C Use of Partnership. D Restricted Property, Sec. 83. E Loans. F Income Averaging, Sec. 1303. G Foreign Tax Planning. H Tax Shelters. II. Estate Planning. III. Miscellaneous Issues. 8) Professional Athletes Representative (C. Barnes). Representing Professional Sports Teams. A. Rothenberg, Chairman. (Patents, copyrights and literary property course handbook series, no. 52) New York, PLI, 1974. INCLUDES: 1) Purchase and Ownership of Sports Franchises (L. Klinger). 2) Professional Sports Teams: Tax Factors in Buying, Owning, and Selling Them (L. Klinger). 3) Operating a Professional Sports Team and Sports League (W. Alverson, et al). I. Operating a Professional Sports Team. II. Operating a Professional Sports League. III. Appendix. A Agreement Between National Basketball Association and National Basketball Player's Association. B National Basketball Association Players Pension Plan. M Cases. N National Hockey League Standard Player's Contract. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 185

O National Basketball Association Uni- form Player Contract. P National Football League Standard Player Contract. 4) Negotiations with Players (M. Blackman). A World Hockey Association Uniform Players' Contract. B World Team Tennis, Inc. Standard Players' Contract. 5) Radio and Television and Professional Sports (W. Alverson, et al.). 6) Washington Broadcasting Problems of Professional Sports (P. Hochberg). Representing The Professional Athlete. Martin E. Black- man, Chairman. (Patents, copyrights and literary property course handbook series, no. 74) New York: PLI, 1976. 288 pp. INCLUDES: 1) The Legal Aspects (L. Sobel) 2) Tax Planning For Professional Athletes (A. Kassoy). II. Income Tax Planning III. Estate Tax Planning 3) Legal Contracts-Veteran Negotiations (R. Barak) K. Endorsement and Merchandising Agree- ments.

III. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS A. ANTITRUST AND SPORTS 1972 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee No. 5. Antitrust Laws and Organ- ized Professional Team Sports Including Consideration of the Proposed Merger of the American and National Basketball Associations. Hearing, 92nd Cong., 2d Sess., July 27-Sept. 7, 1972. Washington, 1972. 348 pp. Witnesses included Larry Fleisher (pp. 146-156), Bowie Kuhn (pp. 174-214), Marvin Miller (pp. 214-222), Ed Garvey (pp. 253-267), and Walter Byers (pp. 267-300). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Authorizing the Merger of Two or More Profes- 186 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

sional Basketball Leagues. Senate Report No. 92-1151, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 18, 1972. Washington, 1972. 13 pp. 1971 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Professional Basketball. Hearing, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 21-23, 1971; Nov. 15, 1971; Jan. 25-May 9, 1972. Washington, 1972. 1329 pp. Examined the authorization and antitrust implications of a merger of the two professional basketball leagues. 1965 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Professional Sports Act of 1965. Senate Report No. 89-462, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., July 16, 1965. Wash- ington, 1965. 16 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalSports Antitrust Bill. Hearing, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 18-24, 1965. Washington, 1965. 222 pp. 1964 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. ProfessionalSports Antitrust Bill. Hearing, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., Jan. 30-Feb. 18, 1964. Washington, 1964. 385 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Applicability of Antitrust Laws to Certain As- pects of Designated Organized Professional Team Sports. Senate Reports No. 88-1303, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., Aug. 4, 1964. Washington, 1964. 11 pp. 1960 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Professional Sports Antitrust Act of 1960. Senate Report No. 86-1620, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., June 20, 1960. Washington, 1960. 26 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 187

Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearing, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., May 19-20, 1960. Washington, 1960. 179 pp. "Hearings on the bill to make the antitrust laws and the Federal Trade Commission Act applicable to the organized professional team sport of baseball and to limit the application of such laws so as to exempt certain aspects of the organized professional team sports of baseball, football, basketball, and hockey . 1959 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearing, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., July 28-31, 1959. Washington, 1959. 256 pp. 1958 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Applicability of Antitrust Laws to OrganizedPro- fessional Team Sports. House Report No. 85-1720, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., May 13, 1958. Washington, 1958. 13 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearing, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., July 9-31, 1958. Washington, 1958. 819 pp. "Hearings on bill to limit the applicability of the antitrust laws so as to exempt certain aspects of designated professional team sports . .

1957 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5). Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearing, 85th Cong., 1st Sess., June 17-Aug. 8, 1957. Washington, 1965. 3 parts, 3154 pp. 1952 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power. 188 Comu/Ewr [Vol. 2

Organized Baseball. House Report No. 82-2002, 82d Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, 1952. 232 pp. 1951 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power. Study of Monopoly Power. Hearing, 82d Cong., 1st Sess., July 30-Oct. 24, 1951. Washington, 1951. 1643 pp. Part 6 relates to organized baseball.

B. AMATEUR ATHLETICS (including AAU-NCAA dispute) 1977 United States. President's Commission on Olympic Sports. Final Report of the President'sCommission on Olympic Sports. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977. 2 v. Volume 1: Executive Summary and Major Conclusions and Recommendations. Volume 2: Findings of Fact and Supporting Material. 1973 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Special Subcommittee on Education. Protection of College Athletes. Hearing, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., March 5, 19, 26-29, April 2, 1973. Washington, 1973. 385 pp. Examines the dispute between the AAU and the NCAA. Hearings on bills designed to protect the freedom of student athletes and coaches to represent the United States in international amateur sports events without fear of suspension or sanctions by U.S. amateur athletic associations. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Amateur Sports. Hearings, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., May 22-24, 1973. Washington, 1973. 287 pp. 1968 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Sports Arbitration Board Report. Hearing, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., Feb. 1, 1968. Washington, 1968. 43 pp. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 189

1967 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Track and Field Disputes. Hearing, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., August 17-18, 1967. Washington, 1967. 104 pp. Hearing on the controversy between the AAU, NCAA, and other amateur athletic associations, and their affili- ates. 1965 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. NCAA-AAU Dispute. Hearing, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 16-20, 23-27, 1965. Washington, 1965. 609 pp. Hearing on the controversy in administration of track and field events in the United States. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Providing for Settlement of Disputes Involving Ama- teur Athletics. Senate Report No. 89-753, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 16, 1965. Washington, 1965. 10 pp. C. BROADCASTING PROFESSIONAL SPORTS (including the Blackout Controversy) 1977 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communica- tions. Cable Television Regulation Oversight, Part 1. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., May 17-July 22, 1976. Washington, 1977. 632 pp. Pp. 571-631: Cable TV and Sports Programming. Wit- nesses include Bowie Kuhn (pp. 557-600), Don Ruck, NHL (pp. 600-610), John 0. Coppedge, chairman, CATV subcomm. of NCAA (pp. 611-622), and Robert Hughes, president, Communications Properties, Inc. (pp. 623-631). United States. Federal Communications Commission. Fourth Annual Report of the Federal Communications Commission on the Effect of Public Law 93-107, The Sports Anti-Blackout Law, on the Broadcastingof Sold- Out Home Games of Professional Football, Baseball, Basketball, and Hockey. Committee Print, 95th Con- gress, 1st Sess. Washington, 1977. 168 pp. 190 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

Published as a committee print by the Senate Commit- tee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. 1976 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice. Copyright Law Revision, Part 2. Hearings, June 12, July 10, 17, 23, 1975. 94th Congress, 1st Sess. Washington, 1976. pp. 683-1392. Pp. 785-825: Testimony by various sports figures related to limitations on CATV televising of games copyright. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications. TV Blackout of Sporting Events. Hearing, 94th Congress, 1st Sess., November 21, 1975. Washington, 1976. 43 pp. Concerns S. 2554, a bill to extend for 3 years the prohi- bition of TV blackouts when homegames are sold out 72 hours before game time. Opposition views of NFL and NHL are presented. United States. Federal Communications Commission. Third Annual Report of the Federal Communications Com- mission on the Effect of PL 93-107, The Sports Anti- Blackout Law, on the Broadcasting of Sold-Out Home Games of Professional Football, Baseball, Basketball, and Hockey. Committee Print, 94th Congress, 2d Sess. Washington, 1976. 419 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Commit- tee on Commerce. 1975 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communica- tions. Sports Broadcasting Act of 1975. Hearings, 94th Congress, 1st Sess., Sept. 22, October 29-31, 1975. Washington, 1975. 158 pp. Hearings on HR 9566, a bill to make permanent the requirement that soldout football, basketball, baseball, or hockey games be made available for telecasts. United States. Federal Communications Commission. Sec- ond Annual Report of the FCC on the Effect of PL 93- No. 1]) SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 191

107, The Sports Anti-Blackout Law. Committee Print, 94th Congress, 1st Sess. Washington, 1975. 272 pp. Published as a committee print by the House Commit- tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommit- tee on Communications. 1974 United States. Federal Communications Commission. Re- port of the FCC on the Effect of PL 93-107 (Sports Anti- Blackout Law), on the Broadcastingof Sold-Out Home Games of Professional Football, Baseball, Basketball, and Hockey. Committee Print, 93d Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, 1974. 475 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Commit- tee on Commerce. 1973 United States. Congress. House. Commiteee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Professional Sports-TV Blackouts. House Report No. 93-483, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 11, 1973. Washington 1973. 10 pp. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Special Subcommittee on In- vestigations. Evaluation of the Necessity for Television Blackouts of Professional Sporting Events. Committee Print, 93d Congress, 1st Sess., Washington, 1973. 136 pp. Report with conclusions and recommendations concerning the degree of protection needed by NFL clubs now provided with antitrust exemptions allowing TV blackouts of football in home territories of clubs. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communica- tions and Power. Professional Sports Blackouts. Hear- ing, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 1, 2, Sept. 5-7, 1973. Washington, 1973. 290 pp. Examines bills designed to prohibit TV hometown blackouts of professional and/or collegiate athletic events for which tickets are sold out. Also examines the impact such a blackout removal might have on league 192 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

finances, the broadcast industry, including CATV and pay-TV, and on the general public. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. TV Blackout: Professional Sports. Senate Report No. 93-347, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., July 26, 1973. Washington, 1973. 10 pp. 1972 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications. Blackout of Sport- ing Events on TV. Hearing, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., Oct. 3-5, 1972. Washington, 1972, 224 pp. Witnesses included: Pete Rozelle (pp. 49-83) and Bowie Kuhn (pp. 130-142) 1969 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Communica- tions and Power. Subscription Television, 1969. Hear- ing, 91st Cong., 1st Sess., Nov. 18-21, 24, Dec. 9-12, 1969. Washington, 1970. 486 pp. Includes testimony by witnesses with respect to the pos- sible effect of subscription TV on professional sports, including Bowie Kuhn (pp. 303-346) and Pete Rozelle (pp. 367-403). 1961 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Telecasting of ProfessionalSports Contests. Sen- ate Report No. 87-1178, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 13, 1961. Washington, 1961. 6 pp. United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5). Telecasting of Professional Sports Contests. Hearing, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., Aug. 28, 1961. Washington, 1961. 73 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Telecasting of ProfessionalSports Contests. Sen- ate Report No. 87-1087, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., Sept. 20, 1961. Washington, 1961. 4 pp. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 .

1953 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Broadcasting and Telecasting Baseball Games. Senate Report No. 83-387, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., June 10, 1953. Washington, 1953. 14 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Broadcasting and Televising Baseball Games. Hearing, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., May 6- 12, 1953. Washington, 1953. 206 pp.

D. CRIME AND SPORTS 1973 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delin- quency. Properand Improper Use of Drugs by Athletes. Hearing, 93d Cong., 1st Sess., June 18, July 12-13, 1973. Washington, 1973. 843 pp. Witnesses included Wali Jones (pp. 104-124), Jack Scott (pp. 152-168), and Harold Connolly (pp. 272-288). 1972 United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Crime. Organized Crime in Sports (racing). Hearing, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., May 9-July 27, 1972. Washington, 1972. 4 v. (1853 pp.) 1963 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Bribery in Sporting Contests. House Report No. 88-1053. 88th Cong., 1st Sess., Dec. 17, 1963. Washing- ton, 1964. 4 pp. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Bribery in Sporting Contests. Senate Report No. 88-593, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., Oct. 29, 1963. Washing- 1977. Washington, 1977. 3pp. 1962 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Bribery in Sporting Contests. Senate Report No. 87-2003, 87th Cong., 2d Sess., Sept. 7, 1962. Washing- ton, 1962. 8 pp. 194 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

E. PROFESSIONAL SPORTS 1977 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Creating a Select Committee on Professional Sports. House Report 95-41, 95th Congress, 1st Sess. March 3, 1977. Washington, 1977. 3 pp. United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judi- ciary. Subcommittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law. Rights of ProfessonalAthletes. Hearing, 94th Con- gress, 1st Sess., October 14, 1975. Washington, 1977. 135 pp. Hearing to consider HR 2355 and HR 694 (texts, pp. 132-135), bills to prohibit anticompetitive practices by professional sport leagues by banning baseball reserve clause, football option clause, antitampering rule, compensation (Rozelle) rule, blacklisting, and group enforcement of standard player contracts. United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Pro- fessional Sports. Inquiry Into ProfessionalSports. Hear- ing, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., December 10, 1976, Janu- ary 3, 1977. Washington, 1977. 27 pp. Consideration by committee of its final report on various aspects of the sports industry. Includes industry submitted comments on report draft (pp. 20-27). United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Pro- fessional Sports. Inquiry Into Professional Sports. House Report 94-1786, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., January 3, 1977. Washington, 1977. 761 pp. Final Report of committee established in May 1976 to investigate various aspects of the sports industry. In- cludes discussion and recommendations in the following areas: antitrust and baseball, labor relations, federal income tax treatment of player contracts and sports franchises, sports broadcasting regulations, gambling, and player safety problems. Appendices contain exten- sive background material and supporting documents. 1976 United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Pro- fessional Sports. Inquiry Into ProfessionalSports, Part No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 195

1. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., June 23-August 10, 1976. Washington, 1976. 655 pp. Hearings to investigate various aspects of the sports industry as manifested in operations of the four major team sports of basketball, football, baseball, and hockey. Testimony focuses on recent court decisions and labor agreements, antitrust and baseball's business organization, tax treatment of player contracts and sport franchises, sports broadcasting regulations, control of player and spectator violence, and sports gambling. Witnesses include Bowie Kuhn (pp. 17-51, 114- 158, 243-257), Pete Rozelle (pp. 78-114), Ed Garvey, Exec. Dir., NFL Players Assn. (pp. 207-242), Marvin Miller, Exec. Dir., Major League Players Assn. (pp. 365-388, 394-422), and Larry O'Brien (pp. 610-652). . United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Pro- fessional Sports. Inquiry Into Professional Sports, Part 2. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., September 8-22, 1976. Washington, 1976. 532 pp. Continuation of hearings to investigate various aspects of the sports industry. Witnesses include James Miche- ner (pp. 92-110), Bowie Kuhn (pp. 348-406, 425-441), Charles Feeney (pp. 406-425), Marvin Miller (pp. 452- 470, 481-500). United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Pro- fessional Sports. ProfessionalSports and the Law. Com- mittee Print, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., August 1976. Washington, 1976. 83 pp. Background report reviewing the growth, organization, and legal ramifications of professional sports activities. Appendix includes the Arbitrator's decision in Messer- smith case involving limits of contract reserve clauses in professional baseball (pp. 58-75). 1975 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations. Oversight Hearings On National Football League Labor-Management Dispute. Hearings, 94th Congress, 1st Sess., September 29, October 2, 1975. Washington, 1975. 115 pp. 196 Coum/ENT [Vol. 2

1972 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Special Subcommittee on Labor. Labor Re- lations in Professional Sports. Hearing, 92d Congress, 2d Sess., May 16-29, 1972. Washington, 1972. 108 pp. Hearings to examine the effectiveness of the National Labor Relations Act in handling labor relations problems in professional sports. Witnesses include Ed Garvey, John Mackey, and Bill Curry (pp. 10-63); Larry Fleisher (pp. 65-72); and Theodore Kheel, NFL Man- agement Rep. (pp. 73-94). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Federal Sports Act of 1972. Hearing, 92d Congress, 2d Sess., June 16-28, 1972. Washington, 1973. 288 pp. Hearings on a bill to establish a "Federal Sports Com- mission" with authority- to promulgate regilations af- fecting professional sports TV policies, player drafting procedures, sale and movement of team franchises, and player contracts. Witnesses include Howard Cosell (pp. 93-111), Pete Rozelle (pp. 135-138, 150-173), Bowie Kuhn (pp. 174-193), Clarence Campbell (pp. 234-247), and Alan Eagleson (pp. 218-233).

F. TAXATION AND SPORTS 1976 United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Internal Re- venue Taxation. Tax Revision Issues-1976 (H.R. 10612). 1: Tax Shelter Investments (Committee Print, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., April 14, 1976. Washington, 1976. 127 pp. Published as a committee print by the Senate Commit- tee on Finance. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Tax Reform Act of 1975. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d Sess., March 17-26, 1976. Washington, 1976. 1021 pp. Pp. 312-341: Testimony of Richard Stone (Senator, D- Fla.) concerning need for clarification of HR 10612 with regard to tax treatment of sports franchises. Pp. 609- 661: Testimony by various sports witnesses on business No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 197

and investment aspects of professional sports, including denial of tax shelter abuse by sports franchises. 1975 United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Internal Rev- enue Taxation. Tax Shelters: Professional Sports Franchises. Committee Print, 94th Congress, 1st Sess., September 11, 1975. Washington, 1975. 9 pp. Published as a committee print by the House Commit- tee on Ways and Means. Describes the present law, its problems, and alternative approaches to sports enter- prise taxation.

IV. ALR ANNOTATIONS Application of Federal Antitrust Laws as to Professional Sports, 18 ALR Fed 489. Application of State Law to Sex Discrimination in Sports, 66 ALR 3d 262. Bribery in Athletic Contests, 49 ALR 2d 1234. Construction of Statute or Ordinance Prohibitingor Regu- lating Sports and Games on Sundays, 24 ALR 2d 813. Employers' Termination of Professional Athlete's Services as Constituting Breach of Employment Contract, 57 ALR 3d 257. Disciplinary Proceedings Against Horse Trainer or Jockey, 52 ALR 3d 206. Liability for Injury to or Death of Participant in Game or Contest, 7 ALR 2d 704. Liability of Participant in Team Athletic Competition for Injury to or Death of Another Participant,77 ALR 3d 1300. Stadium: Validity of Government Borrowing or Expenditure for Purposes of Acquiring, Maintaining or Improving Stadium for Use of ProfessionalAthletic Team, 67 ALR 3d 1186.

V. LAW REVIEW SYMPOSIA Athletics. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 1-171 (1973). 198 COMM/ENT [Vol. 2

CONTENTS: Foreword (J. Weistart). Collective Bar- gaining and the Professional Team Sport Industry (C. Lowell). An Economic Analysis of Team Movements in Professional Sports (J. Quirk). Economic Discrimina- tion in Professional Sports (G. Scully). In the Wake of the Flood (J. Morris). Medical Practices in Sports (A. Ryan). Broadcasting and CATV: The Beauty and the Bane of Major College Football (P. Hochberg & I. Ho- rowitz). Sport: A Philosophical Perspective (H. Slusher). A Troubled Cartel: The NCAA (J. Koch). The College Athlete and the Institution (H. Cross). Focus on Sports Law. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 143- 253 (1978). CONTENTS: "Blackouts" and the Public Interest: An Equitable Proposal (R. Peterson). Baseball-From Trial by Law to Trial by Auction (T. Boswell & R. McKeown). Monopsony- Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry-A Look at Baseball's Minor Leagues (P. Shapiro). Tort Law and Participant Sports (D. Lam- bert). The Impact of the 1976 Tax Reform Act on the Owners of Professional Sports Teams (V. Strandell). Professional Sports and the Law-Symposium. 48 Los An- geles Bar Bulletin 141-188 (1973). CONTENTS: The First Great Leap: Some Reflections on the Spencer Haywood Case (R. Simon). Some Mod- est Proposals for Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports (D. Miller). Tax Aspects of Buying, Selling and Owning Professional Sports Teams (L. Klinger). Televi- sion Sports Blackouts: Private Rights vs. Public Policy (L. Sobel). Sports and the Law: A Symposium. 3 Western State Uni- versity Law Review 185-283 (1976). CONTENTS: The Emancipation of Professional Ath- letes (L. Sobel). Congress Tackles Sports and Broad- casting (P. Hochberg). Title IX and the NCAA (J. Koch). The Aftermath of Flood v. Kuhn: Professional Baseball's Exemption From Antitrust Regulation (P. Martin). Sports, Torts, Courts-Sports Litigation. 13 Trial 21-48 (Jan. 1977). No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 199

CONTENTS: Responsibility Is Also Part of the Game (Langerman & Fidel, pp. 22-25); Sports Violence and the Criminal Law (Hallowell & Meshbesher, pp. 26-29, 32); Sports Violence and the Prosecution (Flakne & Caplan, pp. 33-35); The Liability Path to Safer Helmets (Philo & Stine, pp. 38-40); The Case Against Artificial Turf (Epstein, pp. 42-45); In Defense of Artificial Turf (Troy, pp. 46-48). Special Section on Sports and the Law. 10 Connecticut Law Review 251-376 (1978). CONTENTS: Introduction: Bringing Sports Under Legal Control (S. Nelson). The Political Uses and Abuses of Sports (J. Nafziger & A. Strenk). Due Process and Its Future Within the NCAA (G. Martin). A Student-Athlete's Interest in Eligibility: Its Context and Constitutional Dimensions. Professional Foot- ball-Are Three One-Year Agreements Signed at One Sitting Actually One Contract? Are Players "Public Figures"? The "Booby" Trap: Does the Violent Nature of Professional Football Vitiate the Doctrine of Due Care in Participant Tort Litigation? Symposium on Sports Law. 18 New York Law Forum 815- 933 (1973). CONTENTS: Sports and the Law: An Overview (L. Koppett). Second and Goal to Go: The Legislative At- tack in the 92d Congress on Sports Broadcasting Prac- tices (P. IFtochberg). Legalization of Gambling on Sports Events (H. Samuels). The Business of Profes- sional Sports: A Reexamination in Progress (R. Carl- son). Symposium: Professional Sports and the Law. 18 William and Mary Law Review 677-760 (1977). CONTENTS: Introduction (B. Kuhn). Taxation of Pro- fessional Sports Teams After 1976: A Whole New Ball- game (H. Zaritsky). Player Discipline in Professional Sports: The Antitrust Issues (J. Weistart). Post-Merger Blues: Intra-League Contract Jumping (S. Heiner). 200 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

VI. LAW REVIEW ARTICLES A. AMATEUR ATHLETICS 1. GOVERNMENT OF AMATEUR ATHLETICS Government of Amateur Athletics: The NCAA-AAU Dispute. 41 Southern California Law Review 464- 490 (1968). Koch, James V. A Troubled Cartel: The NCAA. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 135-150 (1973). Lowell, Cym H. FederalAdministrative Intervention in Amateur Athletics. 43 George Washington Law Review 729-790 (1975). 2. COLLEGE (See also "Discrimination in Athletics") Anti-trust Law-National Collegiate Athletic Asso- ciation Held Subject to the Rule of Reason Test of the Sherman Anti-Tiust Act. 7 Cumberland Law Review 505-515 (1977). The Authority of the College Coach: A Legal Analysis. 49 Oregon Law Review 442-454 (1970). Constitutional Law-Wearing of Black Armbands by State University Football Players Would Violate Establishment of Religion Clause. 19 University of Kansas Law Review 316-325 (1969). Cross, Harry M. The College Athlete and the Institu- tion. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 151-170 (1973). Judicial Review of Disputes Between Athletes and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. 24 Stan- ford Law Review 903-929 (1972). McGahey, Robert L. Comment on the First Amend- ment and the Scholar-Athlete. 6 Human Rights 155-167 (1977). Martin, Gordon A. The NCAA and the Fourteenth Amendment. 11 New England Law Review 383-404 (1976). Martin, Gordon A. Due Process and Its Future Within the NCAA. 10 Connecticut Law Review 290-317 (1978). No. 1]1 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 201

McGuire, John F. The NCAA-Institution Under Con- stitutional Seige. 2 Journal of College and Univer- sity Law 175-191 (1974/75). National Collegiate Athletic Association's Certifica- tion Requirement: A Section 1 Violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. 9 Valparaiso Law Review 193-219 (1974). Steinbach, Sheldon Elliot. Workmen's Compensation and the Scholarship Athlete. 19 Cleveland State Law Review 521-527 (1970). A Student-Athlete's Interest in Eligibility: Its Con- text and ConstitutionalDimensions. 10 Connecti- cut Law Review 318-349 (1978). The Student Athlete and the National Collegiate Ath- letic Association: The Need for A PrimaFacie Tort Doctrine. 9 Suffolk University Law Review 1340- 1371 (1975). Tackling Intercollegiate Athletics: An Antitrust Analysis. 87 Yale Law Journal 655-679 (1978). 3. HIGH SCHOOL (See also "Discrimination in Athlet- ics") High School Athletics and Due Process: Notice of Eligibility Rules. 57 Nebraska Law Review 877-892 (1978). State High School Athletic Associations: When Will A Court Interfere? 36 Missouri Law Review 400-410 (1971). 4. INTERNATIONAL Nafziger, James A.R. Legal Aspects of a United States Foreign Sports Policy. 8 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 837-855 (1975). Nafziger, James A.R. and Andrew Strenk. The Politi- cal Uses and Abuses of Sports. 10 Connecticut Law Review 259-289 (1978). Nafziger, James A.R. The Regulation of Transnational Sports Competition: Down from Mount Olympus. 5 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 180-212 (1971). 202 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

B. ANTITRUST

Allison, John R. ProfessionalSports and the Antitrust Laws: Status of the Reserve System. 25 Baylor Law Review 1- 25 (1973). Antitrust and Professional Sport: Does Anyone Play by the Rules of the Game? 22 Catholic University of America Law Review 403-426 (1973). Antitrust Law-Baseball Reserve System- Concerted Con- spiracy-Stare Decisis-Congressional Inac- tion-Professional Baseball Remains Exempt from State and Federal Anti-Trust Law. 48 Notre Dame Lawyer 460-474 (1972). Antitrust Statutes. Antitrust Law: Procedural Safeguard Requirements in Concerted Refusals to Deal: An Application to Profes- sional Sports-Denver Rockets v. All-Pro Management, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 1971) 10 San Diego Law Review 413-424 (1973). Antitrust Laws and Professional Baseball. 19 New York University Intramural Law Review 235-251 (1964). Antitrust Laws: Application of FederalAntitrust Laws as to Professional Sports, 18 ALR Fed 489 (1974). Antitrust Laws-The Applicability of Federal and State Antitrust Laws to the Sport of Baseball. 1973 University of Toledo Law Review 594-610 1971). Antitrust: Preseason Football Tickets and Tie-ins. 1975 Washington University Law Quarterly 495-506 (1975). Antitrust-ProfessionalFootball-The Rozelle Rule as an UnreasonableRestraint of Trade. 26 University of Kan- sas Law Review 121-132 (1977). Applicability of the Antitrust Laws to Professional Baseball. 2 Memphis State University Law Review 299- 312 (1972). Baseball-An Exception to the Antitrust Laws. 18 Uni- versity of Pittsburgh Law Review 131-148 (1956). Baseball Players and the Antitrust Laws. 53 Columbia Law Review 242-258 (1953). No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 203

Baseball's Antitrust Exemption and the Reserve System: Reappraisalof an Anachronism. 12 William and Mary Law Review 859-877 (1971). Baseball's Antitrust Exemption: The Limits of Stare Decisis. 12 Boston College Industrial and Commercial Law Review 737-746 (1971). Constitutional Law-Baseball and the Anti-Trust Laws-A Game or a Conspiracy? 24 Notre Dame Lawyer 372-383 (1949). Constitutional Law-Commerce and Supremacy Clauses Exempt Professional Baseball From State Antitrust Statute. 35 Fordham Law Review 350-355 (1966). Constitutional Law-Preemption-Baseball'sImmunity from State Antitrust Law [State v. Milwaukee Braves, Inc., 144 N.W.2d 1 (1966)]. 13 Wayne Law Review 417- 425 (1967). Ducker, Bruce. Pros Offside? The Antitrust Laws and Pro- fessional Sports. 76 Case and Comment 32-33, 36-37 (Sept.-Oct. 1971). Eckler, John. Baseball-Sport or Commerce? 17 University of Chicago Law Review 56-78 (1949). The Eighth Circuit Suggests A Labor Exemption From An- titrust Laws.For Collectively Bargained Labor Agree- ments In Professional Sports. 21 St. Louis University Law Journal 565-594 (1977). Eppel, John P. ProfessionalSports. 33 ABA Antitrust Law Journal 69-75 (1967). FederalAnti-Trust Law-Monopolies-Baseball.22 Univer- sity of Kansas City Law Review 173-175 (1953-54). Flood [Flood v. Kuhn, 407 U.S. 258 (1972)] in the Land of Antitrust: Another Look at Professional Athletics, the Antitrust Laws and the Labor Law Exemption. 7 Indi- ana Law Review 541-578 (1974). Gromley, Charles. Baseball and the Anti-Trust Laws. 34 Nebraska Law Review 597-612 (1955). Illegal Procedure-The Rozelle Rule Violates the Sherman Antitrust Act. 59 Marquette Law Review 632-654 (1976). 204 Comm/ENT [Vol. 2

Jacobs, Michael S. & Ralph K. Winter, Jr. Antitrust Prin- ciples and Collective Bargaining by Athletes: Of Super- stars in Peonage. 81 Yale Law Journal 1-29 (1971). Johnson, Frederic A. Baseball, Professional Sports and the Antitrust Acts. 2 Antitrust Bulletin 678-701 (1957). Johnson, Frederic A. The Law of Sports: The Unique Per- former's Contract and the Antitrust Laws. 2 Antitrust Bulletin 251-266 (1957). Keating, Kenneth B. The Antitrust Threat to Professional Team Sports. 1959 Antitrust Law Symposium 23-30 (1959). Keefe, Arthur John. Positively Mr. Kipling? Absolutely Mr. Kuhn! 58 American Bar Association Journal 651-652 (1972). Keith, Maxwell. Developments in the Application of Anti- trust Laws to Professional Team Sports. 10 Hastings Law Journal 119-138 (1958). Leavell, Jerome F. & Millard, Howard L. Trade Regulation and ProfessionalSports. 26 Mercer Law Review 603-616 (1975). Lockman, John S. Baseball as Interstate Commerce within the Meaning of the Anti-Trust Laws. 5 Intramural Law Review of N.Y. Univ. 206-220 (1950). Martin, Philip L. The Aftermath of Flood v. Kuhn: Pro- fessional Baseball's Exemption From Antitrust Regulation. 3 Western State University Law Review 262-283 (1976). The Modern Trend in Anti-Trust and Professional Sports. 22 Albany Law Review 272-286 (1958). Yhe Monopoly in Baseball. 18 University of Cincinnati Law Review 203-216 (1949). Monopsony in Manpower: Organized Baseball Meets the Antitrust Laws. 62 Yale Law Journal 576-639 (1953). Morris, John P. In the Wake of the Flood. 38 Law and Con- temporary Problems 85-98 (1973). The NBA's Four Year Rule: A Technical Foul? 1972 Law and the Social Order 489-506 (1972). No. 1]1 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 205

National Football League Restrictions on Competitive Bid- ding for Players' Services [ Kapp v. National Football League, 390 F. Supp. 973 (N.D. Cal. 1974)]. 24 Buffalo Law Review 613-641 (1975). Neville, John W. Baseball and the Antitrust Laws. 16 Fordham Law Review 208-230 (1947). Neville, John W. Who's on First? 36 Michigan State Bar Journal 13-20 (April 1957). O'Dea, John F. Professional Sports and the Anti-Trust Laws. 9 Hastings Law Journal 18-35 (1957). Pierce, Samuel R. Je. Organized Professional Team Sports and the Antitrust Laws. 43 Cornell Law Quarterly 566- 616 (1958). Player Control Mechanism in Professional Team Sports. 34 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 645-670 (1973). Professional Sports: Has Antitrust Killed the Goose That Laid the Golden Egg? 45 American Bar Association Antitrust Law Journal 290-314 (1976). Rogers, C. Paul. Judicial Reinterpretation of Statutes: The Example of Baseball and the Antitrust Laws. 14 Houston Law Review 611-634 (1977). Schneiderman, Michael. Professional Sport: Involuntary Servitude and the Popular Will. 7 Gonzaga Law Review 63-82 (1971). Seymour, Harold. Ball, Bat and Bar. 6 Cleveland-Mar- shall Law Review 534-544 (1957). Shapiro, Paul W. Monopsony Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry-A Look at Baseball's Minor Leagues. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 191-209 (1978). The Sherman Act and Professional Team Sports: the NFL Rozelle Rule Invalid Under the Rule of Reason: Mackey v. National Football League [543 F.2d 606 (8th Cir. 1976)] 9 Connecticut Law Review 336-345 (1977). The Super Bowl and the Sherman Act: Professional Team Sports and the Antitrust Laws. 81 Harvard Law Review 418-434 (1967). 206 Comm/Ewr [Vol. 2

Topkis, Jay H. Monopoly in Professional Sports. 58 Yale Law Journal 691-712 (1949). The True Story of What Happens When the Big Kids Say, "It's My Football, and You'll Either Play By My Rules Or You Won't Play at All." [Kapp v. National Football League. 390 F. Supp. 973 (N.D. Cal. 1974)]. 55 Ne- braska Law Review 335-361 (1976). Tying Arrangements in the Sale of Season Tickets. 47 Temple Law Quarterly 761-770 (1974). C. BROADCASTING Copyright Protection For Live Sports Telecasts. 29 Baylor Law Review 101-117 (1977). Copyright Protection for Sports Broadcasts and the Pub- lic's Right of Access. 15 Idea 385-404 (1971). Copyrights-In General-Unauthorized Rediffusion of Live and Film Telecasts of Sports Events to Home Viewers Held Non-Actionable. 68 Harvard Law Review 712-714 (1955). Hochberg, Philip R. & Ira Horowitz. Broadcasting and CATV: The Beauty and the Bane of Major College Football. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 112-128 (1973). Hochberg, Philip R. Congress Kicks a Field Goal: The Legislative Attack in the 93d Congress on Sports Broad- casting Practices. 27 Federal Communications Bar Journal 27-79 (No. 3, 1974). Hochberg, Philip R. Congress Tackles Sports and Broad- casting. 3 Western State University Law Review 223- 249 (1976). Hochberg, Philip R. Second and Goal to Go: The Legislative Attack in the 92d Congress on Sports Broad- casting Practices. 18 New York Law Forum 841-890 (1973). The Nature and Effect of Major Sports' Restrictions on Radio and Television BroadcastingRights Under the Sherman Act. 21 George Washington Law Review 466- 482 (1953). No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 207

Peterson, Robert A. "Blackouts" and the Public Interest: An Equitable Proposal.4 Journal of Contemporary Law 143-168 (1978). Professional Football Telecasts and the Blackout Priv- ilege. 57 Cornell Law Review 297-312 (1972). The Property Right in a Sports Telecast. 35 Virginia Law Review 246-263 (1949). Shooshan, Harry M. III, Confrontation with Congress: Professional Sports and the Television Antiblackout Law. 25 Syracuse Law Review 713-745 (1974). Sobel, Lionel S. Television Sports Blackouts: Pri- vate Rights vs. Public Policy. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bulle- tin 169-174, 182-188 (1972). Sports Anti-Siphoning Rules for Pay Cable Television: A Public Right to Free TV? 53 Indiana Law Journal 821- 840 (1978). Unfair Competition and Exclusive Broadcasts of Sport- ing'Events. 48 Yale Law Journal 288-302 (1938). D. DISCRIMINATION IN ATHLETICS 1. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION Eitzen, D. Stanley and Norman R. Yetman. Immune From Racism? 9 Civil Rights Digest 3-13 (Winter 1977). Racism in Sports. 55 Social Science Quarterly 919-966 (1975). Scully, Gerald W. Economic Discriminationin Profes- sional Sports. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 67-84 (1973). 2. SEX DISCRIMINATION Athletics: Application of State Law to Sex Discrim- ination in Sports. 66 ALR 3d 1262-1274. The Case for Equality in Athletics. 22 Cleveland State Law Review 570-584 (1973). Constitutional Law-Equal Protection-Sex Discrimi- nation in High School Athletics Unreasonable. 19 New York Law Forum 166-174 (1973). 208 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

ConstitutionalLaw-Sex Discrimination-TheFemale High School Athlete. 50 Chicago-Kent Law Review 169-179 (1973). Cox, Thomas. A. IntercollegiateAthletics and Title IX. 46 George Washington Law Review 34-64 (1977). Equality in Athletics: The Cheerleader v. the Athlete. 19 South Dakota Law Review 428-446 (1974). Fabri, Candace J. & Elaine S. Fox. The Female High School Athlete and Interscholastic Sports. 4 Jour- nal of Law and Education 285-300.(1975). Kadzielski, Mark A. Title IX of the Education Amend- ments of 1972: Change or Continuity? 6 Journal of Law and Education 183-203 (1977). Koch, James V. Title IX and the NCAA. 3 Western State University Law Review 250-261 (1976). Kuhn, Janet Lammersen. Title IX: Employment and Athletics Are Outside HEW's Jurisdiction. 65 Georgetown Law Journal 49-77 (1976). Pennsylvania Constitution-Equal Rights Amend- ment-Sex Discrimination-Interscholastic Sports. 14 Duquesne Law Review 101-110 (1975). Sex Discrimination and Intercollegiate Athletics. 61 Iowa Law Review 420-496 (1975). Sex Discrimination-Girls'High School Basketball Rules Held Unconstitutional. 16 Journal of Family Law 345-351 (1978). Sex Discriminationin Athletics. 21 Villanova Law Re- view 876-903 (1976). Sex Discrimination in Athletics: Conflicting Legisla- tive and Judicial Approaches. 29 Alabama Law Review 390-425 (1978). Sex Discrimination in High School Athletics. 57 Minnesota Law Review 339-371 (1972). Sex Discrimination in Interscholastic High School Athletics. 25 Syracuse Law Review 535-574 (1974). No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 209

Sexual Equality In High School Athletics: the Ap- proach of Darrin v. Gould [85 Wash. 2d 859, 540 P.2d 882 (1975)] 12 Gonzaga Law Review 691-706 (1977). Stroud, Kenneth M. Sex Discriminationin High School Athletics. 6 Indiana Law Review 661-682 (1973). Title IX's Promise of Equality of Opportunity in Ath- letics: Does It Cover the Bases? 64 Kentucky Law Journal 432-464 (1975). Validity, Under Federal Law, of Sex Discriminationin Athletics. 23 ALR Fed 664-683. Yellow Springs Exempted Village School District Board of Education v. Ohio High School Athletic Association: Sex Discrimination in High School Athletics. 47 UMKC Law Review 109-120 (1978). E. LABOR RELATIONS 1. IN GENERAL The Balance of Power in ProfessionalSports. 22 Maine Law Review 459-480 (1970). Baseball and the Law-Yesterday and Today. 32 Vir- ginia Law Review 1164-1177 (1946). Gilroy, Thomas P. and Patrick J. Madden. Labor Re- lations in Professional Sports. 28 Labor Law Jour- nal 768-776 (1977). Hoffman, Robert B. Is the NLRB Going to Play the Ball Game? 20 Labor Law Journal 239-246 (1969). Labor Law-Professional Baseball Not Exempt from Federal Labor Laws-Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp. v. Major League Baseball Players Association [532 F.2d 615 (8th Cir. 1976)] 5 Flor- ida State University Law Review 137-144 (1977). 2. ARBITRATION Arbitration of Grievance and Salary Disputes in Pro- fessional Baseball: Evolution of a System of Pri- vate Law. 60 Cornell Law Review 1049-1074 (1975). 210 Comm/ENT [Vol. 2

Arbitration of Professional Athletes' Contracts: An Effective System of Dispute Resolution in Profes- sional Sports. 55 Nebraska Law Review 362-382 (1976). Seitz, Peter. Footnotes to Baseball Salary Arbitra- tion. 29 Arbitration Journal 98-103 (1974). Seitz, Peter. The Transplantingof Industrial Relations Tissues and Organs; or, Is the Baseball Salary Ar- bitration System Compatible With Interest Arbi- tration In the Private Sector, Generally. 28 New York University Conference On Labor 347-358 (1975). 3. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING Dworkin, James B. and Thomas J. Bergmann. Collective Bargaining and the Player Reserva- tion/Compensation System in Professional Sports. 4 Employee Relations Law Journal 241-256 (1978). Jacobs, Michael S. & Ralph K. Winter, Jr. Antitrust Principles and Collective Bargaining by Athletes: Of Superstars in Peonage. 81 Yale Law Journal 1- 29 (1971). Lowell, Cym H. Collective Bargaining and the Profes- sional Team Sport Industry. 38 Law and Contem- porary Problems 3-41 (1973). Miller, David G. Some Modest Proposalsfor Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bulletin 155-160 (1972). Shulman, Daniel S. & Bernard M. Baum. Collective Bargaining in Professional Athletics-The NFL Money Bowl. 50 Chicago Bar Record 173-181 (1969). Sloane, Arthur A. Collective Bargaining in Major League Baseball: A New Ball Game and Its Genesis. 28 Labor Law Journal 200-210 (1977). 4. CONTRACTS-ENFORCEMENT PROBLEMS Brennan, James T. Injunction Against Professional Athletes Breaching Their Contracts. 34 Brooklyn Law Review 61-71 (1971). No. 1]1 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 211

Contractual Rights and Duties of the Professional Athlete-Playing the Game in a Bidding War. 77 Dickinson Law Review 352-400 (1973). Employment Contract: Employers' Termination of Professional Athlete's Services as Constituting Breach of Employment Contract. 57 ALR3d 257. Enforcement Problems of Personal Service ContractsIn ProfessionalAthletics. 6 Tulsa Law Journal 40-60 (1969). Equity-Enforcement of Personal Service Contracts By Injunction-Machen v. Johansson [174 F. Supp. 522 (S.D.N.Y. 1959)] 34 Tulane Law Re- view 621-625 (1960). Equity-Injunctions-Negative Covenant in Personal Employment Contracts-Boxing.5 New York Law Forum 456-459 (1959). Heiner, S. Phillip. Post Merger Blues: Intra-League Contract Jumping. 18 William and Mary Law Re- view 741-760. Injunctions in Professional Athletes' Contracts-An Overused Remedy. 43 Connecticut Bar Journal 538-555 (1969). Lawson, John D. Injunction-Contractfor Personal Services-Mutuality. Philadelphia Ball Club v. Lajoie, S. Ct. Penn., 1902; American Baseball & Athletic Exhibition Co. v. Harper, Cir. Ct., St. Louis, 1902. 54 Central Law Journal 449-454 (June 2, 1902). Professional Athletic Contracts and the Injunctive Dilemma. 8 John Marshall Journal of Practice and Procedure 437-456 (1975). Professional Football-Are Three One-Year Agreements Signed At One Sitting Actually One Contract?Are Players "Public Figures"?: Chuy v. Philadelphia Eagles Football Club [431 F. Supp. 254 (E.D. Pa. 1977)]. 10 Connecticut Law Review 350-364 (1978). 212 Comm/ENT [Vol. 2

5. DISCIPLINE Contract Matters and Disciplinary Procedures In Pro- fessional Sport. 39 Saskatchewan Law Review 213- 258 (1974-1975). Discipline in Professional Sports: The Need for Player Protection. 60 Georgetown Law Journal 771-798 (1972). Horse Racing: Disciplinary Proceedings Against Horse Trainer or Jockey. 52 ALR3d 206. Weistart, John C. Player Disciplirie in Professional Sports: The Antitrust Issues. 18 William and Mary Law Review 703-739 (1977). 6. FREEDOM ISSUES (e.g. player draft, reserve clause, option clause, Rozelle rule, eligibility) Allison, John R. Professional Sports and the Antitrust Laws: Status of the Reserve System. 25 Baylor Law Review 1-25 (1973). Anderson, Mark F. The Sherman Act and Professional Sports Associations' Use of Eligibility Rules. 47 Nebraska Law Review 82-90 (1968). Antitrust-Professional Football-The Rozelle Rule as an Unreasonable Restraint of Trade. 26 University of Kansas Law Review 121-132 (1977). Baseball and the Reserve Clause. 1 New York Law School Student Law Review 159-164 (1952). Baseball Law. 17 Law Notes 207-208 (1914). Baseball's Antitrust Exemption and the Reserve Sys- tem: Reappraisalof an Anachronism. 12 William and Mary Law Review 859-877 (1971). Carlson, Robert S. The Business of Professional Sports: A Reexamination in Progress. 18 New York Law Forum 915-933 (1973). Curt Flood at Bat Against Baseball's "Reserve Clause." 8 San Diego Law Review 92-109 (1971). The Eighth Circuit Suggests A Labor Exemption From Antitrust Laws For Collectively Bargained Labor No. 1]1 SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 213

Agreements In Professional Sports. 21 St. Louis University Law Journal 565-594 (1977). Enten, Harold N. Baseball and the Reserve Clause. 1 New York Law School Student Law Review 159- 164 (1951). Goldstein, Seth M. Out of Bounds Under the Sherman Act? Player Restraints in Professional Team Sports. 4 Pepperdine Law Review 285-312 (1977). Holahan, William L. The Long-Run Effects of Abolishing the Baseball Player Reserve System. 7 Journal of Legal Studies 129 (1978). Illegal Procedure-The Rozelle Rule Violates the Sherman Antitrust Act. 59 Marquette Law Review 632-654 (1976). Lee, Brian E. A Survey of Professional Team Sport Player-Control Mechanisms Under Antitrust and Labor Law Principles: Peace At Last. 11 Valpar- aiso University Law Review 373-434 (1977). The Legality of the Rozelle Rule and Related Practices In the NationalFootball League. 4 Fordham Urban Law Journal 581-596 (1976). Martin, Philip L. The Labor Controversy in Profession- al Baseball: The Flood Case. 23 Labor Law 567-571 (1972). The Messersmith Decision and the 1976 Basic Agree- ment: Baseball's Emancipation Proclamation. 46' University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review 239-281 (1977). The NBA's Four Year Rule: A Technical Foul? 1972 Law and the Social Order 489-506 (1972). The NFL Draft and the Antitrust Laws-The Player Draft of the National Football League Held To Violate the Federal Antitrust Laws [Smith v. Pro- Football, 420 F. Supp. 738, D.D.C. 19761 41 Al- bany Law Review 154-161 (1977). National Football League Restrictions on Competitive Bidding for Players' Services. 24 Buffalo Law Re- view 613-641 (1975). 214 CoMM/ENT [Vol. 2

Organized Baseball and the Law. 46 Yale Law Journal 1386-1390 (1937). Reserve Clauses in Athletic Contracts. 2 Rutgers Cam- (den Law Journal 302-321 (1970). Shapiro, Daniel I. The Professional Athlete: Liberty or Peonage? 13 Alberta Law Review 212-241 (1975). The Sherman Act and Professional Team Sports: the NFL Rozelle Rule Invalid Under the Rule of Rea- son: Mackey v. National Football League [543 F.2d 606 (8th Cir. 1976)] 9 Connecticut Law Re- view 336-345 (1977). The Sherman Act: Football's Player Controls-Are They Reasonable? 6 California Western Law Re- view 133-146 (1969). Simon, Richard K. The First Great Leap: Some Reflec- tions on the Spencer Haywood Case. 48 Los Ange- les Bar Bulletin 149-154 (1973). Sobel, Lionel S. The Emancipationof ProfessionalAth- letes. 3 Western State University Law Review 185- 222 (1976). Stayton, John W. BaseballJurisprudence. 44 American Law Review 374-393 (1910). The True Story of What Happens When the Big Kids Say, "It's My Football, and You'll Either Play By My Rules or You Won't Play at All." [Kapp v. National Football League, 390 F. Supp. 973 (N.D. Calif. 1974)] 55 Nebraska Law Review 335-361 (1976). 7. PLAYERS' ASSOCIATIONS Alyluia, Kenneth. Professional Sports Contracts and the Players' Association. 5 Manitoba Law Journal 359-385 (1973). Krasnow, Erwin G. & Herman M. Levy. Unionization and ProfessionalSports. 51 Georgetown Law Jour- nal 749-782 (1963). No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 215

F. TAXATION

Blum, Marc P. Valuing Intangibles: What Are The Choices For Valuing Professional Sports Teams? 45 Journal of Taxation 286-288 (1976). Braun, Steven & Michael Pusey. Taxation of Professional Sports Teams. 7 Tax Adviser 196-206 (1976). Dickenson, Charles and Zook Sutton. The Effect of the 1976 Tax Reform Act on the Ownership of Professional Sports Franchises. 1 Comm/Ent 227-275 (1977). Horvitz, Jerome S. & Thomas E. Hoffman. New Tax Developments in the Syndication of Sports Franchises. 54 Taxes 175-184 (1976). Jones, John B. Amortization and Nonamortization of In- tangibles in the Sports World. 53 Taxes 777-788 (1975). Klinger, Leslie S. Professional Sports Teams: Tax Fac- tors in Buying, Owning and Selling Them. 39 Journal of Taxation 276-281 (1973). Klinger, Leslie S. Tax Aspects of Buying, Selling and Owning Professional Sports Teams. 48 Los Angeles Bar Bulletin 162-167, 176-180 (1972). Professional Sports Franchisingand the IRS. 14 Washburn Law Journal 321-329 (1975). The Professional Sports Team as a Tax Shelter-A Case Study: The Utah Stars. 1974 Utah Law Review 556-573 (1974). The Sale of Minor League Baseball Players During Liquida- tion-The Application of CORN PRODUCTS to Depreciable Property. 45 Temple Law Quarterly 291-304 (1972). Strandell, Valerie Nelson. The Impact of the 1976 Tax Reform Act on the Owners of Professional Sports Teams. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 219-232 (1978). Van de Ven, Martha A. and Steven A. Kauffman. Merits of Incorporating the Athlete. 9 Tax Adviser 478-482 (1978). Weil, Jay R. Depreciation of Player Contracts-The Government Is Ahead at the Half. 53 Taxes 581-591 (1975). 216 CoMm/ENT [Vol. 2

Zaritsky, Howard. Taxation of Professional Sports Teams After 1976: A Whole New Ballgame. 18 William and Mary Law Review 679-702 (1977). G. VIOLENCE AND INJURY IN SPORT 1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY The Consent Defense: Sports, Violence and the Crimi- nal Law. 13 American Criminal Law Review 235- 248 (1975). Consent In Criminal Law: Violence In Sports. 75 Michigan Law Review 148-179 (1976). Criminal Law: Consent as a Defense to Criminal Bat- tery-The Problem of Athletic Contests. 28 Okla- homa Law Review 840-845 (1975). Flakne, Gary W. and Allan H. Caplan. Sports Violence and the Prosecution. 13 Trial 33-35 (Jan. 1977). Hallowell, Lyle and Ronald I. Meshbesher. Sports Violence and the Criminal Law. 13 Trial 27-29, 32 (Jan. 1977). Hechter, William. The Criminal Law and Violence In Sports. 19 Criminal Law Quarterly 425-453 (1977). Violence in Professional Sports. 1975 Wisconsin Law Review 771-790 (1975). 2. CIVIL LIABILITY Aftermath of a Tragedy-Liability of the New York State Athletic Commission ForInjuries Suffered In A Prizefight. 14 Syracuse Law Review 79-84 (1962). Assault and Battery-Liability for Injuries Received in Athletic Contests. 26 Michigan Law Review 322- 323 (1927). Assumption of Risk After Sunday v. Stratton Cor- poration: The Vermont Sports Injury Liability Statute and Injured Skiers. 3 Vermont Law Review 129-146 (1978). Blalock, Joyce. The Sporting Suit. 53 American Bar Association Journal 58-62 (1967). Liability for mountain climbing injuries. No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 217

The "Booby" Trap: Does the Violent Nature of Professional Football Vitiate the Doctrine of Due Care in Participant Tort Litigation? Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals, Inc. [435 F.. Supp. 352 (D. Colo. 1977)]. 10 Connecticut Law Review 365-376 (1978). Bowling Alley Tort Liability. 16 Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 284-290 (1967). Epstein, Robert K. The Case Against Artificial Turf. 13 Trial 42-45 (Jan. 1977). Hofeld, Albert F. Athletes-Their Rights and Cor- relative Duties. 19 Trial Lawyer's Guide 383-405 (1976). Liability for Injury to or Death of Participant in Game or Contest. 7 ALR 2d 704. Lambert, Dale J. Tort Law and Participant Sports: The Line Between Vigor and Violence. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 211-217 (1978). Langerman, Samuel and Noel Fidel. Responsibility Is Also Part of the Game. 13 Trial 22-25 (Jan. 1977). Liability of Participant in Team Athletic Com- petition for Injury to or Death of Another Participant.77 ALR 3d 1300. Lisman, Carl H. Ski Injury Liability. 43 University of Colorado Law Review 307-320 (1972). Mandel, Bernard. Negligent Design of Sports Facilities. 16 Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 275-283 (1967). Markus, Richard M. Sport Safety: On the Offensive. 8 Trial 12-13 (July/August 1972). Negligence-Ski Lifts-Common Carriers-Highest Degree of Care. 1 Washburn Law Journal 316-321 (1961). Negligent Design of Sports Facilities. 10 Personal Injury Commentator 59-63 (No. 4, 1967). The Negligent Golfer. 18 New York University Intra- mural Law Review 167-178 (1963). 218 COMM/ENT [Vol. 2

Organized Baseball and the Law. 19 Notre Dame Law- yer 262-272 (1944). Participant'sLiability For Injury To A Fellow Parti- cipant In An Organized Athletic Event. 53 Chicago-Kent Law Review 97-108 (1976). Philo, Harry M. and Gregory Stine. The Liability Path To Safer Helmets. 13 Trial 38-40 (Jan. 1977). Rosenblatt, Albert M. After the Fall. 5 Trial 44-45 (Feb./March 1969). Ski injury litigation. Rosenblatt, Albert M. Ski Area Liability: What the Courts Say. 18 Harvard Law School Bulletin 12-15, 29-30 (Jan. 1967). Tort Liability for Players in Contact Sports. [Nabozny v. Barnhill, 31 Ill. App. 3d 212, 334 N.E. 2d 258 (1975)] 45 University of Missouri at Kansas City Law Review 119-129 (1976). Tort Liability in Professional Sports: Battle in the Sports Arena-Hackbart v. Cincinnati Bengals, 435 F. Supp. 352 (D. Colo. 1977). 57 Nebraska Law Review 1128-1139 (1978). Torts-Assumption of Ris-A Professional Football Player Assumes the Risk of Receiving a Blow, Delivered Out of Anger and FrustrationBut Without Specific Intent to Injure, During A Game. 12 Georgia Law Review 380-392 (1978). Torts-ParticipantIn Athletic Competition States Cause of Action For Injuries Against Other Participant [Nabozny v. Barnhill, 31 Ill. App. 3d 212, 334 N.E. 2d 258 (1975)] 42 Missouri Law Re- view 347-354 (1977). Troy, F. E. In Defense of Artificial Turf. 13 Trial 46-48 (Jan. 1977). Wells, David. Liability of Ski Area Operators. 41 Denver Law Center Journal 1-11 (1964). No. 1] SPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY 219

H. MISCELLANEOUS

Allen, Richard B. Lawyers, Law and Baseball. 64 American Bar Association Journal 1530-1535 (1978). Boswell, Thomas M. and Richard B. McKeown. Baseball- From Trial by Law to Trial by Auction. 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 171-189 (1978). Bribery in Athletic Contests. 49 ALR 2d 1234. The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule. 123 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1474-1481 (1975). ConstitutionalLaw: Leaving the Fourth Amendment at the Turnstile. 31 Oklahoma Law Review 395-402 (1978). Flynn, John J. A Comment on "The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule". 4 Journal of Contemporary Law 241-247 (1978). Golenbock, Peter. Now Calling Signals, the Lawyer-Agent. 2 Juris Doctor 49-52 (Oct. 1971). Keeping the Illusion Alive: The Public Interest in Profes- sional Sports. 12 Suffolk University Law Review 48-96 (1978). A Legal Conundrum-Transsexualsin Athletics. 1 Comm/ Ent 369-417 (Spring 1978). Koppett, Leonard. Sports and the Law: An Overview. 18 New York Law Forum 815-839 (1973). Nelson, Stephen. Introduction:Bringing Sports Under Legal Control. 10 Connecticut Law Review 251-258 (1978). Peterson, Robert A. "Blackouts" and the Public Interest: An Equitable Proposal.4 Journal of Contemporary Law 143-168 (1978). The ProfessionalAthlete and the FirstAmendment: A Ques- tion of JudicialIntervention. 4 Hofstra Law Review 417- 448 (1976). Quirk, James. An Economic Analysis of Team Movements in ProfessionalSports. 38 Law and Contemporary Prob- lems 42-66 (1973). 220 CoMM/ENT [Vol. 2

Ryan, Allan J. Medical Practices in Sports. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 99-111 (1973). Saiman, Martin S. Coliseum Use Arrangements: Rome to the Superdome. 81 Case and Comment 3-9 (Nov.-Dec. 1976). Samuels, Howard J. Legalization of Gambling on. Sports Events. 18 New York Law Forum 897-914 (1973). The Sporting Lawyers of Cincinnati. 4 Cincinnati Bar Asso- ciation Journal 16-21 (Summer/Fall 1978). Slusher, Howard S. Sport: A PhilosophicalPerspective. 38 Law and Contemporary Problems 129-134 (1973). Stadium: Validity of Government Borrowing or Expenditure for Purposes of Acquiring, Maintaining, or Improving Stadium for Use of ProfessionalAthletic Team, 67 ALR 3d 1186. Take Me Out to the Ball Game. 25 Fordham Law Review 793-794 (1957). Watson, John. The Three That was Four. 54 American Bar Association Journal 777-780 (1968).