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Diversidad De Arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) En El Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, Pacífico Colombiano

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Diversidad De Arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) En El Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, Pacífico Colombiano DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL ISLA GORGONA, PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO Alejandro Rico-G.1, Juan P. Beltrán A.1, Adriana Álvarez D.1 & Eduardo Flórez D.2 Biota Neotropica v5 (n1a) – http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v5n1a/pt/abstract?inventory+BN007051a2005 Recebido em 07/12/2003 Aceito em 01/02/2005 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 - Calle 45, Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. A.A. 7495, Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In order to establish an approximation to the araneofauna in the Isla Gorgona, located in the Pacific Ocean at approximately 60 km from the SW coast of Colombia, we took samples in July 2003, using various methods such as capturing the spiders manually, pitfall traps, sweeping with an entomological net, and beating foliage. The samples were taken during the day and night, at four different levels of vertical stratification, in six different habitat which had different states of succession. Sixty-five samples were taken; 1398 spiders were collected and placed in 247 morphospecies, which belong to 34 families. The data were analyzed with 7 species richness estimators: ACE, ICE, Chao 1, Chao 2, first order Jack-knife, second-order Jack-knife, and Bootstrap. The richness estimators varied between each other, with bootstrap having the lowest value (302) and ICE having the highest (504). The failure of the observed species accumulation curve to find an asymptote, showed that more sampling is needed. The most effective method applied was manual collection, with which 33 of the 34 families were collected. The Bray-Curtis similarity index showed that similarity between habitat is very small. Even though Gorgona has a small extension, it presents a high diversity of spiders, which is reflected in the number of families, that is equivalent to 71% of those found in the whole country. Key words: Diversity, abundance, spiders, Isla Gorgona, inventory, richness indexes. Resumen Para poder establecer una aproximación a la araneofauna de la Isla Gorgona, ubicada en el Océano Pacifico a 60 km de la costa SO de Colombia, tomamos muestras durante el mes de julio del 2003, empleando métodos de captura directa (manual), barridos con red entomológica (sweeping), agitación de follaje (beating) y trampas de caída (pitfall). Los muestreos se realizaron en jornadas diurnas y nocturnas en cuatro niveles de estratificación vertical, los cuales fueron llevados a cabo en seis tipos de habitat contrastantes de acuerdo con su grado de intervención. Fueron tomadas 65 muestras, colectados 1398 individuos agrupados en 247 morfoespecies, pertenecientes a 34 familias. Los datos fueron analizados con 7 estimadores de riqueza: ACE, ICE, Chao 1, Chao 2, Jack-knife de primer orden, Jack-knife de segundo orden y Bootstrap. Los índices de riqueza variaron entre sí, con Bootstrap obteniendo el valor más bajo (302) e ICE obteniendo el más alto (504). La curva de acumulación de especies nunca llegó a una asíntota, demostrando que el muestreo fue insuficiente. El método de captura más efectivo fue la colecta manual, ya que con este método se registraron 33 de las 34 familias encontradas. El índice de Bray-Curtis indicó que la similitud entre los hábitat es muy pequeña. A pesar de comprender un área relativamente pequeña, la Isla Gorgona aloja una significativa diversidad de arañas, lo cual se refleja por que en cuanto a familias se pudo detectar el equivalente al 71% de las reportadas para el país. Palabras-clave:Diversidad, abundancia, arañas, Isla Gorgona, inventario, índices de riqueza. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br Rico-G, A.; Beltrán, J.P.A.; Álvarez, A.D. e Florez E.D. - Biota Neotropica, v5 (n1a) - BN007051a2005 2 1. Introducción de estudio; trabajos efectuados por Eberhard (1975, 1977, 1979, La diversidad biológica comprende tres atributos: 1980) orientados principalmente hacia aspectos de historia composición, estructura y funcionamiento, los que se natural y comportamiento, y tesis de grado en las expresan en cuatro niveles de organización: paisaje regional, universidades locales: Castillo (1981), Bastidas (1992), Villegas comunidad-ecosistema, población-especies y genético. (1995) y Vallejo (1997) la mayoría investigaciones ecológicas. Cada uno de estos atributos en los diferentes niveles de Adicionalmente trabajos encaminados a comprender la organización pueden ser caracterizados por indicadores distribución de las arañas en gradientes altitudinales, verticales relevantes (Noss 1990). En este trabajo abordamos el y efectos de borde sobre las comunidades de arañas orbitelares atributo de composición a nivel de comunidad-ecosistema (Barriga 1995, Bello 1995, Valderrama 1996) así como estudios en un componente especial de la biota, las arañas (Arach- sobre estructura y composición de comunidades de arañas nida: Araneae), caracterizándolo mediante indicadores tales hechos en el Departamento del Valle por Flórez (1997, 1998, como índices de riqueza específica por ser esta la forma más 1999a, 1999b, 2000). sencilla de medir la biodiversidad (Moreno 2001). Este es el primer estudio sistemático sobre Las arañas comprenden un grupo faunístico diverso araneofauna que se realiza en territorio insular del pacífico y ampliamente distribuido en todos los ecosistemas colombiano. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo terrestres invadiendo incluso algunos ambientes conocer la diversidad de arañas presente en distintos habi- dulceacuícolas. Gracias a que son abundantes en las tat y microhabitat del P.N.N. Isla Gorgona. comunidades y aseguran muestras suficientemente grandes para efectuar análisis numéricos, son modelos apropiados 2. Materiales y Métodos para investigaciones sobre estructura de comunidades, estratificación y sucesión (Turnbull 1973). Son ubicuas, ocupan una gran cantidad de nichos espaciales y temporales, 2.1 Área de estudio están caracterizadas por una elevada diversidad taxonómica El Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, se localiza al interior de cada habitat y exhiben respuestas taxón y entre las coordenadas geográficas 2°47’ y 3°6’ latitud norte; gremio-específicas a las variaciones ambientales (Toti et al. 78°6’ y 78°18’ longitud oeste, comprende una área total 2000). Las arañas conforman uno de los grupos más terrestre de 1568.4 ha, la mayoría de la isla presenta abundantes y diversos en todos los ecosistemas debido a pendientes pronunciadas y tan solo un 14% son más o su facilidad para dispersarse y colonizar nuevos habitat menos planas . Entre la fauna edáfica de Gorgona, los (Halaj et al.1998). Su abundancia y diversidad por lo gen- arácnidos presentan estratificación vertical con disminución eral, están positivamente correlacionadas con la diversidad de sus poblaciones en la profundidad del perfil del suelo, ambiental a diferentes escalas espaciales (Samu & Lövei este comportamiento se hace más evidente en las zonas 1995), por lo que se deben encontrar diferencias entre la muestreadas en el sector nororiental de la isla. Esta composición de las comunidades asociadas a diferentes característica hace que la mayor actividad de las arañas se habitat y microhabitat, en un paisaje regional determinado desarrolle al nivel de la superficie del suelo o del horizonte y entre la araneofauna continental y insular. orgánico cuando existe. El horizonte 0 de los suelos de la Las arañas son particularmente diversas en los isla está habitado por un 80% de insectos y un 20% de bosques tropicales, en los cuales se sugiere debe hallarse arácnidos (Aguirre & Rangel 1990). En la isla Gorgona concentrada alrededor del 80% de la araneofauna funcionó una penitenciaría hasta 1983, por lo que se desconocida (Coddington & Levi 1991). Pese a que las arañas encuentran en ella una serie de habitat que presentan son componentes de gran importancia en el equilibrio distintos grados de intervención humana y por tanto ecológico, controlando las poblaciones de invertebrados diferentes estados de sucesión. en estos bosques, el conocimiento que se tiene de ellas se tiene en el neotrópico es aún incipiente. Apenas en las dos Mapa de la Isla Gorgona en formato PDF últimas décadas se han generado estudios encaminados a obtener información sobre comunidades de arañas en bosques neotropicales: comparándolas con las de bosques Se efectuaron colectas en ambientes contrastantes templados (Rypstra 1986), en bosques de la amazonía cen- en la isla de acuerdo con su grado de perturbación: tral (Höfer 1990), en el dosel de bosques amazónicos (Höfer 1) Poblado: Es el más intervenido, comprende un et al. 1994) y en la amazonía peruana (Silva 1996, Silva & asentamiento humano con perturbación constante. Fueron Coddington 1996). realizadas colectas en viviendas, vegetación y árboles. 2) En Colombia durante los últimos 30 años se han Penitenciaría: Está conformado por construcciones generado algunos aportes al conocimiento de las arañas del abandonadas hace aproximadamente 20 años. Las colectas Chocó Biogeográfico, franja continental más próxima al área se llevaron a cabo en los muros y vegetación contigua. 3) http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br Rico-G, A.; Beltrán, J.P.A.; Álvarez, A.D. e Florez E.D. - Biota Neotropica, v5 (n1a) - BN007051a2005 3 Playa: Es sometido a modificaciones diarias de extensión e ICE (Incidence-based CoverageEstimator) son por las alta y baja mares. Se muestreó en arena, rocas, y en modificaciones de otros estimadores basados en datos de el ecotono de
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