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Title Page the State and Political Economy Of TITLE PAGE THE STATE AND POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN LIBYA, 1969 – 2011 BY NWEKE, CLEMENT UBAKA PG/MSc/10/57748 A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE. DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA NOVEMBER, 2011. ii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the student, Mr Nweke, Clement Ubaka with registration number PG/MSc/10/57748, of the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Post Graduate Studies, University of Nigeria Nsukka, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the award of Master of Science in Political Science (Political Economy). ………………………….. …………………………… Dr Ken Ifesinachi Prof. Obasi Igwe Supervisor Head, Department of Political Science iii APPROVAL This research project by Mr Nweke, Clement Ubaka with registration number PG/MSc/10/57748 is written under the supervision and approval of the academic authorities of the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Post Graduate Studies, University of Nigeria Nsukka. ………………………….. …………………………… Dr Ken Ifesinachi Prof. Obasi Igwe Supervisor Head, Department of Political Science …………………………… External Examiner iv DEDICATION This project is dedicated to God Almighty, the fountain of peace and freedom and To all who genuinely seek justice and freedom from oppression everywhere. v ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study is completed through the support of various persons. First, I am eternally grateful to the great good God who bequeaths me all that I have and aspires to be. I am also thankful to all authors whose contributions are great sources of my learning and developing this area of study. Special thanks to my erudite and affable Supervisor, Dr Ken Ifesinachi for his suggestive correction and specific contributions which form the ground for the advanced level of the study. Similarly, I remain ever appreciative of the sage Head of Department, Prof Obasi Igwe for his efficient administration of the department. My gratitude also go to all my lecturers in the department, worthy of mention are Prof Ezeani (Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences), Dr. Aloysius- Michaels Okolie for refining me in a furnace, Dr. Mba, Mr Agbo Humphrey, and Mr Ezeibe Christian for his friendly advice, and many others, for their moral and intellectual support. I will never forget the inspiration of my academic mentors. Deserving recognition are Barr Nick A. Obodo, Rev. Fr. (Prof) Christian Anieke, Prof Edwin Onyeneje, Mr Mbaeze Christian and Dr Menkiti. I also appreciate my colleagues in the academic world for continuously spurring me into research quests. To all my family members and friends, you are all great pillars of support. Thank you all. vi ABSTRACT The study examines the State and Political Economy of Democratization in Libya from 1969 to 2011, specifically focusing on the State and political economy of fundamental human rights in Libya for the period of study. Research questions (and hypothesis) for the study sought to discover if the government provides political and economic structures for the enforcement of the fundamental human rights of Libyans between 1969 and 2011. The second enquires whether the Libyan government base political recruitment into the legislature and executive on periodic election for the period under review. While the third sought to discover if the Libyan political structures support the development of political parties and constitutional opposition within the period. The theoretical framework used to analyze the study is the Marxian Political Economy theory. Data was collected for the study through the use of qualitative method by development of the logical data framework. The data collected was analyzed using qualitative descriptive technique, while the logical data clarified the empirical indicators. The study discovers that oil is at the heart of the human rights abuse in Libya and the government puts up machinery of the state as instrument of coercion and infringement of the fundamental human rights of her citizens in forms of unlawful arrests, detention, torture and killing. In response to the research questions, the study found out that the government of Libya tends to relegate political and economic structures for the enforcement of the fundamental human rights of citizens between 1969 and 2011. This is done by using the structures in place to subvert and infringe on the rights of the citizens in terms of denial of economic (entrepreneurial drive) and social- political rights (political aspiration and determination). It further discovered that Libya political recruitment into the legislature and executive based on periodic election between 1969 and 2011 tend to be undermined by the Libyan government. Political recruitment into the executive and legislature is not based on competitive election, but on clientelism, patronage and prebendalism. Finally, the study investigated that the Libyan political structure tends to militate against the development of political parties and constitutional opposition between 1969 and 2011. It suppressed them in extra-legal and violent ways as manifest in the February 16, 2011 violent suppression of protests in Libya. Based on this the study recommends that the new government of Libya should control the arms in the hands of the liberation fighters to forestall future violence. It should also stop the ongoing arrests, detentions and killings against perceived supporters of the past regime of Gaddafi by the coalition fighters. Finally, the government should speedily work towards reconstructing and stabilizing the system so as to salvage the basis of the last revolt. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………..……………… i Certification…..……………………………………..……………………. ii Approval……………………………………..……………………………. iii Dedication...…………………… ……..…………………………………… iv Acknowledgment………………..………………………………………… v Abstract…………………..………………………………………………… vi Table of Contents………..…………………………………………………. vii CHAPTER ONE: 1.0 Introduction………………….……………………………………… 1 1.1 Statement of Problem………..………………………………………. 5 1.2 Objectives of Study……….…………………………………………. 9 1.3 Significance of Study……....………………………………………… 10 1.4 Literature Review…..………………………………………………… 11 1.5 Theoretical Framework…………………………………………….… 28 1.6 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………… 31 1.7 Method of Data Collection…………………………………………… 32 CHAPTER TWO: NATURE OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES IN LIBYA BETWEEN 1969 AND 2011…………. 36 2.1 The State and Democratic Rights and Liberties in Libya…………… 36 2.2 Character of Political Institutions in Libya from 1951 – 1969 and 1969 - 2011………………………………………………………… 44 2.3 Structure of Economic Institutions in Libya between 1969 and 2011 55 CHAPTER THREE: PATTERNS OF POLITICAL RECRUITMENT IN LIBYA FROM 1969 – 2011………………………………………. 74 3.1 Political Appointment from 1969 – 1975…………………………. 75 3.2 Elective Principles from 1975 – 2011…….………………………. 76 3.3 Political Recruitment under the National Transitional Council (NTC) 82 viii CHAPTER FOUR: POLITICAL PARTIES AND CONSTITUTIONAL OPPOSITION IN LIBYA FROM 1969 – 2011……………………. 86 4.1 Political Parties in Libya from 1951 – 1952………………………... 86 4.2 Disposition of Political Parties and Opposition Groups in Libya from 1969 – 2011………………………………………………………….. 87 4.3 Socio-Economic and Political Reforms as Ground for Revolution in Libya……………………………………………………………… 98 4.4 2011 Revolutionary War in Libya and end of Gaddafi’s Regime….. 100 4.5 List of Wanted Figures for the Crimes and 2011 War in Libya……. 103 4.6 Transitional National Council Fighters (TNCF)…………………… 106 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………… 108 5.1 Summary………………………………………………………….. 109 5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 112 5.3 Implication of Study……………………………………………….. 112 5.4 Recommendation………………………………………………….. 113 5.5 Prognosis…………………………………………………………… 114 Bibliography………………………………………………………… 115 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Democratization involves a continuous process of acquiring democratic principles and practices in a state as well as the endless rigorous aspect of institutionalization. Democracy could be evolved peacefully by the constituent parts of a state or through violent protests and war by the people arising from discontents in the socio-economic and political patterns of allocation of resources in the state. The recent crackdown of protesters and gross violation of human rights in Libya as well as the NATO-backed Coalition of Opposition Group war that ousted Colonel Muammar Gaddafi (culminating to his gruesome execution on 20 th October, 2011) reawakens the interest of observers on the brand of democracy in the Jamahiriya state led by the regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi (1969 – 2011) as well as the basis of political economy and social relations of production in Libya. In view of the fact that the regime of Gaddafi toppled the leadership of King Idris in 1969 in a bloodless coup d’etat and suspended the Independence Constitution of 1951 which enshrined the fundamental human rights of citizens in order to expropriate the resources of the state (www.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya). This results to the alienation of the rest of the masses in Libya with the implication that both political and economic interests are at the heart of the struggle in Libya between the leadership and the citizens as in the class struggle analysis of Marx. 2 Until recently, it is largely believed that Africa
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