Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 5: Macro Report Version: September 14, 2016
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Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 1 Module 5: Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 5: Macro Report Version: September 14, 2016 Country: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, CHINA Date of Election: 4 September 2016 Prepared by: Li Pang-kwong, Ph.D. Date of Preparation: June 2017 NOTES TO COLLABORATORS • There are eight sections (numbered A-H inclusive) in this report. Please ensure that you complete all the sections. • The information provided in this report contributes to the macro data portion of the CSES, an important component of the CSES project. The information may be filled out by yourself, or by an expert or experts of your choice. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated. • Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g.: electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports, district data) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. • Answers should be as of the date of the election being studied. • Where brackets [ ] appear, collaborators should answer by placing an “X” within the appropriate bracket or brackets. For example: [X] • If more space is needed to answer any question, please lengthen the document as necessary. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 5: Macro Report ************************ Remarks on Hong Kong’s Legislative Council Election Before going any further, an explanation of Hong Kong’s Legislative Council Election, which are complicated, is in order. Legislative Council in Hong Kong is composed of 70 members, 35 of which are returned by geographical constituency elections and another 35 by functional constituency elections. In the Geographical Constituency (GC) part of the Election, Hong Kong is divided into 5 constituencies and voters elect candidates by universal suffrage. The number of LegCo seats in each constituency is decided according to the constituency population. The voting system adopted is the closed list proportional representation system. There are two parts of the Functional Constituencies (FCs): the traditional FCs and the District Council (Second) FC. The traditional FCs return 30 LegCo members. Registration as a voter in traditional FCs requires certain qualifications, for example, registered medical practitioners or dentists for the Medical FC, and bodies with voting right at general meetings of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce for the Commercial (First) FC. Note that in some FCs, voters are individuals, while in others, “voters” are not individuals and are companies or organizations. Different voting methods are used in different traditional FCs to return their LegCo members. The District Council (Second) FC returns 5 LegCo members. In this part of election, the whole of Hong Kong has one constituency only and the voting system adopted is the closed list proportional representation system. Candidates must be elected District Council members who are nominated by no less than 15 other elected District Council members; whereas voters are registered GC electors who are not registered in other FCs. Unless specified otherwise, information about the 2016 LegCo Election we provide in this report is based on that of the GC part of the 2016 LegCo Election. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 3 Module 5: Macro Report A) DATA PERTINENT TO ELECTION AT WHICH MODULE WAS ADMINISTERED 1a. Type of Election: [X] Parliamentary/Legislative [ ] Parliamentary/Legislative and Presidential [ ] Presidential [ ] Other; please specify: __________ 1b. If the type of election in Question 1a included Parliamentary/Legislative, was the election for the Upper House, Lower House, or both? [ ] Upper House [ ] Lower House [ ] Both [X] Other; please specify: The Legislative Council in Hong Kong is unicameral and not divided into Upper and Lower Houses. 2a. What was the party of the president prior to the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was presidential? There is no such post (the president) in Hong Kong. The Chief Executive (CE) in Hong Kong (some equivalent of the president elsewhere) is the highest government official of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. (Note that Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China, and strictly speaking, the HKSAR Government is a local government.) The CE does not belong to any political party, which is required by Section 31 of the Chief Executive Election Ordinance (Chapter 569, Laws of Hong Kong). 2b. What was the party of the Prime Minister prior to the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was parliamentary? There is no such post (the Prime Minister) in Hong Kong. 2c. Report the number of cabinet ministers of each party or parties in cabinet, prior to the most recent election. (If one party holds all cabinet posts, simply write "all".) Please also provide a website link to this data if possible. (Definition: Ministers are considered those members of government who are members of the Cabinet and who have voting rights at Cabinet meetings. Please also list cabinet members that are ‘independent’. If known, specify if the ‘independents’ are affiliated or close to certain parties). In Hong Kong, the Executive Council (ExCo), which is established to assist the CE in policy- making, is some equivalent of the cabinet elsewhere. However, the majority views of the ExCo, if any, are not binding and it is up to the CE to decide whether to accept them or not. In this sense, the ExCo members do not have voting rights. With this understanding, the ExCo members with and without party affiliation (as of 31 December 2015) are shown in the following table: Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 4 Module 5: Macro Report Party Name Number of cabinet positions Official members: without party affiliation 16 Non-official members: without party affiliation 9 Non-official members: Democratic Alliance for the Betterment 2 and Progress of Hong Kong Non-official members: Business and Professionals Alliance for 1 Hong Kong Non-official member: New People’s Party 1 Non-official member: Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 1 Source: Compiled from Hong Kong Year Book 2015, Appendix 1 (https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2015/en/pdf/Appendices.pdf, accessed on 21 August 2017). 2d. What was the size of the cabinet prior to the election (i.e.: total number of cabinet ministers detailed in 2c)? Please include only full ministers and the prime minister in the count. (Definition: Ministers are considered those members of government who are members of the Cabinet and who have voting rights at Cabinet meetings). ExCo consisted of the CE and 30 members (16 official members and 14 non-official members) prior to 2016 LegCo Election (as of 31 December 2015). 3a. What was the party of the president after the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was presidential? See 2a. 3b. What was the party of the Prime Minister after the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was parliamentary? There is no such post (the Prime Minister) in Hong Kong. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 5 Module 5: Macro Report 3c. Report the number of cabinet ministers of each party or parties in cabinet, after the most recent election. (If one party holds all cabinet posts, simply write "all"). Please provide a website link to this data if possible. (Definition: Ministers are considered those members of government who are members of the Cabinet and who have voting rights at Cabinet meetings. Please also list cabinet members that are ‘independent’. If known, specify if the ‘independents’ are affiliated or close to certain parties). The ExCo members with and without party affiliation after the 2016 LegCo Election (as of 31 December 2016) are shown in the following table: Party Name Number of cabinet positions Official members: without party affiliation 16 Non-official members: without party affiliation 10 Non-official members: Democratic Alliance for the Betterment 2 and Progress of Hong Kong Non-official members: Business and Professionals Alliance for 1 Hong Kong Non-official member: Liberal Party 1 Non-official member: Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 1 Source: Compiled from Hong Kong Year Book 2016, Appendix 1 (https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2016/en/pdf/Appendices.pdf, accessed on 21 August 2017). 3d. What was the size of the cabinet after the election (total number of cabinet ministers detailed in 3c)? Please include only full ministers and the prime minister in the count. (Definition: Ministers are considered those members of government who are members of the Cabinet and who have voting rights at Cabinet meetings). ExCo consistsed of the CE and 31 members (16 official members and 15 non-official members) (as of 31 December 2016) after 2016 LegCo Election. 4a. Please provide a source of data detailing the official election results at the national level (votes and seats) for all parties participating in the election. Please provide a website link to this data if possible. If the data is not available electronically, please provide the information in paper format. (Note: There is no requirement to detail the results here. Instead, an official source where this data can be accessed is sufficient). There is no official territory-wide level (equivalent to the national level) election results for all parties participating in 2016 LegCo Election. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 6 Module 5: Macro Report 4b. Please provide a source of data detailing the official election results at the district level (votes and seats) for all parties participating in the election. Please provide a website link to this data if possible. If the data is not available electronically, please provide the information in paper format. (Note: There is no requirement to detail the results here. Instead, an official source where this data can be accessed is sufficient). The following websites provide the official election results at the constituency level (equivalent to the district level): (1) Introduction to Candidates (Geographical Constituency): https://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2016/eng/intro_to_can.html, accessed on 3 July 2017.