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The Monthly Record South Place Ethical Society Non-Members may receive this publication by post on payment of 2/6 per annum. SEPTEMBER 1938 The Monthly Record of South Place Ethical Society CONWAY HALL, RED LION SQUARE, W.C.1. Telephone: CHANCERY 9032. THE OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY are the study and dissemination of ethical principles and the cultivation of a rational religious sentiment." Sunday Morning Meetings at ELEVEN O'CLOCK. For particulars of the meetings of the World Union of Freethinkers' Inter- national Congress, London—Friday, September 9, to Tuesday, September 13— see page 11 September 18—LAURENCE HOUSMAN—Extremists Sonata for Violoncello and Pianoforte Caporale (1746) Largo-Allegro-Adagio-Allegro. Miss MURIEL TAYLOR and Mr. WILLIAM BUSCH No. 5. Britain's first poet. I amous old Chaucer. Hymns No. 100. What is it that the crowd requite. September 25—PROFESSOR T. H. PEAR, M.A., B.Sc.—Vehicles and Routes of Thinking Soprano Solo: Ah, lo so .. Mozart MISS HEBE SIMPSON, Bass Solo: Whither? .. Schubert Mr. G. C. HOWMAN. No. 66 (tune 217). All common things, each day's events. Hymns No. 16. 0, help the prophet to he bold. October 2 — PROFESSOR H. LEVY, D.Sc. — " I Accuse Pianoforte Solo .. Pianist : Mr. WILLIAM BUSCH. ,No. 141. 0, star of strength. I see thee stand. Hymns No. 147. Earnest words must needs be spoken. Pianist : Mr. WIILLIAM BUSCH, A Collection is ntade at each Meeting, to enable those present to contribute to the expenses of the Society. VISITORS WELCOME. OFFICIAL CAR PARK—OPPOsiLe Main Entrance. 2 MEMBERSHIP Any person in sympathy with the Objects of the Society is cordially invited to become a MEMBER. The minimum annual subscription is 10.9., but it is hoped that Members will subscribe as generously as possible and so assist the Society to meet its heavy annual expenditure. Any person may join as an Associate, but will not be eligible to vote or hold office. Further particulars may be obtained before and after the Services or on application to the Hon. Registrar, Mrs. E. Washbrook, Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, W.C.1, to whom all subscriptions should be paid. HONORARY OFFICERS Editor of MONTHLY RECORD F. G. GOULD, Woodrising, Trapps Hill, Loughton, Essex. Minutes Secretary... ... F. A. SOWAN, 38 Ellerton Road, S.W.18. Registrar of Members and N.1. Associates... ... 1Mrs. E. WASHBROOK, 33 Claremont Close. Treasurer ... .., C. E. LISTER, COMVIly Hall, w.c.1. GENERAL COMMITTEE C. E. BARRALET. H. LIDSTONE. Miss I. THOMPSON. MiSS D. WALTERS. E. J. FAIRHALL. Mrs. LINDSAY. F. WASHBROOIC. W. FISH. MTS. LISTER. MTS. WATSON. MTS. GAMBLE. A. 0. ORRETT. MiSS F. WILKINS. Miss. R.. HALLS. C. J. POLLARD. Miss D. WINTER. G. HUTCHINSON. MTS. JAMES. J. RONEY. MTS. WOOD. Secretary : S. G. Green, Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, W.C.1. MARRIAGES. Conway Hall is registered for marriages. FUNERAL SERVICES can be arranged by the Society, Applications should be addressed to the Secretary. • * The Society does not hold itself responsible for views expressed or reported in the "RECORD." FACTS AND VALUES A little bad philosophy goes a long way, as some of our scientists have shown in their popular writings. They have passed through a maze of mathematical symbols to discover in the end only that the universe is mysterious, or that it is made by the Deity they heard of, when they were children. It is indeed always dangerous to erect a philosophy upon the basis of any one of the physical sciences, because philosophy, if it is to be an account of the world we live in, must at least include references to all the aspects of that world known to us at any moment. But any one of the sciences, such as physics, must begin by isolating from the world of apples and hats, the spacial relations of such things as these: and if, having dealt with the nature of spheres and circles, the scientist forgets that he found his sphere and circle originally in an apple or a hat, he may, in the end, persuade himself that the apple or the hat is unreal. But those who study facts have a still more dangerous habit of omitting to notice values. There is nothing mysterious about a value. The apple has a value called beauty; and even a hat may have that. And both have subsidiary moral value, if they are good, as means to be used for right action. Even the barest statement about facts would not exist if there were not an appetite for another kind of value, called truth, to which scientists devote themselves. But beauty, goodness and truth are not " things," like apples and hats; nor are they facts of the same kind as circles and numbers. Values, however, exist; and if what is meant by " real " is that what is called "real" exists, then values are " real." But such vague statements as that " the real is the good " or " the good is the real" are worse than useless; and yet Hegel and his follower, Marx, confused themselves by precisely such vague state- ments. They did not distinguish facts from values. - The conception that facts are bound together by a law of cause and effect may 1 be very useful in the physical sciences; but it may be misleading, if it implies an exclusion of all values from the explanation of the world given in philosophy. It is not necessary, however, to discuss philosophy in general. Our interest here is in the right and the good; that is to say, in the values found in certain human actions and their results. And these values are quite distinct from such facts as power or force, or success or failure. They are not the inevitable results of pre-existing causes. The language we use about them should be quite different from that used in the descrip- tion of facts; and no amount of knowledge of facts will necessarily give an appreciation of values. For example, a scientific account of the facts of geography, contained in the names and positions of mountains and riven, cannot give an adequate understanding of what a mountain or a river is, to a person who has no appreciation of the beauty of either. But the perception of values is most important when we consider social situations or personal action. There are elaborate social sciences which are descriptions of fact. There is research into the facts of poverty and malnutrition. But it is possible to have a great knowledge of such facts as these without having any appreciation of the value called justice. That is the reason why so little is done to overcome the defects of our social system. A knowledge of the facts about it may indeed become actually an obstacle to action for the sake of justice, because any elaborate study of facts tends to make the student believe that facts as they are, are inevitable. He sees the inevitable connection between one fact and another, but he does not see that neither of the facts in the situation he studies need exist. Thus, it is assumed that in times of war men and women can and ought to sacrifice their private interests to the common good. Right action for the sake of justice is clear enough when " the nation needs you." But it is assumed also, and quite wrongly, that in times of peace each man or woman can safely act for personal advantage only, in the false belief that the result will be good for the whole community. The accumulation of private wealth in times of peace by those who have exceptional opportunities or peculiar abilities is one of the direct causes of poverty and malnutrition among those who are less fortunate. It is one of the causes of an unjust social situation; and the actions which support such a situation cannot be right. But men in power, and great numbers of those who have enough for themselves, know the facts quite well enough. To imagine that we need still more research to show how little a man can live upon or how many are starving, is simply an excuse for inaction. But no action will ever be taken by individuals or by those with public authority, unless the sense of that value which is called justice, is much more powerful among us. Unfortunately the sense of justice is too often dependent upon that most annoying type of persuasion, the exhortation to virtue. Preachers depend too much upon exciting emotions on Sunday, which have been exhausted by Monday morning. But the study of the world we live in should increase not merely our knowledge of facts, but also our sense of values; and this sense of values is as dependent upon reasoning as is the knowledge of facts. Rationalism is not concerned only with facts. Reasoning is not mere calculation. Indeed, even in science imagination is as useful as analysis and numbering, But all real reasoning about actual life or about things as they are combines both the awareness of fact and the sense of value. These two cannot be safely separated. To see the situation as it is, for example, in the distressed areas of South Wales or of Durham, is to feel that all those who have enough for themselves have failed in their duty to others. We use coal and travel in trains, without thinking of the effects of our actions upon those whose labour makes our own lives possible. The sense of justice, where it exists, is often reduced to a mere discomfort at some grievance of our own; and the quality of the life in a community which allows poverty to continue, is not felt as a disgrace to a nation which claims to be civilised.
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