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Approaches to Heritage Hawaiian and Pacific Perspectives ( on Preservation

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Approaches to Heritage Hawaiian and Pacific Perspectives ( on Preservation CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments, and the Private Sector CRM VOLUME 19 NO. 8 1996 Approaches to Heritage Hawaiian and Pacific Perspectives ( on Preservation )EPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR nal Park Service Eral Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 19 NO. 8 1996 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources Approaches to Heritage DIRECTOR Roger G. Kennedy Foreword 3 Senator Daniel K. Inouye ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Katherine H. Stevenson Hawaiian Perspectives on Historic Preservation 4 and Cultural Resource Management EDITOR William Chapman Ronald M. Greenberg Historic Preservation in Hawaii: An Archeological Perspective 8 PRODUCTION MANAGER Michael W. Graves Karlota M. Koester The Significance of Heiau Diversity in Site Evaluations 11 GUEST EDITOR C. Kēhaunani Cachola-Abad William Chapman Jennifer Malin, Assistant Hawaiian Cultural and Natural Resource Management 17 Davianna PomaikaT McGregor ADVISORS David Andrews To Preserve an Island 21 Editor. NPS Rowland B. Reeve Joan Bacharach Museum Registrar. NPS Heritage Preservation in the Pacific Island States 24 Randall I. Biallas Neal Putt Historical Architect. NPS Susan Buggey The Cultural Landscape at Ke'anae and Wailuanui 25 Director. Historical Services Branch Elizabeth Anderson Parks Canada John A. Bums Learning About The Past. Learning Lrom The Past 29 Architect. NPS Bishop Museum and Communities Working Together Harry A. Butowsky Historian, NPS Maurice Major Pratt Cassity Executive Director, Archeology and the Public at Bishop Museum 31 National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Toni L. Han Muriel Crespi v Cultural Anthropologist NPS 01elo HawaPi—Hawaiian Language as Cultural Resource 33 Craig W. Davis M. Puakea Nogelmeier Archeologist NPS Mark R. Edwards Preserving HawaiT's Traditional Landscapes 36 Director. Historic Preservation Division. Jennifer Malin State Historic Preservation Officer. Georgia lohn Hnedak Overview of Historic House Museums and Parks in HawaiT 37 Architectural Historian, NPS Barnes Riznik Roger E. Kelly Archeologist NPS Managing Historic Resources in an Evolving Hawaiian Community 40 Antoinette I. Lee Historian, NPS Kalaupapa NHP John Poppeliers Dean Alexander International Liaison Officer for Cultural Resources, NPS Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific 44 Brit Allan Storey William J. Murtagh and Delta Lightner Historian, Bureau of Reclamation Federal Preservation Forum Portugal in Asia 45 A View of Preservation in Macau CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Cherry Barnett Stephen A. Morris Certified Local Governments (CLG) Coordinator. NPS Micronesia Update 47 Kay D. Weeks Jennifer Malin Technol Writer-Editor, NPS University of HawaPi Summer Program in Architectural Recording 49 CONSULTANTS William Chapman with Jennifer Malin Wm. H. Freeman Design, Imaging, Production-Freeman Publishing Services 1996 Pacific Preservation Field School 52 Janice C. McCoy Editing-Editorial Notes Dorothy Barton Cover: Birthplace of Princess Ruth, Hawaii. Photo courtesy NPS. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles, news items, and correspondence to the Editor, CRM (2250), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, P.O. Box 37127,Washington, DC 20013-7127; (202-343-3395, Fax 202-343-5260, Internet: [email protected]). 2 CRM NS 8—1996 Foreword am pleased to introduce this issue of preserved for the future. In Hawaf i, millions of CRM which focuses on cultural federal dollars have been devoted to identifying resource management and heritage and preserving cultural resources at Mākua Valley, conservation in the state of Hawaf i. the Schofield Training Area, and the Pohakuloa I Training Area. I commend the many in our com­ During my years in the United States Senate, I have worked to educate my colleagues about munity who have devoted a significant portion of Hawaii's unique and special resources. The their lives to the cause. I applaud CRM for high­ blending of Polynesian, Asian, and European cul­ lighting the endeavors of some of these people and tures has given us a rich and priceless heritage. hope it will serve as an educational tool through This multicultural setting provides both great which others can appreciate their contributions opportunities and challenges for those of us who and emulate their commitment. call Hawaf i our home. As we approach the 21st century, cultural As can be seen in this issue of CRM, there resource conservation must provide a window to are a number of motivated individuals dedicated look and see where we have been, to understand to the preservation of Hawaf fs cultural resources. where we are today, and to plan our strategy for From the repatriation of Native Hawaiian cultural the future. It cannot be a choice. It must be a com­ artifacts to the restoration of Kaho'olawe, there mitment—our commitment. are many exciting projects. However, given the magnitude of the work to be done, and the limited resources with which to do it, important questions Alpha, are being asked about the focus of preservation— what should be preserved, and how do we best accomplish this daunting task of preservation. Through the Department of Defense's Legacy Program, and the development of the Museum of the American Indian, I have worked to insure that DANIEL K. INOUYE/ our native cultural resources will be respected and United States Senator CRM N2 8—1996 3 William Chapman Hawaiian Perspectives on Historic Preservation and Cultural Resource Management awafi has long been recognized State Department of Education. Hawaiian names, as a special place—both by visi­ for both people and places, Polynesian crafts, voy­ tors and by those privileged to aging canoes, and traditional navigational tech­ live in these beautiful Pacific niques, even ancient tattoo designs, have all islandsH. Among what makes Hawafi special is its witnessed a resurgence. Although many doubt that stupendous natural character—many of us the islands ever will press for or attain full inde­ believe it is the most dramatic in the world—and, pendence from the U.S., it is indeed clear by now of course, its unique cultural heritage. that some form of cultural redefinition is taking Unlike most of the North American states, place and that HawaEi will never be simply Hawafi possessed a proud and still clearly visible "another" state in the U.S. native population at the time of absorption into These developments have had important the U.S. Certainly a cruel fallacy as we now real­ impacts on how Hawaiians view their heritage and ize, the other "western" states were considered by their cultural resources. For many years the both settlers and government officials as somehow domain of Euro-American archeologists and ethno­ "underpopulated" and "underutilized" at the time graphers, Hawaiian cultural resources are increas­ they were first admitted to the Union as territo­ ingly being viewed as the rightful province of ries—the great myth of "virgin land." Native Native Hawaiians themselves. Hawaiians have American populations had been decimated by played a prominent role in the development of European diseases, pushed off traditional agricul­ NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and tural and grazing lands, and had indeed become Repatriation Act) at a national level; through marginalized inhabitants of what was often con­ island Burial Councils, Hawaiian people have sidered an "empty" West. accepted responsibility for the treatment of ances­ Native Hawaiians had experienced much of tral remains locally. Native Hawaiians have had the same displacement and decline in numbers, increasing say both within the state government but they remained a significant component of the and through organizations such as the Office of population during the 1890s, when issues of terri­ Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) over how the Hawaiian torial expansion into the Pacific were being cultural heritage should be approached in terms of debated at a national level. Native Hawaiians both preservation and management. Hawaiian were also a strong cultural and economic presence activists have been outspoken in their opposition at the time, linked to prominent Euro-American to development activities that threaten historic or merchants and planters through both business ties prehistoric sites and also living practices—includ­ and marriage and—until the overthrow of Queen ing Hawaiian sacred sites. No longer are Lili uokalani by a clique of mostly American busi­ Hawaiians silent about their culture and history; nessmen in 1893—still headed by a unique and the "future," to paraphrase one popular slogan, "is colorful monarchy. theirs!" In recent years the historic significance of Interestingly, many would argue that the Native Hawaiians, their important place in the Native Hawaiian story is only one that needs to be cultural history of the Pacific as well as the told and remembered. HawaEi has long prided explicit and implicit claims of the Hawaiian peo­ itself on its cultural diversity. Over the past 150 ple to better recognition and treatment—as both a years, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Okinawan, people and a culture—have gained increasing Filipino, and more recently many mainland attention. This renaissance has taken many forms: Southeast Asian peoples have immigrated to consideration
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