DOCSLIB.ORG

Project on Electricity Sector Master Plan Study in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Project on Electricity Sector Master Plan Study in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy (MPRE) Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) Project on Electricity Sector Master Plan Study in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report March, 2018 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. (TEPCO HD) TEPCO Power Grid, Incorporated (TEPCO PG) Tokyo Electric Power Services Co., Ltd. (TEPSCO) Project on Electricity Sector Master Plan Study in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 0. Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 0.1 Viewpoints and Targets of Electricity Sector Master Plan ................................................... 1 0.2 Primary Energy ..................................................................................................................... 2 0.2.1 Fuel Price Forecast in WEO2016 ....................................................................................... 2 0.2.2 Possibility of introducing domestic natural gas and LNG .................................................. 3 0.2.3 Renewable Energy .............................................................................................................. 4 0.3 Demand Forecast up to 2040 ................................................................................................ 5 0.3.1 Change of Daily Load Profile ............................................................................................. 5 0.3.2 Recommended Demand Forecast ....................................................................................... 6 0.4 Environmental and Social Considerations ............................................................................ 7 0.5 Long-term Power Development Plans .................................................................................. 8 0.5.1 Concept of Formulating Long-term Power Development Plans ......................................... 8 0.5.2 Comparison of Each Scenario ............................................................................................. 8 0.5.3 Recommended Proposal ................................................................................................... 11 0.6 Transmission Development Plan ........................................................................................ 12 0.6.1 Transmission lines required for each power development scenario ................................. 12 0.6.2 Maximum Capacity of Allowable Generator Trip ............................................................ 14 0.7 Improving Reliability of Distribution System .................................................................... 15 0.8 Proposal of Investment Plan and Financial Plan ................................................................. 15 0.9 Action Plan and Road Map ................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background to the Survey .................................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Purpose of the Survey ........................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Area in Which to Conduct the Survey ............................................................................... 1-1 1.4 Conducting Organizations of the Partner Country ............................................................. 1-1 Chapter 2. Energy Sector and Electricity Sector in Sri Lanka .......................................................... 2-1 2.1 Energy Sector ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Public Sector Institutions ................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Private Sector Institutions ................................................................................................ 2-4 2.2 Electricity Sector ................................................................................................................ 2-5 Chapter 3. Viewpoints and Targets of Electricity Sector Master Plan .............................................. 3-1 3.1 Current Status of Electricity Sector ................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Review of Current Electricity Sector Master Plan (MP2006) ......................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Current Status of Electricity Sector ................................................................................. 3-3 3.2 Viewpoints and Targets of Electricity Sector Master Plan ................................................ 3-5 Chapter 4. Primary Energy ................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1 Primary Energy Policy ....................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Primary Energy for Power Development ........................................................................... 4-4 4.2.1 Primary Energy Demand and supply transition ............................................................... 4-4 4.2.2 Forecast for future demand ............................................................................................ 4-12 4.2.3 Available amount of fossil fuel imports and power generation ..................................... 4-16 4.2.4 Price forecasts for various types of fuel ......................................................................... 4-17 4.2.5 Fuel Price Forecast in WEO2016 .................................................................................. 4-21 4.3 Possibility of introducing domestic natural gas and LNG ............................................... 4-22 4.3.1 Domestic natural gas ...................................................................................................... 4-22 i Project on Electricity Sector Master Plan Study in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Final Report 4.3.2 Possibility of introducing LNG ...................................................................................... 4-24 4.3.3 Use of natural gas (NG) other than for power generation.............................................. 4-30 4.4 Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................... 4-32 4.4.1 Introduction of Renewable Energy ................................................................................ 4-32 4.4.2 Introduction Policies and Structure for Renewable Energy ........................................... 4-33 4.4.3 Introduction Potential for Renewable Energy ................................................................ 4-34 4.4.4 Introduction Potential for Hydropower .......................................................................... 4-34 4.4.5 Introduction Potential for Windpower ........................................................................... 4-37 4.4.6 Introduction Potential for Biomass Power ..................................................................... 4-40 4.4.7 Introduction Potential for Solar Power .......................................................................... 4-42 4.4.8 Supply Capacity for Renewable Energy ........................................................................ 4-46 Chapter 5. Demand Forecast ............................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Current Demand Forecast in Current Plan ......................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Current Demand Forecast ................................................................................................ 5-1 5.1.2 Validity of and Issues regarding Current Power Demand Forecast ................................. 5-2 5.2 Related Information on Electric Power Demand Forecast ................................................. 5-2 5.2.1 Actual Records ................................................................................................................. 5-2 5.2.2 Economic Policy (GDP Growth Rate), Population/Growth Rate Forecast...................... 5-7 5.2.3 Characteristics of Demand by Province and Trends of Increase ................................... 5-10 5.2.4 Demand Side Management ............................................................................................ 5-12 5.2.5 Railway Electrification .................................................................................................. 5-15 5.2.6 Introduction of Rapid Transit System (RTS) ................................................................. 5-19 5.2.7 Popularization of Electric Vehicles ............................................................................... 5-19 5.2.8 Demand Increase in Large Scale Development Plans and Large Customers’ Plans ..... 5-23 5.2.9 Air Temperature ............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ZEYLANICA a Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka
    ZEYLANICA A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka Asiff Hussein Second Edition: September 2014 ZEYLANICA. A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka ISBN 978-955-0028-04-7 © Asiff Hussein Printed by: Printel (Pvt) Ltd 21/11, 4 th Lane, Araliya Uyana Depanama, Pannipitiya Published by: Neptune Publications CONTENTS Chapter 1 Legendary peoples of Lanka Chapter 2 The Veddas, the aboriginal inhabitants of Lanka and their speech Chapter 3 The Origins of the Sinhalese nation and the Sinhala language Chapter 4 The Origins of the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Tamil language Chapter 5 The Sri Lankan Moors and their language Chapter 6 The Malays of Sri Lanka and the local Malay language Chapter 7 The Memons, a people of North Indian origin and their language Chapter 8 Peoples of European origin. The Portuguese and Dutch Burghers Chapter 9 The Kaffirs. A people of African origin Chapter 10 The Ahikuntaka. The Gypsies of Sri Lanka INTRODUCTORY NOTE The system of transliteration employed in the text, save for citations, is the standard method. Thus dots below letters represent retroflex sounds which are pronounced with the tip of the tongue striking the roof of the mouth further back than for dental sounds which are articulated by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth. Among the other sounds transliterated here c represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (as sounded in the English church ) and ś the palatal sibilant (as sounded in English sh ow ). The lingual which will be found occurring in Sanskrit words is similar in pronunciation to the palatal .
    [Show full text]
  • Corporate Governance
    Corporate Governance About the Group | Management Discussion & Analysis Aitken | Spence Governance Hotel Holdings | Financial PLC | Reports Corporate |Governance Supplementary Disclosures Information 2019/20 1 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE An Effective Board Board Sub Committees The Board of Directors appointed by the shareholders becomes the of Parent Company conscience guardians and custodians of the Company, providing leadership for determining the strategic course of the Company and discharge of its obligations as a responsible corporate citizen. Consequently, composition of Executive Committees the Board is key to its effectiveness and determines the tone at the top, a sine qua non for sound corporate governance. Board Profiles on pages 16 to 18 of the Annual Report 2019/20 Managing Related Party Director Transactions Review Committee The Board of Directors Group Supervisory Board Remuneration Composition Committee Chairman Board of Management Executive Directors Independent Nomination Non-Executive Directors Committee Non-Independent Non-Executive Directors Senior Management Committees Audit Committee Internal Compliance Framework Audit Mandatory • Companies Act No.7 of 2007 • Sri Lanka Accounting and Auditing Standards Act No. 15 of 1995 • Articles of Association Administration • Listing Rules of the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) of the Board • Central Depository System Rules • Securities & Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka Act No. 36 of 1987 (as amended) Company Secretarial services • Group Code of Ethics are provided by Aitken Spence •
    [Show full text]
  • Discourses of Ethno-Nationalism and Religious Fundamentalism
    DISCOURSES OF ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM SRI LANKAN DISCOURSES OF ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM By MYRA SIVALOGANATHAN, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Myra Sivaloganathan, June 2017 M.A. Thesis – Myra Sivaloganathan; McMaster University – Religious Studies. McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2017) Hamilton, Ontario (Religious Studies) TITLE: Sri Lankan Discourses of Ethno-Nationalism and Religious Fundamentalism AUTHOR: Myra Sivaloganathan, B.A. (McGill University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Mark Rowe NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 91 ii M.A. Thesis – Myra Sivaloganathan; McMaster University – Religious Studies. Abstract In this thesis, I argue that discourses of victimhood, victory, and xenophobia underpin both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalist and religious fundamentalist movements. Ethnic discourse has allowed citizens to affirm collective ideals in the face of disparate experiences, reclaim power and autonomy in contexts of fundamental instability, but has also deepened ethnic divides in the post-war era. In the first chapter, I argue that mutually exclusive narratives of victimhood lie at the root of ethnic solitudes, and provide barriers to mechanisms of transitional justice and memorialization. The second chapter includes an analysis of the politicization of mythic figures and events from the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahāvaṃsa in nationalist discourses of victory, supremacy, and legacy. Finally, in the third chapter, I explore the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam’s (LTTE) rhetoric and symbolism, and contend that a xenophobic discourse of terrorism has been imposed and transferred from Tamil to Muslim minorities. Ultimately, these discourses prevent Sri Lankans from embracing a multi-ethnic and multi- religious nationality, and hinder efforts at transitional justice.
    [Show full text]
  • A Strategy for Nature Tourism Management
    I I I A STRATEGY FOR NATURE TOURISM I MANAGEMENT: I Review of the EnvIronmental and Economic Benefits I of Nature TourIsm and Measures to Increase these Benefits I By I H M 8 C Herath M Sivakumar I P Steele I FINAL REPORT I August 1997 I Prepared for the Ceylon Tourrst Board and Department of Wildlife I USAIDI Natural Resources & Environmental Polley Project International Resources Group (NAREPP/IRG) I A project of the United States Agency for International Development and the I Government of Sri Lanka I I I I I I I DlScriptlOllS about Authors Mr HMC Herath IS a Deputy DIrector workIng for Department of WIldlIfe I ConservatIon, 18, Gregory's Road, Colombo 07, TP No 94-01-695 045 Mr M Sivakurnar IS a Research asSIStant, EnvIronmental DIvISIon Mmistry of I Forestry and EnvIronment, 3 rd Floor, Umty Plaza Bmldmg, Colombo 04 Mr Paul Steele IS an EconomIC Consultant workIng for EnvIronmental DIvISIon, I MllliStry of Forestry and EnvIronment, 3 rd Floor, Umty Plaza BUlldmg, Colombo 04 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CONTENTS I Page I Executive Summary 1-11 1 IntroductIOn 12 I 2 EXIstmg market for nature tounsm 13-19 I 3 Survey of eXIstIng nature tounsm sItes 20-35 4 EnvIronmental and economIC ObjectIves of a I nature tounsm management strategy 36-42 5 QuantIfymg the economiC benefits from nature tounsm 43-56 I 6 ActI\ ltles and SItes for dIversIfymg and expandIng nature tounsm 57-62 I 7 ConclUSIOns and RecommendatIons for IncreasIng the e'1\ Ironmental and economIC benefits of I nature tounsm 63-65 8 References 66 I 9 Annex 1 LIst of persons consulted 67-68 I Annex 2 Graphs of VIsItor entrance and revenues 69-77 Annex 3 Summary of RecommendatIons of Nature Tounsm Workshop and LISt I of PartIcipants 78-80 I I I I I I I Executive summary I 1 Nature tOUrIsm should be promoted by the Ceylon TourlSt Board to mcrease the number of tourlSts vlSlt10g Sn Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kingdom of Jaffna - Propaganda? Or History?
    The Kingdom of Jaffna - Propaganda? Or History? The history of Sri Lanka during the period of about three and a half centuries between the abandonment of Polonnaruva and the Portuguese conquest of the maritime provinces comprising chiefly the territories incorporated within the kingdoms of Kotte and }affna presents features which are in many ways different from those of the preceding periods. Although this period of the island's history has suffered relatively by neglect and has been represented as one of decline generally by historians influenced by Classical romanticist thinking it has a greater relevance for the understanding of the institutions and problems of modern and even contemporary Sri Lankan history. In his' critical review' of the The Kingdom of lafIna, Gunasinghe in effect accuses the author of having written it, like earlier Tamil scholars, with sectarian and propagandist motives, his aim being the proving of an extensive Tamil or South Indian influence on the history of the island from early times. In other words, his charge is that the author has sought to present an Indo-centric or rather Dravido-centric view of the history of Sri Lanka. "The underlying theme of this book... is basically the propagandist idea of proving a predominantly Dravidian influence on the North and East of the Island from early times." " The propagandist theme of this book." " ••• an obsessive desire to prove an extensive Dravidian influence in the Island from early times." ,•.• , a desire to show an exaggerated picture of the expansion of South Indian and Tamil influence in Sri Lanka from early times." " ..
    [Show full text]
  • Water for Energy
    Water for Energy H. S. Somatilake' 1.1 General information The Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is a government owned and controlled utility of Sri Lanka that takes care of the general energy facilities of the island. The Ministry of Power, and Energy is the responsible ministry above the CEB. The CEB comes under statutory duty to develop and maintain an efficient, coordinated and economical supply system of electricity. Therefore the CEB has to: Generate or acquire supplies of electricity; Construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the generation of electricity; Construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the interconnection of Generating Stations and Sub-stations; Construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the transmission of electricity in bulk from Generating Stations and Sub-stations to such places as may be necessary from time to time; Distribute and sell electricity in bulk or otherwise. The ideas behind these obligations sound right, but the problem of the CEB is the shortage of generating capacity. The current installed capacity of 1838 MW (the CEB owns about 90% of it, the private sector owns the rest) allows only a generation of about 6.800 GWh, while far more electricity is needed Because of this, Sri Lankan energy users often have to reckon with power cuts. A 'power cut schedule' (among other things mentioned on the website of the CEB) indicates the dates and time of the power cuts for the next week. This is not an encouraging sign while the demand for electricity has been growing at an average annual rate of 8% and is expected to grow at the same speed in the foreseeable future.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Transport System Development Project for Colombo Metropolitan Region and Suburbs
    DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS URBAN TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORTS AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY EI ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. JR 14-142 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS URBAN TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORTS AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS Technical Report No. 1 Analysis of Current Public Transport AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS Technical Report No. 1 Analysis on Current Public Transport TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Railways ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 History of Railways in Sri Lanka .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Railway Lines in Western Province .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Train Operation ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reforming Sri Lankan Presidentialism: Provenance, Problems and Prospects Volume 2
    Reforming Sri Lankan Presidentialism: Provenance, Problems and Prospects Edited by Asanga Welikala Volume 2 18 Failure of Quasi-Gaullist Presidentialism in Sri Lanka Suri Ratnapala Constitutional Choices Sri Lanka’s Constitution combines a presidential system selectively borrowed from the Gaullist Constitution of France with a system of proportional representation in Parliament. The scheme of proportional representation replaced the ‘first past the post’ elections of the independence constitution and of the first republican constitution of 1972. It is strongly favoured by minority parties and several minor parties that owe their very existence to proportional representation. The elective executive presidency, at least initially, enjoyed substantial minority support as the president is directly elected by a national electorate, making it hard for a candidate to win without minority support. (Sri Lanka’s ethnic minorities constitute about 25 per cent of the population.) However, there is a growing national consensus that the quasi-Gaullist experiment has failed. All major political parties have called for its replacement while in opposition although in government, they are invariably seduced to silence by the fruits of office. Assuming that there is political will and ability to change the system, what alternative model should the nation embrace? Constitutions of nations in the modern era tend fall into four categories. 1.! Various forms of authoritarian government. These include absolute monarchies (emirates and sultanates of the Islamic world), personal dictatorships, oligarchies, theocracies (Iran) and single party rule (remaining real or nominal communist states). 2.! Parliamentary government based on the Westminster system with a largely ceremonial constitutional monarch or president. Most Western European countries, India, Japan, Israel and many former British colonies have this model with local variations.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Transport Connectivity and Asset Management Project (P132833) REPORT NO.: RES34370 Public Disclosure Authorized RESTRUCTURING PAPER ON A PROPOSED PROJECT RESTRUCTURING OF TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY AND ASSET MANAGEMENT PROJECT APPROVED ON MAY 9, 2016 TO THE Public Disclosure Authorized DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA TRANSPORT GLOBAL PRACTICE SOUTH ASIA REGION Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Vice President: Hartwig Schafer Country Director: Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough Senior Global Practice Director: Guangzhe Chen Practice Manager/Manager: Shomik Raj Mehndiratta Task Team Leader: Arnab Bandyopadhyay Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Transport Connectivity and Asset Management Project (P132833) SRI LANKA Transport Connectivity and Asset Management Project Table of Contents I. PROJECT STATUS AND RATIONALE FOR RESTRUCTURING.....................................................................................3 Project Status.......................................................................................................................................................3 Rationale for restructuring...................................................................................................................................4 II. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED CHANGES ................................................................................................................6 The World Bank Transport Connectivity and Asset Management Project (P132833) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABC Aggregate Base Concrete
    [Show full text]
  • National Transport Commission
    National Transport Commission National Transport Statistics 2016 Vision Ensure a quality, cost effective and safe integrated transport system and services that will provide for the socio-economic development across the country and the different mobility requirements of every individual and corporate citizen of Sri Lanka. Mission To advise the Government of Sri Lanka on the National Policy relating to passenger transport and to establish the required regulatory framework in order to ensure an efficient bus transportation system which meets the transport needs of the public. NATIONAL TRANSPORT STATISTICS 2016 Publisher National Transport Commission 241, Park Road, Clombo 05. VOLUME VI October 2016 NATIONAL TRANSPORT STATISTICS Contents List of Figures VI List of Tables IX Foreword XXII 01 Introduction 01 02 General Data 03 2.1 Socio Economic Data 03 2.2 Transport & Economy 07 03 Road Transportation 11 3.1 National Road Network 11 3.2 Investment & Expenditure 19 04 Motor Traffic 21 4.1 Vehicle Population 21 4.2 New Registration of Vehicles 23 4.3 Vehicle Registration by Province – 2015 26 4.4 Operated Motor Vehicles 27 4.5 Issuing of Driving License 27 4.6 Driving License 28 4.7 Transport Modal Share 28 4.8 Vehicle Ownership 28 05 State Bus Transportation-SLTB 31 5.1 Bus Operation 31 5.2 Passenger Statistics 34 5.3 Financial Progress 35 06 Private Bus Transportation 43 6.1 Bus Operation 43 6.2 Bus Fares 49 6.3 Socially Obligatory Services 51 07 Rail Transportation 55 7.1 Rail Line Operation 55 7.2 Rail Passenger Transportation 58 7.3 Rail
    [Show full text]
  • Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030
    POLONNARUWA URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2018-2030 VOLUME I Urban Development Authority District Office Polonnaruwa 2018-2030 i Polonnaruwa 2018-2030, UDA Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030 POLONNARUWA URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN VOLUME I BACKGROUND INFORMATION/ PLANNING PROCESS/ DETAIL ANALYSIS /PLANNING FRAMEWORK/ THE PLAN Urban Development Authority District Office Polonnaruwa 2018-2030 ii Polonnaruwa 2018-2030, UDA Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Report title : Polonnaruwa Development Plan Locational Boundary (Declared area) : Polonnaruwa MC (18 GN) and Part of Polonnaruwa PS(15 GN) Gazette No : Client/ Stakeholder (shortly) : Local Residents, Relevent Institutions and Commuters Commuters : Submission date :15.12.2018 Document status (Final) & Date of issued: Author UDA Polonnaruwa District Office Document Submission Details Version No Details Date of Submission Approved for Issue 1 Draft 2 Draft This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from the party
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka Freshwater Namely the Cyclopoija Tfree Living and Parasite, Calanoida and Harpa::Ticoida
    C. H. FERNANDO 53 Fig. 171 (contd: from page 52) Sphaericus for which an Ontario specimen was used. I have illustrated some of the head shields of Chydoridae. The study of Clackceran remains so commonly found in samples emLbles indonti:fication ,,f species which have been in the habita'~ besides those act_ive stages when the samples was collected. Males of Cladocera are rare but they are of considerable value in reaching accurate diagnoses of species. I have illustrated the few males I have .found in the samples. A more careful study of all the specimens will certainly give males of most s1)ecies sin00 ·bhe collections were made throughout the year. REFERRENCES APSTEIN, C. (1907)-Das plancton in Colombo see auf Ceylon. Zool. Jb. (Syst.) 25 :201-244. l\,J>STEJN, C. (1910)-Das plancton des Gregory see auf Ceylon. Zool. Jb. (Syst.) 29 : 661-680. BAIRD, W. (1849)-Thenaturalhistory oftheBritishEntomostraca. Ray Soc. Lond. 364pp. BAR, G.(1924)-UberCiadoceren von derlnsel Ceylon (Fauna etAnatomia Ceylonica No.14) Jena. Z.Naturw. 60: 83-125. BEHNING, A. L. (1941)-(Kladotsera Kavkasa) Cladocera of the Caucasus (In Rusian) Tbilisi, Gzushedgiz. 383 pp. BIRABEN, M. (1939)-Los Cladoceros d'Lafamilie "Chydoridae". Physis. (Rev. Soc. Argentina Cien. Natur.) 17, 651-671 BRADY, G. S. (1886)-Notes on Entomostraca collected by Mr. A. Haly in Ceylon. Linn. Soc. Jour. Lond. (Zool.) 10: 293-317. BRANDLOVA, J., BRANDL. Z., and FERNANDO, C. H. (1972)-The Cladoceraof Ontariowithremarksonsomespecie distribution. Can. J. Zool. 50 : 1373-1403. BREHM, V. (1909)-Uber die microfauna chinesicher and sudasiatischer susswassbickers. Arch. Hydrobiol. 4, 207-224.
    [Show full text]