DOCSLIB.ORG

Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States IZA Research Report No. 64 Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States Jirka Taylor Linguere Mbaye Jennifer Rubin Maryam Naghsh Nejad Corrado Giulietti Kristy Kruithof Chris Giacomantonio Mafalda Pardal Flavia Tsang Alex Hull Amelie Constant Tess Hellgren RESEARCH REPORT SERIES RESEARCH December 2014 An online appendix for this research report is available at: http://www.iza.org/link/rr64 Research Report Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States Comparative analysis and recommendations for engagement Jirka Taylor, Jennifer Rubin, Corrado Giulietti, Chris Giacomantonio, Flavia Tsang, Amelie Constant, Linguere Mbaye, Maryam Naghsh Nejad, Kristy Kruithof, Mafalda Pardal, Alex Hull, Tess Hellgren. RAND Europe RR-671-EC April 2014 Prepared for DG HOME This document has been formally reviewed, edited, or cleared for public release. It may not be cited, quoted, reproduced or transmitted without the permission of the RAND Corporation. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark. Preface This report presents the findings of a study into diasporas in the EU and the US, which provides mapping data for key diaspora groups and also delivers concrete recommendations for their engagement. The study has been funded by the European Commission’s Directorate General for Home Affairs (DG Home). The research was undertaken by RAND Europe in partnership with the Institute for the Study of Labor. This document is divided into three parts. Part I (Chapters 2 and 3) provides results from a mapping exercise using available national and international datasets on diaspora and migrant populations, to provide an overview – in addition to country-level profiles – of diaspora populations present in the EU and the US. Part II (Chapters 4 through 7) presents results of literature review, desk research, and survey and interview exercises with diaspora organisation representatives. These research activities were directed at understanding diaspora engagement activities taking place through sending countries, receiving countries, and international organisations. Part III provides a synthesis of these findings and culminates in a set of recommendations, policy considerations, potential barriers and drawbacks for diaspora engagement strategies, and suggestions for further research on diaspora engagement. This report will be of interest to government and civil society actors in the EU and the US – and potentially beyond – who seek to engage with diaspora populations for mutual benefit. The report will also be of interest to academic audiences interested in development, integration, migration, and diaspora studies. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve policy and decision-making in the public interest through research and analysis. This report has been peer reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards. IZA is a private independent economic research institute supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation. Focused on the analysis of global labor markets, it operates an international network of about 1,300 economists and researchers spanning across more than 45 countries. IZA authors are committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. Contact [email protected] for more information about IZA or this document. iii Table of contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of contents....................................................................................................................................... v List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... xi List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... xiii List of boxes .............................................................................................................................................xv Summary .............................................................................................................................................. xvii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... xxv 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Why this study? ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Objectives of this study ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Definition of diaspora for the purposes of this study ..................................................................... 3 1.4. Structure of this report ................................................................................................................. 4 Part I: Mapping diasporas ......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Methodology for Part I ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Definitions vary across individual countries’ data sources ........................................................... 10 2.2. Most recent national censuses form the basis of our data collection ............................................ 12 2.3. Basic socioeconomic variables often require additional data sources ............................................ 12 2.3.1. Alternative sources for age and gender data ........................................................................ 13 2.3.2. Alternative sources for educational data ............................................................................. 13 2.3.3. Alternative sources for labour force data ............................................................................ 14 2.4. Harmonisation of the different data sets ..................................................................................... 14 2.5. Classification of countries for in-depth analysis .......................................................................... 19 2.6. Concluding points on data limitations........................................................................................ 20 3. Findings on diaspora mapping............................................................................................... 23 3.1. Diaspora groups are predominantly concentrated in large Western European countries .............. 23 3.2. Diaspora groups vary substantially in their exposure levels relative to general populations of receiving countries .................................................................................................................. 26 v RAND Europe and IZA 3.3. Socioeconomic profile of selected diaspora groups ...................................................................... 34 3.3.1. Gender balance .................................................................................................................. 34 3.3.2. Age distribution ................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.3. Education attainment ........................................................................................................ 40 3.3.4. Labour force participation ................................................................................................. 43 3.3.5. Regional analysis ............................................................................................................... 46 3.3.6. General comments on analysis across indicators ................................................................. 47 Part II: Engaging diasporas ...................................................................................................................... 49 4. Overview and methodology for Part II .................................................................................. 51 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 51 4.2. Desk research strategy: Our review of current literature on diaspora engagement examined the broader literature, then narrowed our focus to specific countries and questions .................... 52 4.3. Our findings from our initial literature review informed our survey and interview structure and strategy ................................................................................................................. 54 5. Receiving country engagement strategies ............................................................................... 57 5.1. Receiving country engagement strategies have been examined based on their dominant motivations and primary beneficiaries......................................................................................... 57 5.1.1. There are multiple forms of receiving country engagement of diasporas for homeland benefit, with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics
    GETTY GEBERT IMAGES/ANDREAS The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics By Max Hoffman, Alan Makovsky, and Michael Werz December 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Key findings 9 Detailed findings and country analyses 34 Conclusion 37 About the authors and acknowledgments 38 Appendix: Citizenship laws and migration history in brief 44 Endnotes Introduction and summary More than 5 million people of Turkish descent live in Europe outside Turkey itself, a human connection that has bound Turkey and the wider European community together since large-scale migration began in the 1960s.1 The questions of immigra- tion, citizenship, integration, assimilation, and social exchange sparked by this migra- tion and the establishment of permanent Turkish diaspora communities in Europe have long been politically sensitive. Conservative and far-right parties in Europe have seized upon issues of migration and cultural diversity, often engaging in fearmonger- ing about immigrant communities and playing upon some Europeans’ anxiety about rapid demographic change. Relations between the European Union—as well as many of its constituent member states—and Turkey have deteriorated dramatically in recent years. And since 2014, Turks abroad, in Europe and elsewhere around the world, have been able to vote in Turkish elections, leading to active campaigning by some Turkish leaders in European countries. For these and several other reasons, political and aca- demic interest in the Turkish diaspora and its interactions
    [Show full text]
  • Moroccan Diaspora in France: Community Building on Yabiladi Portal
    ISSN: 2347-7474 International Journal Advances in Social Science and Humanities Available online at: www.ijassh.com RESEARCH ARTICLE Moroccan Diaspora in France: Community Building on Yabiladi Portal Tarik Samak Abstract Over the last decade, social networking sites emerge as an ideal tool of communication that facilitate interaction among people online. At the same time, in a world which is characterized by massive waves of migration, globalization results in the construction of the diaspora who seek through new ways to build communities. Within this framework, while traditional media have empowered diaspora members to maintain ties and bonds with their homeland and fellow members, the emergence of social media have offered new opportunities for diasporas to get involved in diasporic identity and community construction. The creation of several diasporic groups on social media like Yabiladi.com and WAFIN.be, respectively in France and Belguim, emphasize the vital role they play in everyday lives of the diaspora. To study the importance and implications of these online communities for diaspora members and investigate their online practices, this article carries out a virtual ethnography of the Moroccan community on Yabiladi portal in France. By means of the qualitative approach of interviews, this article aims at justifying whether the online groups of diasporic diasporic Moroccans in France can be defined as communities, and whether social networking sites can be considered as an alternative landscape for the diaspora to create links with other diasporic members. This article, through users’ experience, provides deep understanding of Yabiladi members’ beliefs about the ‘‘community’’ and their online daily practices which enable them to ‘‘imagine’’ it as a community.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity in the City
    Marco Martiniello, Brigitte Piquard Diversity in the City HumanitarianNet Thematic Network on Humanitarian Development Studies Diversity in the City Diversity in the City Edited by Marco Martiniello Brigitte Piquard University of Liège University of Louvain 2002 University of Deusto Bilbao No part of this publication, including the cover design, may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by and means, whether electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, recording or photocopying, without prior permission or the publisher. Publication printed in ecological paper Illustration of front page: Xabi Otero © Universidad de Deusto Apartado 1 - 48080 Bilbao I.S.B.N.: 84-7485-789-9 Legal Deposit: BI - 349-02 Printed in Spain/Impreso en España Design by: IPAR, S. Coop. - Bilbao Printed by: Artes Gráficas Rontegui, S.A.L. Contents Preface . 9 Introduction Marco Martiniello (University of Liège) and Brigitte Piquard (University of Louvain) . 11 Ethnic diversity and the city Ceri Peach (University of Oxford) . 21 Citizenship and exclusion on Europe´s southern frontier: the case of El Ejido Almudena Garrido (University of Deusto) . 43 When de-segregation produces stigmatisation: ethnic minorities and urban policies in France Patrick Simon (Institut National d'Études Démographiques) . 61 The study of community development in the city. Diversity as a tool Ruth Soenen and Mac Verlot (University of Gent) . 95 The Latinisation of the United States: social inequalities and cultural obsessions James Cohen (University Paris-VIII) . 111 Western Europe in the Urban Gap Between Mobility and Migration Flows Barbara Verlic Christensen (University of Ljubljana) . 135 Diasporic identities and diasporic economies: the case of minority ethnic media Charles Husband (University of Bradford) .
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab Spring: a Revolution for Egyptian Emigration? Delphine Pagès-El Karoui
    The Arab Spring: A Revolution for Egyptian Emigration? Delphine Pagès-El Karoui To cite this version: Delphine Pagès-El Karoui. The Arab Spring: A Revolution for Egyptian Emigration?. Revue Eu- ropeenne des Migrations Internationales, Université de Poitiers, 2015, Migrations au Maghreb et au Moyen-Orient : le temps des révolutions 31 (3-4). hal-01548298 HAL Id: hal-01548298 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01548298 Submitted on 27 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. This is the translation of an article published in French, in Revue Européenne des Migrations internationales, 2015, vol. 31, n°3/4. Abstract: This paper examines the impacts of the Arab revolutions on Egyptian emigration, attending to the diverse temporalities of political life in the country and the region between 2011 and 2015. New flows, new reasons for migration (instability, insecurity), and new transnational practices (overseas voting) have arisen. During the postrevolutionary period, transnational practices gained momentum, a diaspora began to emerge (though this process was soon cut short), and Egyptian communities abroad became more visible. Transnational connections between Egyptians as well as migrants’ or their descendants’ links with Egypt were strengthened.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Morality Amongst Sri Lankan Catholics
    UNLIKELY COSMPOLITANS: MIGRATION AND MORALITY AMONGST SRI LANKAN CATHOLICS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Bernardo Enrique Brown August, 2013 © 2013 Bernardo Enrique Brown ii UNLIKELY COSMOPOLITANS: MIGRATION AND MORALITY AMONGST SRI LANKAN CATHOLICS Bernardo Enrique Brown, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2013 Sri Lankan Catholic families that successfully migrated to Italy encountered multiple challenges upon their return. Although most of these families set off pursuing very specific material objectives through transnational migration, the difficulties generated by return migration forced them to devise new and creative arguments to justify their continued stay away from home. This ethnography traces the migratory trajectories of Catholic families from the area of Negombo and suggests that – due to particular religious, historic and geographic circumstances– the community was able to develop a cosmopolitan attitude towards the foreign that allowed many of its members to imagine themselves as ―better fit‖ for migration than other Sri Lankans. But this cosmopolitanism was not boundless, it was circumscribed by specific ethical values that were constitutive of the identity of this community. For all the cosmopolitan curiosity that inspired people to leave, there was a clear limit to what values and practices could be negotiated without incurring serious moral transgressions. My dissertation traces the way in which these iii transnational families took decisions, constantly navigating between the extremes of a flexible, rootless cosmopolitanism and a rigid definition of identity demarcated by local attachments. Through fieldwork conducted between January and December of 2010 in the predominantly Catholic region of Negombo, I examine the work that transnational migrants did to become moral beings in a time of globalization, individualism and intense consumerism.
    [Show full text]
  • Returns at What Cost
    JUNE 2019 Returns at what cost Policy Brief The challenges of placing readmissions at the heart of EU migration policies Introduction1 whose asylum request has been rejected to their countries of origin – or countries Ana Uzelac The introduction in 2016 of the of residence prior to arrival comprehensive EU migration partnership strategy with the countries of the north In the course of the past two years notable and western Africa has already produced – if not always unequivocally seen as an uneven record - both in terms of policy positive – advances have been made in effectiveness and in terms of impact on terms of curbing arrivals and dispersing the credibility of other long-standing EU funding aimed at addressing root causes and policy commitments. Created at a long supporting refugee-hosting countries. But series of summits and conferences in the the question of returns and readmissions has past decade, the series of policy measures proven to be an extraordinarily difficult one and financial incentives offered through to tackle, with most of the targeted countries various agreements and specifically designed of origin and transit showing clear reluctance funding envelopes has had as its main to accept organized mass returns of their ambition to lower the number of migrants to citizens from the EU. the EU by a combination of four main sets of measures: This policy brief looks at the underlying - security measures aimed at discouraging challenges of implementing EU returns and preventing irregular arrivals (border agenda from the point of view of both EU controls, surveillance etc.) and individual member states – and from - measures aimed at tackling the root the point of view of the countries of origin/ causes of mass migration (such as job transit.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences from Pregnancy and Childbirth Related to Female Genital Mutilation Among Eritrean Immigrant Women in Sweden
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Midwifery (2008) 24, 214–225 www.elsevier.com/locate/midw Experiences from pregnancy and childbirth related to female genital mutilation among Eritrean immigrant women in Sweden Pranee C. Lundberg, PhD, RN (Associate Professor)Ã, Alganesh Gerezgiher, BMSc, RN (Nurse) Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ÃCorresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.C. Lundberg). Received 17 May 2006; received in revised form 14 September 2006; accepted 3 October 2006 Abstract Objective: to explore Eritrean immigrant women’s experiences of female genital mutilation (FGM) during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Design: qualitative study using an ethnographic approach. Data were collected via tape-recorded interviews. Setting: interviews in the Eritrean women’s homes located in and around Uppsala, Sweden. Participants: 15 voluntary Eritrean immigrant women. Data collection and analysis: Semi-structured interview and open-ended questions were used. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and then analysed. Findings: six themes of experiences of FGM among Eritrean women during pregnancy and childbirth were identified. They are (1) fear and anxiety; (2) extreme pain and long-term complications; (3) health-care professionals’ knowledge of circumcision and health-care system; (4) support from family, relatives and friends; (5) de-infibulation; and (6) decision against female circumcision of daughters. Key conclusion and implications for practice: the Eritrean women had experiences of FGM and had suffered from its complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Midwives and obstetricians should have competence in managing women with FGM, and they need increased understanding of cultural epistemology in order to be able to provide quality care to these women.
    [Show full text]
  • From Falashas to Ethiopian Jews
    FROM FALASHAS TO ETHIOPIAN JEWS: THE EXTERNAL INFLUENCES FOR CHANGE C. 1860-1960 BY DANIEL P. SUMMERFIELD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON (SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES) FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) 1997 ProQuest Number: 10673074 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673074 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The arrival of a Protestant mission in Ethiopia during the 1850s marks a turning point in the history of the Falashas. Up until this point, they lived relatively isolated in the country, unaffected and unaware of the existence of world Jewry. Following this period and especially from the beginning of the twentieth century, the attention of certain Jewish individuals and organisations was drawn to the Falashas. This contact initiated a period of external interference which would ultimately transform the Falashas, an Ethiopian phenomenon, into Ethiopian Jews, whose culture, religion and identity became increasingly connected with that of world Jewry. It is the purpose of this thesis to examine the external influences that implemented and continued the process of transformation in Falasha society which culminated in their eventual emigration to Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Notions of Diaspora
    Published in International Affairs 72 (3), July 1996, 507–20 DIASPORAS AND THE STATE: FROM VICTIMS TO CHALLENGERS Robin Cohen The notion of ‘diaspora’, used first in the classical world, has acquired renewed importance in the late twentieth century. Once the term applied principally to Jews and less commonly to Greeks, Armenians and Africans. Now at least thirty ethnic groups declare that they are a diaspora, or are so deemed by others. Why these sudden proclamations? Frightened by the extent of international migration and their inability to construct a stable, pluralist, social order many states have turned away from the idea of assimilating or integrating their ethnic minorities. For their part, minorities no longer desire to abandon their pasts. Many retain or have acquired dual citizenship, while the consequences of globalisation have meant that ties with a homeland can be preserved or even reinvented. How have diasporas changed? What consequences arise for the nation-state? ∗ Until a few years ago most characterisations of diasporas emphasized their catastrophic origins and uncomfortable outcomes. The idea that ‘diaspora’ implied forcible dispersion was found in Deuteronomy (28: 25), with the addition of a thunderous Old Testament warning that a ‘scattering to other lands’ constituted the punishment for a people who had forsaken the righteous paths and abandoned the old ways. So closely, indeed, had ‘diaspora’ become associated with this unpropitious Jewish tradition that the origins of the word have virtually been lost. In fact, the term ‘diaspora’ is found in the Greek translation of the Bible and originates in the words ‘to sow widely’.
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lanka Michael Potters
    Undergraduate Transitional Justice Review Volume 1 | Issue 3 Article 5 2010 Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lanka Michael Potters Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/undergradtjr Recommended Citation Potters, Michael (2010) "Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lanka," Undergraduate Transitional Justice Review: Vol. 1 : Iss. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/undergradtjr/vol1/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Transitional Justice Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Potters: Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lank ENGAGING THE TAMIL DIASPORA IN PEACE-BUILDING EFFORTS IN SRI LANKA Michael Potters Refugees who have fled the conflict in Sri Lanka have formed large diaspora communities across the globe, forming one of the largest in Toronto, Canada. Members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) have infiltrated these communities and elicited funding from its members, through both coercion and consent, to continue the fight in their home country. This paper will outline the importance of including these diaspora communities in peace-building efforts, and will propose a three-tier solution to enable these contributions. On the morning of October 17, 2009, Canadian authorities seized the vessel Ocean Lady off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The ship had entered Canadian waters with 76 Tamil refugees on board, fleeing persecution and violence in the aftermath of Sri Lanka’s long and violent civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Education and Emigration: the Case of the Iranian-American Community
    Education and Emigration: The case of the Iranian-American community Sina M. Mossayeb Teachers College, Columbia University Roozbeh Shirazi Teachers College, Columbia University Abstract This paper explores the plausibility of a hypothesis that puts forth perceived educational opportunity as a significant pull factor influencing Iranians' decisions to immigrate to the United States. Drawing on various literatures, including research on educational policy in Iran, government policy papers, and figures from recent studies and census data, the authors establish a case for investigating the correlation between perceived educational opportunity (or lack thereof) and immigration. Empirical findings presented here from a preliminary survey of 101 Iranian-born individuals living in the U.S. suggest that such a correlation may indeed exist, thus providing compelling grounds for further research in this area. The paper expands on existing literature by extending prevailing accounts of unfavorable conditions in Iran as push factors for emigration, to include the draw of perceived educational opportunity, as a coexisting and influential pull factor for immigration to the U.S. Introduction Popular discourse about Iranian immigration to the United States focuses on the social and political freedoms associated with relocation. The prevailing literature on Iranian immigration explains why people leave Iran, but accounts remain limited to a unilateral force--namely, unfavorable conditions in Iran. Drawing on existing studies of Iranian educational policies and their consequences, we propose an extension to this thesis. We hypothesize that perceived educational opportunity is a significant attraction for Iranians in considering immigration to the U.S. To establish a foundation for our research, we provide a background on Iran's sociopolitical climate after the 1978/1979 revolution and examine salient literature on Iran's higher education policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Region of Origin Or Religion? Understanding Why Immigrants from Muslim-Majority Countries Are Discriminated Against in Western Europe
    Region of origin or religion? Understanding why immigrants from Muslim-majority countries are discriminated against in Western Europe Claire L. Adida∗ David D. Laitin† Marie-Anne Valfort‡ February 17, 2014 Abstract There is widespread evidence that immigrants from Muslim-majority countries are discriminated against in Western Europe, relative to immigrants from European Christian-majority countries. Yet, it is not clear whether this discrimination is based on religion (Muslim), region of origin (since the bulk of Muslim-majority countries are located in regions outside Europe), or both. Relying on European Social Survey data and an identification strategy that seeks to separate religion from region of origin, our findings indicate that religion rather than region of origin explains such discrimination. Keywords: Discrimination, International migration, Islam, Europe. JEL: F22, J71, Z12. ∗University of California, San Diego. Department of Political Science. Social Sciences Building 301. 9500 Gilman Drive, ♯0521. La Jolla, CA 92093-0521. USA. E-mail: [email protected]. †Stanford University. Department of Political Science. 100 Encina Hall. Stanford, CA 94305-6044. USA. E-mail: [email protected]. ‡Corresponding author. Paris School of Economics - Paris 1 Panth´eon Sorbonne University. 106-112, Boulevard de l’Hˆopital. 75013 Paris. France. E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 33(0)1 44 07 81 94. 1 Introduction Many correspondence tests1 have shown that immigrants from Muslim-majority countries2 are discriminated against in Western European labor markets,3 relative to immigrants from European Christian-majority countries.4 For instance, MacIntosh and Smith (1974) and Firth (1981) show that immigrants of Pakistani origin are more discriminated against in the British labour market than are immigrants of Italian and French origin.5 More recently, Hainmueller and Hangartner (2013) have analyzed the outcomes of naturalization referenda in Switzerland.
    [Show full text]