IZA Research Report No. 64 Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States Jirka Taylor Linguere Mbaye Jennifer Rubin Maryam Naghsh Nejad Corrado Giulietti Kristy Kruithof Chris Giacomantonio Mafalda Pardal Flavia Tsang Alex Hull Amelie Constant Tess Hellgren RESEARCH REPORT SERIES RESEARCH December 2014 An online appendix for this research report is available at: http://www.iza.org/link/rr64 Research Report Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States Comparative analysis and recommendations for engagement Jirka Taylor, Jennifer Rubin, Corrado Giulietti, Chris Giacomantonio, Flavia Tsang, Amelie Constant, Linguere Mbaye, Maryam Naghsh Nejad, Kristy Kruithof, Mafalda Pardal, Alex Hull, Tess Hellgren. RAND Europe RR-671-EC April 2014 Prepared for DG HOME This document has been formally reviewed, edited, or cleared for public release. It may not be cited, quoted, reproduced or transmitted without the permission of the RAND Corporation. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark. Preface This report presents the findings of a study into diasporas in the EU and the US, which provides mapping data for key diaspora groups and also delivers concrete recommendations for their engagement. The study has been funded by the European Commission’s Directorate General for Home Affairs (DG Home). The research was undertaken by RAND Europe in partnership with the Institute for the Study of Labor. This document is divided into three parts. Part I (Chapters 2 and 3) provides results from a mapping exercise using available national and international datasets on diaspora and migrant populations, to provide an overview – in addition to country-level profiles – of diaspora populations present in the EU and the US. Part II (Chapters 4 through 7) presents results of literature review, desk research, and survey and interview exercises with diaspora organisation representatives. These research activities were directed at understanding diaspora engagement activities taking place through sending countries, receiving countries, and international organisations. Part III provides a synthesis of these findings and culminates in a set of recommendations, policy considerations, potential barriers and drawbacks for diaspora engagement strategies, and suggestions for further research on diaspora engagement. This report will be of interest to government and civil society actors in the EU and the US – and potentially beyond – who seek to engage with diaspora populations for mutual benefit. The report will also be of interest to academic audiences interested in development, integration, migration, and diaspora studies. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve policy and decision-making in the public interest through research and analysis. This report has been peer reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards. IZA is a private independent economic research institute supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation. Focused on the analysis of global labor markets, it operates an international network of about 1,300 economists and researchers spanning across more than 45 countries. IZA authors are committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. Contact [email protected] for more information about IZA or this document. iii Table of contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of contents....................................................................................................................................... v List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... xi List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... xiii List of boxes .............................................................................................................................................xv Summary .............................................................................................................................................. xvii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... xxv 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Why this study? ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Objectives of this study ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Definition of diaspora for the purposes of this study ..................................................................... 3 1.4. Structure of this report ................................................................................................................. 4 Part I: Mapping diasporas ......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Methodology for Part I ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Definitions vary across individual countries’ data sources ........................................................... 10 2.2. Most recent national censuses form the basis of our data collection ............................................ 12 2.3. Basic socioeconomic variables often require additional data sources ............................................ 12 2.3.1. Alternative sources for age and gender data ........................................................................ 13 2.3.2. Alternative sources for educational data ............................................................................. 13 2.3.3. Alternative sources for labour force data ............................................................................ 14 2.4. Harmonisation of the different data sets ..................................................................................... 14 2.5. Classification of countries for in-depth analysis .......................................................................... 19 2.6. Concluding points on data limitations........................................................................................ 20 3. Findings on diaspora mapping............................................................................................... 23 3.1. Diaspora groups are predominantly concentrated in large Western European countries .............. 23 3.2. Diaspora groups vary substantially in their exposure levels relative to general populations of receiving countries .................................................................................................................. 26 v RAND Europe and IZA 3.3. Socioeconomic profile of selected diaspora groups ...................................................................... 34 3.3.1. Gender balance .................................................................................................................. 34 3.3.2. Age distribution ................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.3. Education attainment ........................................................................................................ 40 3.3.4. Labour force participation ................................................................................................. 43 3.3.5. Regional analysis ............................................................................................................... 46 3.3.6. General comments on analysis across indicators ................................................................. 47 Part II: Engaging diasporas ...................................................................................................................... 49 4. Overview and methodology for Part II .................................................................................. 51 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 51 4.2. Desk research strategy: Our review of current literature on diaspora engagement examined the broader literature, then narrowed our focus to specific countries and questions .................... 52 4.3. Our findings from our initial literature review informed our survey and interview structure and strategy ................................................................................................................. 54 5. Receiving country engagement strategies ............................................................................... 57 5.1. Receiving country engagement strategies have been examined based on their dominant motivations and primary beneficiaries......................................................................................... 57 5.1.1. There are multiple forms of receiving country engagement of diasporas for homeland benefit, with