Summary-Of-Consultation-Results.Pdf

Contents Summary of consultation results ...... 5 Besieged areas...... 5 Suggested solutions ...... 5 Detainees ...... 5 Suggested solutions ...... 6 Shelling ...... 6 Suggested solutions ...... 6 The Syrian Civil Society Platform ...... 7 Methodology ...... 7 Details by local platform ...... 9 Deir al-Zor platform ...... 9 Background ...... 9 Results of local consultations ...... 10 Hasakeh local platform ...... 16 Background ...... 16 Results of local consultations ...... 17 Raqqa local platform ...... 21 Background ...... 21 Results of local consultations ...... 22

Aleppo local platform ...... 34 Background ...... 34 Results of local consultations ...... 35 Hama local platform ...... 53 Background ...... 53 Results of local consultations ...... 54 Homs local platform...... 91 Background ...... 91 Results of local consultations ...... 92 Idlib local platform ...... 105 Background ...... 105 Results of local consultations ...... 106 Damascus Suburbs local platform ...... 117 Results of local consultations ...... 117 Sweida local platform ...... 128 Background ...... 128 Results of local consultations ...... 129 Quneitra local platform...... 135 Background ...... 135 Results of local consultations ...... 136 Daraa local platform ...... 147

Background ...... 147 Results of local consultations ...... 149 Jordan local platform ...... 188 Background ...... 188 Results of local consultations ...... 188 Lebanon local platform ...... 203 Background ...... 203 Results of local consultation ...... 203 Iraqi Kurdistan local platform ...... 218 Background ...... 218 Local consultation results...... 219

Summary of consultation results

The Syrian Civil Society Platform (SCP) conducted 293 consultation sessions, targeting 1,970 people, 454 of whom were women. Discussions revolved around three fundamental humanitarian issues: shelling, detainees and besieged areas. Discussion sessions began on April 20, 2016 and lasted until June 10, 2016. They took place in 13 Syrian provinces, as well as in neighbouring countries that host Syrian refugees. The most important results that emerged from the discussion sessions and consultations are the following.

Besieged areas  Most areas outside Syrian government control suffer from siege, either partially or entirely carried out by Syrian government forces. There are other areas that are under the Syrian government's control that suffer from siege perpetrated by opposition forces or ISIS.  There are regions that suffer from a partial, undeclared siege, as in the province of Hasakeh, because the roads leading to it are blocked.  The border areas with neighbouring countries suffer from a partial siege or difficulty in the delivery of food and medical supplies, with the more accessible borders closed.  There is a heavy reliance on locally-sourced capabilities to break sieges, particularly in agriculture.  There is a clear connection between sieges and the political/military struggle for dominance by different armed factions in all areas of Syria.  Negotiations have taken place in all besieged areas to lift the sieges.

Suggested solutions  Increase the number of airlifts for the delivery of humanitarian aid to areas suffering from the difficulty of receiving food.  Syria’s neighbouring countries must open their border crossings.  Different Syrian regions need to be supported via developmental projects in two agricultural sectors: crop cultivation and animal husbandry.  The international community must intensify its assistance to local organisations in each province and separate the humanitarian issue from the political one.  International pressure must be exercised on the Syrian government and other parties to break the sieges.  Intensive work is required to conduct local negotiations to break the siege in different regions.

Detainees  There are no accurate statistics for the number of detainees in all provinces where consultations took place.  The largest number of arrests are carried out by Syrian government forces.

 There is a proliferation of secret prisons, as well as official prisons.  There is a possibility in most areas for the introduction of independent monitors to prisons.  Judicial systems functioning in the majority of areas outside Syrian government control are Islamic courts, and there is sometimes more than one court for each faction in different areas.

Suggested solutions  Exercising pressure on the parties that arrest people to release detainees, particularly the Syrian government.  Supporting local organisations to build a database for detainees.  Working on the unification of the judicial systems in each region and developing them.

Shelling  Most opposition-controlled areas experience various types of bombardment, even including internationally banned ones.  The most bombarded areas are those not covered by the UN resolutions on the cessation of hostilities.  The Syrian government-controlled areas have also experienced artillery bombardment, as in the incidents that happened in Damascus and Aleppo.  Infrastructure has been destroyed including hospitals, bakeries and schools as a result of the heavy bombardment by the Russian and the Syrian government’s aircraft.  The number of civilian casualties exceeds the number of military ones by far.

Suggested solutions  The UN must issue a resolution requiring all parties to stop all kinds of bombardment without exception.  All countries involved in the Syrian conflict must pledge not to provide any kind of military support to the conflict’s parties.  Flow of arms to Syria must be prevented.  All sides must return to the negotiating table.  In areas that are not included by the UN’s resolution to cease hostilities, civilians must be treated as neutral and utility infrastructure must be excluded from bombardment.

The Syrian Civil Society Platform

The Syrian Civil Society Platform (SCP) grew out of the need for Syrian civil society to play an active and real role in creating Syria's future, starting by designing the Syrian state’s future shape as well as monitoring decision-makers. In light of the political movement that began with the Geneva Communique and that has continued up to the developments in the negotiation process that we are witnessing today, the SCP has developed its capacity to participate by creating mechanisms that mobilise diverse civil society voices, giving them the necessary outreach.

The SCP is operating in eleven provinces within Syria in addition to neighbouring countries through local platforms. The local platforms work within their communities to consult with diverse stakeholders on points that feed into the negotiation process via more reliable recommendations stemming from the needs and visions of these communities, which outline features of the national solution.

The SCP seeks, through independent, civilian efforts and as a network of 191 organisations, to channel the voice of the community at this crucial stage and to achieve the highest possible degree of community consultation. The SCP also seeks to secure the effective functioning of feedback loops to ensure that information access, sharing and interaction are equally available to everyone, thus deepening a culture of community monitoring of the decision-making process, and not only participating in it.

Methodology The goal of this effort revolved around gathering information to involve local communities, through the SCP member organisations that are working in each community on the ground. The information covered the most important issues on the negotiating table that affect local community needs, to create a picture of the humanitarian situation in all of the governorates. Therefore, discussion sessions were conducted from April 20, 2016 until June 10, 2016. The 293 consultation sessions targeted 1,970 people, of whom 454 were women.

Chart Title

350 300 26 250 77 200 145 301 40 150 2 37 2 13 25 100 15 145 26 178 121 110 120 7 105 105 50 70 64 21 40 8 85 0 27 27 250

نساء رجال

عدد الجلسات التشاورية

9 14 لبنان 12 3 دير الزور 4 7 ريف دمشق 21 7 السويداء 20 18 قامشلي 16 10 ادلب 85 67 حماة

13 حمص 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Details by local platform

Deir al-Zor platform

Background Deir al-Zor province is located in eastern Syria on the Euphrates River. The city of Deir al-Zor is one of the largest cities in the province in addition to Mayadeen and Abu Kamal. The administrative borders of the province are as follows: the province of Homs is to the south, Raqqa province is to the west, Hasakeh province is to the north and Iraq is to the east. The total area of the province is 33.06 thousand square kilometres, which occupies 17.9 percent of the country and is the second largest province after the province of Homs. The number of citizens registered in the civil status records at the beginning of 2007 was roughly 1.6 million people, which makes up 7 percent of the country's population, with a population density of 27 inhabitants per square kilometre (2007). Fifty percent of the population of Deir al-Zor are rural people and 44 percent are women.

The province's economy: The economy in Deir al-Zor province depends on agriculture and industrial crops such as wheat, cotton, sesame and vegetables. In addition, there are many industrial facilities, factories and locations for mining, as well as rock salt extraction from Tibni Mine (about 40 kilometres to the north) on the west bank of the Euphrates. Additionally, salt is extracted from the salt marsh on the Iraqi-Syrian border. Various industries are practised, such as textiles, agricultural machinery, spare parts, carpets and manufacturing, among others. Industrial activities continue to develop in the governorate. The city contains the oil and gas fields in which national and foreign companies invested, as well as stations for petroleum collection and treatment and pumping gas. An industrial city was established in the last ten years in the province. One of the most important facilities in the province of Deir al-Zor is the airport, which is linked to Syrian and foreign airports, as well as the train station for passengers and freight connecting the governorate to all other Syrian provinces as well as to a network of roads stretching across the province. Workforce proportion of the total population accounted for about 37 percent, the majority in the agricultural production sector, and the rest in the manufacturing and service sectors.

Social structure in the province: Social structure in the province is centred around family and tribal connections. The largest of the tribes are al-Baggara and al-Aqeedat, in addition to a number of other tribes. Deir al-Zor is considered homogeneous, as Sunni Arabs constitute the absolute majority. At the same time, the percentage of Christians and Armenians is nearly more than 2,000 people and several churches exist.

Political forces:

There is political diversity in Deir al-Zor with the Muslim Brotherhood at the forefront. Other parties include the Nazarenes, Arab nationalists, leftists, Marxists and Baathists, in addition to civil society and community and political activities. Deir al-Zor province participated in the peaceful movement in 2011 and then formed factions that took up arms at a later stage and began to liberate the eastern countryside of the province in 2012. Among the most important battalions and brigades in the East are Mohammed Saad bin Abi Waqas, al-Qa’qaa (al-Quriyah), Jafar al-Tayar, al-Qadisiyah, al-Abbas, al-Shaitat, al-Shhail brigades and Al-Nusra Front1. ISIS dominated the entire countryside of Deir al-Zor and eliminated most of the Free Syrian Army in August 2014, with the exception of a besieged area comprising approximately 20 percent of the city of Deir al-Zor, where more than 250,000 people live and are trapped in the Syrian government- controlled areas as well as Deir al-Zor Airport. Hence, the province is sandwiched between ISIS (the larger area) and the Syrian Syrian government.

Platform: The SCP local platform in the province of Deir al-Zor was formed on September 13, 2015 and now includes 17 organisations based in the Turkish province of Şanlıurfa. The number of independent civil society leaders participating is 13. The number of women inside the platform is eight. Nearly nine meetings have been held, including an estimated 90 residents of Deir al-Zor who are living in the province of Şanlıurfa.

Results of local consultations Shelling  Deir al-Zor has been bombed continuously by the Syrian government and the Russian air force as well as coalition forces.  Areas where shelling has intensified are the districts under ISIS control.  People consulted in Deir al-Zor felt that ceasefire efforts will not be possible for two reasons. The first is the fact that the province is under control of ISIS and the Syrian government. The second is that Deir al-Zor is one of the areas not covered by the cessation of hostilities agreement.  Neither the Syrian government nor ISIS enjoy any legitimacy among the population.  It was noted that the number of civilian casualties as a result of the Russian and Syrian government bombing and shelling exceed those by the coalition forces due to the magnitude of excessive force used by the Syrian government and the Russians and also their indiscriminate shelling.  The Syrian government-controlled areas are bombed by ISIS.

Suggested solutions  Exclude civilians from the conflict.  Subject the bombing to international control under the auspices of the United Nations, especially the Russian bombardment.

1 Now known as Fateh al-Sham.

What kind Which sides Which sides If there is anyone What aspects of civil What do locals Does the How can the of shelling is are are fighting hampering a cease- society are able to think of the platform or the safety of those taking place targeting in this fire in your area, put pressure onto armed groups other civil society who are leading in these these area? what should be done armed groups in and the groups have any the consultations areas? areas? to encourage them order to stop the dominant impact on these be guaranteed? to engage in a cease- internal conflict power in your opposition fire? among them? area? groups? (Answer is optional) Missiles, The Regime, The Currently we are Civil society is almost People are in a No There is no real rockets and the Russian Regime, ISIS unable to do completely state of anger guarantee except exploding Air Force anything to achieve a inoperative in Deir Al- and hatred for for the platform's barrels ceasefire Zor both the pledge of secrecy Regime and ISIS. Missiles, Turkey, Turkey, Currently there aren’t People are Turkey, There is no rockets and Gaziantep Gaziantep any. outraged by Gaziantep guarantee except exploding the Regime and for the platform’s barrels ISIS pledge of secrecy Surface The Regime The The situation here is Civil society is very People are Turkey, These missiles and and the Regime, ISIS very complicated. weak for now. outraged by Gaziantep consultations are exploding Russian Air There are barely any both ISIS and held with women barrel Force attempts to cease- the Regime in secret bombs fire.

Besieged areas  Deir al-Zor is under the control of ISIS except for specific districts of the city, which include Jura, Qusoor, Dahyeh, Harabesh and a part of the Muazafeen neighbourhood, all of which are under the Syrian government’s control.  Besieged districts have suffered from a suffocating siege by ISIS since the beginning of the first month of 2015.  Residents of these districts (estimated at nearly half a million people) are suffering from bad conditions since the siege is comprehensive.

 Inhabitants of these districts are not able to move fully.  The city has not witnessed any entry of aid with the exception of ten humanitarian aid airdrops. However, civilians did not benefit due largely to the confiscation of aid by ISIS and the Syrian government.  The number of trapped citizens since the beginning of the siege is about 260,000, and the current number is 180,000 people.

Suggested solutions  Increase airlifts in order to deliver humanitarian aid.  Impose international monitoring and place restrictions on the Syrian government upon its receipt of aid.  Work for the introduction of a medical team to evaluate the condition of patients and the injured, and transfer those in need of medical attention to well-equipped hospitals immediately.

What areas are What kind Date of How What are Are locals What Were Are In the case Until the siege is broken, under siege in of siege are the start many the able to move mechanisms are there there of a broken what local/informal your province or these areas of the civilians materials freely in the used locally to any local any local ceasefire, efforts could help reduce city? under? siege are allowed province? try to break the negotiati agreeme what was the the suffering of the (Partial, under into Do they siege? ons to nts that mechanism civilians? What is the full) siege? these have break have of breaking support needed to do so areas? freedom of the been the from out side of your movement? siege? broken? agreement? region? Aljura, Aldahyaa, Complete 05/01/20 More No No There are no No No There is no Unfortunately there are part of siege 15 than materials attempts. The truce to be no local efforts. Almouazafeen 250,000 are locals are breached. Ave. allowed incapable of in at all doing any thing to break the siege. Aljura, Alqusor, Turkey, Turkey, About Turkey, Turkey, Unfortunately Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Currently there aren't Aldahiya, Gaziantep Gaziantep 250,000 Gaziantep Gaziantep there are no Gaziante Gaziante Gaziantep any efforts because of Harabesh attempts p p the restrictions applied neighbourhoods by the Regime and ISIS and an area of that prevent any efforts Almwazafeen. that could be made. Turkey, Complete 03/01/20 About Food aid Turkey, Turkey, There No Our city isn't There aren't any efforts, Gaziantep siege 15 250,000 Gaziantep Gaziantep are no included in official or unofficial, to mechanis the truce break the siege over ms Aljura and Alqusor because we didn't sense any attempts

Detainees  There are no official statistics that can be relied upon with respect to the number of detainees, but estimates suggest that about 5,600 people have been arrested by the Syrian government, according to the organisations involved in documentation in the Deir al-Zor platform.  There are no official statistics for the number of detainees held by ISIS because of their loose hegemony on the regions, the confidentiality of information and the high volume of continuous arrests carried out by al-Hasbeh (ISIS police). The number of detainees on charges, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, is estimated at about 2,000 people.  Entities responsible for detaining citizens in Deir al-Zor province are mainly the Syrian government and ISIS.  Detainees are sentenced by ISIS Sharia courts, and sham courts by the Syrian government.  International observers can access Syrian government-controlled areas only.  Secret Syrian government prisons are located in: Camp Baath Vanguard, 137 Brigade, Furat al-Sham Hotel, Heart Hospital, the Officers' Club and the Hotel School.  ISIS secret prisons are located in: Tibni Camp (salt mine), the Department of Rural Affairs in Asbeh, Kiber, the Department of Rural Affairs in Soor, all the cultural centres in the villages, the Old Governorate building and Hikmeh Hospital.

Suggested solutions  Pressure the parties that detain people to release their detainees, particularly the Syrian government.  Support local organisations in order to build a database of detainees and their conditions.

What is the number of Who are the Is it possible to Who could be an Are there any Are there courts in your What areas are being shelled detainees or missing sides send independent independent secret area? What kind of in your area? What is the people in your area? arresting observers into the observer in your detention courts? number? people in detention centres? region? centres in your your area? area? Detained by the Regime: The Regime, No In regime areas, No Sharia courts organized Neighbourhoods under ISIS 3000 people, among ISIS organizations such as by ISIS control them at least 40 women. the Red Crescent Detained by ISIS: 500 could monitor. people, among them at least 30 women. In regime's territory we Turkey, Turkey, Gaziantep Unfortunately no Turkey, Sharia courts which are Neighbourhoods under ISIS don't have figures. In ISIS Gaziantep one because the Gaziantep organized by ISIS control territory, at least 500 situation is very people including at least complicated, 30 women. especially in ISIS controlled territory About 4000 people in the The regime, No Currently no one No Yes, Sharia courts Neighbourhoods which are liberated areas. We don't ISIS organised by ISIS under ISIS control are subject have accurate to Regime and Russian air information about the strikes situation in the regime's areas.

Hasakeh local platform

Background Hasakeh province is located in northeastern Syria, its centre is Hasakeh city and it occupies an area of 23,000 square kilometres; it is the third Syrian province in terms of area. The administrative borders of the province include Deir al-Zor to the south, Raqqa province to the west, Turkey to the north and Iraq to the east.

The population of the province, according to official statistics, in 2011 was approximately 1,275,118 people, 600,000 of whom resided in the cities, and 675,118 people in the countryside. During recent events, the province has witnessed several cases of displacement, the most significant of which was the displacement of the people of Seri Kanyeh (Ras al-Ein) to Turkey and other parts in Hasakeh. Residents have been displaced several times from Hasakeh city to other cities in the province, such as Qamishli, Amoda and others. In addition to that, the province has received waves of displaced people fleeing from their original provinces of Raqqa, Deir al-Zor and Aleppo. In the beginning, the majority of displaced persons are found in the most stable areas such as Qamishli, Amoda, Derbassiyeh, Derik (Malikiyeh) and the city of Hasakeh. There are no precise statistics on the number of displaced persons. The gender ratio was approximately 49 percent male and 51 percent female before 2011, but now females are estimated to comprise 70 percent of the population.

The province's economy: The economy in the rural areas of the province is agricultural, while the commercial, industrial and service sectors are prevalent in the cities. The main crops are wheat, corn, cotton and vegetables around the cities of Hasakeh, which is considered the food basket of Syria, while cattle and cows are bred in the province. The commercial economy is reliant on border crossings with Turkey (Nusaybin border crossing) and crossing with Iraq (Tel Kouger border crossing). The service economy includes government jobs and the industrial economy is manifested in various small industries (agribusiness, ginning cotton, canned foods, dairy products and cheeses) in the cities. Additionally, the province has substantial oil wealth, but the province itself does not benefit much as most of the workers in the oil fields come from other Syrian regions. All economic activities were damaged due to the security situation and the collapse of the value of the Syrian Pound against the US Dollar; government jobs were especially affected. This turned the economy into one based on consumer and commercial smuggling. Agriculture has been hampered dramatically as well as animal husbandry and oil extraction stopped frequently.

Social structure: The province has a tribal composition generally, and in the city tribal affiliation is mixed with that of immediate family. It consists of mix of nationalities: Kurdish, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, Chechen and Assyrian. Most of the provinces’ residents are Sunni Muslims and there are Christian and Yezidi minorities.

Political forces:

The Democratic Union Party (PYD) controls the entire area, while the Syrian government controls the central security infrastructure in the cities of Hasakeh and Qamishli in addition to Qamishli Airport.

Active civil organisations: There are nearly 120 organisations in the province of Hasakeh that operate in the areas of relief, development, awareness-raising, peace-building, children, women and human rights. The number of consultative sessions held on humanitarian issues amounted to 22 meetings in the province of Hasakeh, which included 18 meetings in Qamishli and four sessions in the city of Şanlıurfa. The total number of people reached was 301, of whom 153 were women.

Results of local consultations

Besieged areas  The situation in the province of Hasakeh differs from the rest of the Syrian governorates, but it is similar somewhat to Damascus, Homs and the coastal provinces in terms of the siege. The province does not suffer from siege entirely, but rather a partial blockade, which is mainly related to the interruption of the link with the rest of the provinces, such as Raqqa, Deir al-Zor, Aleppo and Damascus.  The closure of the borders with Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan weigh heavily on the shoulders of the population.  Through the dialogue sessions it has been mentioned that there is an internal siege imposed by the Self-Management Government via restricting the economy with a set of laws, starting mainly in 2013.  Nearly a million and a half people live in the province and they suffer from a partial lack of food and a huge shortage of medical supplies.  The province has witnessed several chances to find a political settlement to open the crossings, but they have only partially succeeded.

Suggested solutions  Reach an agreement with Turkey and Kurdistan to open their border crossings.  The Anti-Corruption Department of the Self-Management Government must fix the laws related to aid delivery.  Direct part of the funds of international organisations to the province of Hasakeh.  Support development projects in the two agricultural sectors (crops and animal husbandry) throughout the entire province.  Develop economic programmes for the redistribution of wealth, particularly oil distribution to achieve greater equity.

What What Date of the How What are Are locals able What Were there Are there In the case of Until the siege is broken, areas are kinds of start of the many the to move freely mechanisms any local any local a broken what local/informal under siege are siege civilians materials in the are used negotiations agreements ceasefire, efforts could help reduce siege in these are allowed province? Do locally to try to break the that have what was the the suffering of the your areas under into these they have to break the siege? been mechanism civilians? What is the province under? siege? areas? freedom of siege? broken? of breaking support needed to do so or city? (Partial, movement? the from out side of your full) agreement? region? None Partial 11/01/2013 50,000 Food aid, No None No No N/A Providing aid to areas siege medical aid which are located on the front line where frequent clashes occur None Partial 01/11/2013 50,000 Food aid Partially None No No N/A Provide aid to needy siege areas in hotspots

Detainees  The number of detainees in the province of Hasakeh is small compared to the total number of detainees in Syria, which makes it easier for organisations working on documentation to document all the names.  The parties conducting arrests are mainly the Syrian government forces, ISIS forces, PYD and Syrian Democratic Forces.  There are secret detention centres belonging to all parties and they are difficult to access.  Some organisations are available to monitor detention centres, such as civil society organisations and activists, lawyers, and community leaders - if their safety is guaranteed.  Types of courts present include partial civilian courts and military courts.

Suggested solutions  Release the detainees immediately and clear the prisons.  Grant organisations access to prisons to check the conditions of detainees.  Stop military courts.  Modify the laws of the courts in self-managed areas.  Allow the media and civilians to attend court sessions.

What is the Who are the sides Is it possible to send Who could be an Are there any Are there courts What areas are number of arresting people in independent independent observer in secret detention in your area? being shelled in detainees or your area? observers into the your region? centres in your What kind of your area? What is missing people in detention centres? area? courts? the number? your area? 625 The regime, ISIS, No There isn't anyone Yes Yes - Regime Markadeh & its Syrian Democratic courts, PYD court, countryside Forces and Sharia court belonging to ISIS 625 The regime, ISIS, No There isn't anyone Yes Yes - Regime , Markadeh and its Syrian Democratic ISIS, PYD suburbs and Forces southern Hasaka

Shelling  Hasakeh province has not witnessed heavy bombardment, and mainly ISIS controlled areas have been bombarded. In addition, ISIS has bombed the city of Qamishli with mortars as well as Hasakeh city and Ras al-Ein during the clashes with Kurdish Protection Units and the Syrian government.  The parties perpetrating the bombardments are the Syrian government forces and the coalition.

Suggested solutions  PYD must cancel conscription and the recruitment of minors.  Exclude civilians from the bombing by the international coalition (led by the United States) in the southern regions of Hasakeh.  PYD forces must allow the forcibly displaced persons to return to their areas and houses. PYD should guarantee the safety of their families.

What kind of Which sides Which sides If there is anyone What aspects of What do locals Does the How can the safety of shelling is taking are targeting are fighting in hampering a cease-fire civil society are think of the platform or the those who are leading place in these these areas? this area? in your area, what able to put armed groups other civil the consultations be areas? should be done to pressure onto and the society groups guaranteed? encourage them to armed groups in dominant have any engage in a cease-fire? order to stop the power in your impact on these internal conflict area? opposition among them? groups? (Answer is optional) Air strikes, The regime, The regime, Hasaka is not included in They consider Partial International protection medium and light ISIS, Syrian pro-regime the cease-fire because ISIS and Syrian by the United Nations weapons Democratic militias, ISIS, of the presence of ISIS. Democratic Forces Syrian But we must spare Forces as Democratic civilians from occupying Forces bombardment. Hasaka is forces - an not included by the UN occupying decision No. 2254 power Air strikes, The regime, The regime, There isn't anyone There isn't Occupying force A small impact International protection missiles - medium pro-regime pro-regime anyone under UN control and light militias, ISIS, militias, ISIS, weapons Syrian Syrian Democratic Democratic Forces Forces

Raqqa local platform

Background Raqqa is located in the north-central part of Syria, through which the Euphrates River passes with an area of 19,600 square kilometres. It was home to nearly 850,000 people, according to 2008 statistics, with 350,000 in the city, and 500,000 in rural areas. The approximate population after 2011 was one million.

Administrative boundaries: To the west is Aleppo, to the south Hama and Homs, to the east is Deir al-Zor and Hasakeh and to the north lies Turkey (along the Turkish province of Şanlıurfa). The province fell out of Syrian government control in 2013. Currently ISIS controls more than 80 percent of the province, with the exception of the town of Tel Abiad, which is under the control of the Syrian Democratic Forces.

Displacement: During the first wave of displacement the residents of Raqqa were principally displaced to the provinces of Latakia and Tartus, and then to Damascus and Hama after ISIS took control in 2014. The wave of refugees was concentrated mainly in the province of Şanlıurfa in Turkey, in addition to migration to European countries. The most significant waves of displacement to Raqqa were from Palmyra, al-Sukhneh, Deir al-Zor, Idlib and the western countryside of Aleppo.

The province's economy: Raqqa’s economy depends primarily on agriculture and irrigation projects which benefit from the Euphrates River as well as the trade of agricultural materials. In addition, there are oil resources in Raqqa in the desert Rusafa. In addition to relying on employment in governemnt(second only to agriculture in Raqqa), there are also archaeological tourism resources as the province is rich with ruins such as the citadels of Ja'bar and Rusafa as well as archaeological sites. The province also benefits from the water resources of the Euphrates River, agriculture, oil and human resources.

Social structure: Raqqa is characterised by its tribal and family composition, as well as ethnic diversity. There are approximately 75,000 Kurds, and there is religious diversity with nearly 500 Christian families residing in the province. The tribal nature is prevalent in Raqqa province more than any other national or religious characteristic. Major problems that plagued the province of Raqqa before the start of the conflict are poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization and the lack of participation in the management of local needs and the local administration of the city.

About Raqqa local platform:

The platform of Raqqa was formed on October 21, 2015 from nine organisations and 25 independent civil society leaders, with seven women participating. The platform has worked since its establishment to conduct consultations with nearly 150 people on the key humanitarian issues. More than 14 meetings were held in Şanlıurfa, Akçakale and camps. A three-day workshop to discuss key political issues related to negotiations was held, with nine organisations and 15 independent community leaders participating, including seven women.

Results of local consultations

Shelling  Raqqa is one of the provinces under the control of ISIS.  Raqqa is one of the provinces that have been excluded from the cessation of hostilities.  Syrian Democratic Forces control the border areas in the province (Tel Abiad and its villages).  Battles take place mainly between Syrian Democratic Forces and ISIS in the countryside.  Raqqa city is under constant bombardment by international coalition forces, Syrian government forces and Russia.  There are many pressure groups that have the ability to play a role effectively if given the opportunity and if they received the required support.

Suggested solutions  The international coalition forces must avoid bombing the areas which are full of civilians.  Subject the bombing to international monitoring under the auspices of the UN, especially the Russian and Syrian government bombing and shelling.

What kind of Which sides are Which sides are If there is What aspects of What do locals Does the How can the safety of shelling is taking targeting these fighting in this anyone civil society are able think of the platform or those who are leading place in these areas? area? hampering a to put pressure on armed groups the other civil the consultations be areas? cease-fire in armed groups in and the society guaranteed? your area, what order to stop the dominant power groups have should be done internal conflict in your area? any impact on to encourage among them? these them to engage (Answer is optional) opposition in a cease-fire? groups? Military aircraft, The regime, pro- The Regime, pro- Yes there are Syrian civil platform ISIS Some impact Guarantees artillery, long- regime militias, regime militias, disruptions and the Raqqa Aman on the groups from all international range missiles ISIS, Syrian ISIS, Syrian - yet no Network has an opposing the parties except ISIS Democratic Democratic mechanisms to impact over rebel regime, Forces, Turkish Forces, engage in brigades in Raqqa except ISIS artillery, the International ceasefire international Coalition, Russia, because ISIS are coalition, Russian Al-Quds Brigade classified as a military aircraft terrorist Military aircraft, Pro-regime ISIS, Syrian ISIS None All are terrorists - Yes International clashes, artillery, militias, ISIS, Democratic ISIS and Syrian protection all weapons Syrian Forces, Democratic Democratic International Forces Forces, coalition and International Russia Coalition Military aircraft, The regime, The regime, pro- Yes – there are Raqqa Aman ISIS Yes Using the cover and artillery, ballistic Syrian regime militias, no suggestions Network and Civil protection of missiles Democratic ISIS, Syrian Platform in Raqqa international Forces, Democratic have an impact on organizations International Forces,

Coalition, Russia, International Front rebels in Turkey Coalition, Russia Raqqa Military aircraft, ISIS, YPG ISIS, Syrian It is not possible None There is a state of No Military forces pledged mortar missiles, Democratic to pressurise fear and the protection of these artillery Forces, YPG them discomfort due to persons the on-going arrests carried out by YPG forces and accusations that the residents of the area are pro-ISIS and because of the refusal by these forces to allow many residents to return to the area despite the end of military operations

Example of displaced people: many of the people of the Slook region (population of 15,000) were not allowed to return, as well as the people of the western countryside of Tal Abyad.

Warplanes, rockets The regime, ISIS, The regime, ISIS, All fighting Fighting parties have People want to Limited Guarantees from Syrian Syrian parties. The eliminated civilian expel armed impact supporting states and Democratic Democratic parties should life actors international bodies Forces, the Forces, the be encouraged alliance, the alliance, the to engage in a Russians Russians ceasefire by cutting the supply of the supporting actors Warplanes, The regime, The regime, ISIS, Everyone, None View them as an No People could be more missiles Syrian Syrian including the UN occupying force secure if an Democratic Democratic Security Council international body Forces, the Forces, Kurdish Resolution 2254 ensured their safety International peoples Coalition, Russia, protection forces Kurdish peoples protection forces Aviation, missiles The regime, The regime, ISIS, There is no No, because the city View them as Limited There are no and artillery Syrian Syrian international is governed by ISIS terrorist groups impact guarantees Democratic Democratic ceasefire Forces, Russia, Forces resolution the Alliance Aviation, ballistics, The regime, ISIS, The regime, ISIS, There is no No party can View them as an No There are no artillery, mortar Syrian Syrian cease-fire intervene because occupying force guarantees Democratic Democratic local rule is purely Forces, FSA Forces, FSA military Aviation, missiles The regime, The regime, ISIS, Everyone, None View them as an No People could be Syrian Syrian including the UN occupying force secured If an democratic Democratic international body was

forces, the Forces, Kurdish Security Council available to ensure International peoples Resolution 2254 their safety Coalition, Russia, protection forces Kurdish protection forces Aviation, missiles The regime, ISIS, The regime, ISIS, No because None View them as an No There are no Syrian Syrian there is no occupying force guarantees democratic democratic cease-fire forces, forces, PYD International Coalition, Russia Warplanes, The regime, ISIS, ISIS, Syrian All sides None View them as an No There are no missiles, Syrian Democratic impeding, occupying force guarantees bombings, artillery Democratic forces, PYD especially Forces , because the International province is Coalition, Russia, excluded from PYD forces UN Security Council Resolution 2254 for a ceasefire

Besieged areas  Most parts of Raqqa are under partial siege.  Residents depend on smuggling routes for the delivery of humanitarian aid.  The Tel Abiad border crossing with Turkey was closed after the Syrian Democratic Forces took control.  Nearly 500,000 people are suffering under siege.  There is a restriction on freedom of movement within the towns and villages because of the high number of checkpoints placed in the controlled parts.

Suggested solutions  Syrian Democratic Forces must remove the checkpoints within cities to give a greater freedom of movement.  Turkey must open the border crossing for the entry of humanitarian aid.  The international community must intensify its assistance to local organisations in the province and separate the humanitarian issue from the political one.

What areas are What Date of How What Are locals What Were there Are there In the case Until the siege is What is the under siege in your kind of the many are the able to mechanis any local any local of a broken, what number of province or city? siege are start of civilians materi move ms are negotiation agreemen broken local/informal detainees or these the are als freely in used s to break ts that ceasefire, efforts could help missing areas siege under allowe the locally to the siege? have been what was reduce the people in your under? siege? d into province? try to broken? the suffering of the area? (Partial, these Do they break the mechanis civilians? What is full) areas? have siege? m of the support freedom of breaking needed to do so movement the from outside of ? agreemen your region? t? The city of Raqqa Partial 06/01/ 400- Food There is None None No Raqqa is There are no local Unknown 2014 500,000 aid, within the because not efforts because civilians medical city, but the included in the province is aid, less so in province is the truce under the control money the under the agreement of ISIS countrysid control of by UN e ISIS Resolution 2254 All Raqqa areas Partial 10/01/ 700,000 Food Movement Safety net Negotiation No Minimal efforts Number under siege by ISIS 2014 in Raqqa aid is very in Tal s held with from the unknown or PYD 260,000 restricted Abyad and the Russian Organization of because of the in Tel in ISIS freedom of Embassy Wifaq and the failure to Abyad areas – ID movement for Tal Organization of acknowledge or a and the Abyad but Ashti Media prisoners guarantor military no is required out of the agreement in Tel city, but is reached

Abyad for not non- anything residents from of Tel Adana Abyad; Meeting curfew: 5pm-7am The city of Raqqa Partial 01/06/ 500,000 Food No There are No No There are no local Unknown 2014 civilians aid, no efforts Medica mechanis because ISIS l aid ms unwilling to engage in dialogue Tell Abyad Ein Issa Partial Almost Money There is no There are No No Notables from the There are no Slok 50,000 freedom of no region are making accurate movement mechanis efforts, but their detainee because of ms opinion is statistics the curfew insignificant because of restrictions because of the continuing imposed by intransigence of arrests YPG forces the military and the commanders area cordoned off by trenches as well as barriers by ISIS

Raqaa city center Complete 01/01/ 500,000 Food No There are No No There is No efforts Unknown and countryside siege 2014 aid no no currently being centers. Rural mechanis ceasefire made. eastern (Sabkha - ms Ma'dan - Karama - Ahamrat bump)

Western countryside (Mansoura - tabaqa - Asalhabayh - Farms). There is an exception for areas that are self- managed Entire province of Complete 16/01/ 1,000,00 Food There are No No No efforts Between Raqaa siege 2014 0 aid no currently being 5,000 and mechanis made. 10,000 ms Entire province of Complete 25/04/ 500,000 Food No There are No because Yes There are no Unknown Raqaa siege 2016 aid no the area is efforts due to the mechanis not covered presence of ISIS ms by Resolution 2254 Entire province of Partial 11/06/ 1,200,00 Food No Not Unsuccessf No There are International There are no Raqaa and its 2015 0 aid possible ul attempt no truces humanitarian confirmed countryside by the organizations and figures governor human rights and elders organizations in

of the city Tal Abyad only. and the Impossible in tribal Raqaa. armies Entire province of Complete 16/01/ 1,000,00 Food There are No No No efforts Between Raqaa siege 2014 0 aid no currently being 5,000 and mechanis made. 10,000 ms

Detainees  Arrests are being conducted by multiple factions.  The types of courts people are subject to vary; they are either Islamic or military courts.  There is no clear number of detainees.  The detainees are unreachable.

Suggested solutions  The Syrian Democratic Forces must release all detainees.  The Syrian government forces must release all detainees.  The Syrian Democratic Forces must provide lists of names of detainees and their whereabouts.  International and local organisations must be allowed to visit detainees.  The issue of the kidnapped and detainees held by ISIS needs further research.

What is the Who are the sides Is it possible to Who could be an Are there any Are there courts in What areas are number of arresting people in your send independent independent observer in secret your area? What being shelled in detainees or area? observers into the your region? detention kind of courts? your area? What missing people in detention centres? centres in is the number? your area? your area? Unknown The regime, ISIS, self- No International Yes Sharia courts – ISIS All across the governing forces, Al- organizations - local pro forma court - province Asaish figures protection forces Unknown number The regime, ISIS, Syrian Yes Except ISIS areas because Yes There are no All areas. There because of the Democratic Forces, PYD we cannot find observers judiciary courts – has not been a failure to – international only arbitrary cease-fire acknowledge organisations arrests in Tal Abyad prisoners Unknown The regime, ISIS, Yes International Yes Yes – sharia courts The majority of security authorities organizations – local in ISIS areas; pro areas of the affiliated to PYD figures and elders forma executive province courts in the liberated areas.

There are no YPG Forces Yes Independent observers Yes There are no courts. Southern accurate detainee cannot be from the area. Detectives play the Countryside of Tal statistics because of Pressure must be exerted role of the judge Abyad the continuing by observers from and often are non- arrests International qualified non-jurists. organizations Unknown The regime, ISIS, Syrian No Yes Sharia courts in ISIS All of the province Democratic Forces areas. Civilian and military courts of the Asaish.

Between 5,000 and The regime, pro-regime No There aren't any. No ISIS sharia courts. All of the province 10,000 militias, ISIS, Syrian The Regime’s field and all areas Democratic Forces, court. The Elpida under the control Kurdish peoples force’s Sham court. of ISIS protection forces Unknown The regime, pro- No No one. Yes ISIS sharia courts; All of the province regime militias, ISIS, courts of the self- Syrian Democratic governed areas. Forces There are no ISIS, FSA, Syrian No International Yes Only military courts All of the province confirmed figures Democratic Forces, humanitarian Brigades organizations and human rights organizations in Tal Abyad only. Impossible in Raqaa Between 5,000 and The regime, pro- No There aren't any. No ISIS sharia courts. All of the province 10,000 regime militias, ISIS, The Regime’s field and all areas Syrian Democratic court. The Elpida under the control Forces, Kurdish peoples force’s Sham court. of ISIS protection forces Unknown The regime, pro- No There aren't any. Yes ISIS Sharia courts, All areas regime militias, ISIS, PYD Sham courts Syrian Democratic Forces, Kurdish forces, PYD

Aleppo local platform

Background Aleppo province in northwest Syria, is located 310 kilometres from Damascus, and is one of the major Syrian cities, with an area of 20,000 square kilometers. According to official statistics, its population is approximately 6.5 million people (with 3 million people in the city, and 3.5 million people in rural areas). The Syrian-Turkish border lies to the north of the province of Aleppo, to the west Idlib province, to the south the province of Hama, and to the east the province of Raqqa. Aleppo is divided administratively into: Mount Simeon District (where the centre of the province lies), Azaz District, Al-Bab area, Jarablus District, Tal Rifa’at area, Al-Sfereh area, Afrin area, Ain Arab region and Manbej area.

The province’s economy: The province of Aleppo is one of the major economic provinces, in which different industries can be found. The textile industry is the pillar of Aleppo’s economy, and there is significant chemical, pharmaceutical, food, electrical, engineering and tourism interests. It is the primary manufacturing centre in Syria due to having more than 50 percent of industrial employment and more than half of the export quota. There is an industrial city in the province that occupies an area of 4,412 hectares and is one of the largest industrial districts in the region. The volume of investments is estimated at more than $2 billion until the end of 2009.

Social structure in the province: the majority of the population of Aleppo are ethnically Arab, with Kurdish, Armenian, Circassian and Turkmen minorities. From the religious point of view, the percentage of Sunni Muslims is 85 percent of the population of the province, while the Christian minority is deemed to be second largest in the region (between 10-15 percent) after Beirut. Aleppo is home to about 45 churches or church buildings that belong to diverse denominations; there are Syriacs, Latins, Maronites, Catholics, Orthodox and Chaldeans. Historically, Christians have lived in the well-known neighbourhoods such as al-Jdedeh, al-Azizia, al-Suleimaniyeh, Baghdad Station, al-Urooba and al-Midan. They began to spread outside of these traditional neighbourhoods with population growth and the emergence of modern residential neighbourhoods.

Civil movement: Like other Syrian provinces, Aleppo engaged in the protest movement and the timeline of displacement from the Aleppo countryside was according to the date each area became involved in the armed stage. The rural west was where the peaceful uprisings of 2011 began in the province of Aleppo, and it was

followed by the northern countryside. The first destination for the displaced at that point was the city of Aleppo and the countryside of Idlib. After the city of Aleppo engaged in protests and armed attacks, the movement of the displaced shifted from Aleppo city to the countryside, the vast majority of which was liberated. Now only around 400,000 people have remained. The estimated number of people in the Syrian government-controlled areas is about a million and a half million people. The battle began for control of Aleppo itself in mid-July 2012, and successive battles resulted in the opposition’s seizure of the eastern parts of the city, while Syrian government forces control the western parts. In July 2013, the fighting spread to the centre of the old city and took place inside the ancient city walls, which are classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Currently, there are a number of dominant forces in the city of Aleppo and its countryside, with the biggest presence in the liberated areas being the Free Syrian Army (FSA), with a presence of the Ahrar al-Sham Movement and a small presence of Al-Nusra Front. The Syrian government is stationed in the western regions of Aleppo and its centre. In the eastern regions there are rebels in general. ISIS also controls parts of the rural areas of Aleppo such as Azaz and Jarablos. There are also the Kurdish Protection Forces, which control the regions of Afrin, Kobani and Ain Al-Arab.

Active civil organisations: There are an estimated number of 125 organisations, associations, local charities and international civil organisations working in various service, humanitarian relief and medical fields.

Results of local consultations

Shelling Consultative forums were conducted mainly in opposition-controlled areas. The most accurate description is that the city of Aleppo is under fire, since no area is excluded from bombardment, particularly the opposition-controlled areas. The variety of parties to the conflict makes it harder to find a solution.

 The number of civilian victims is the largest in Syria in recent months.  The infrastructure of the city of Aleppo is destroyed to a large degree.  Multiple parties contribute to the siege and there are conflicts of interest among them.  All parties enjoy a solid popular base among their supporters.  The fiercest battles are those that have taken place to control Castillo Road because of its strategic location.  There is a possibility of a civil society movement if the opportunity arises.

Suggested solutions  All parties to the conflict must exclude civilians from the conflict.  All parties must come to the negotiating table and cease hostilities.  The international community must intervene to stop the killings.  Civil society must be supported to exercise its role further.

What kind of Which sides Which sides If there is anyone What aspects of civil What do locals Does the platform How can the safety of shelling is taking are targeting are fighting in hampering a cease-fire society are able to think of the or the other civil those who are leading place in these these areas? this area? in your area, what put pressure on armed groups society groups the consultations be areas? should be done to armed groups in and the have any impact guaranteed? encourage them to order to stop the dominant on these engage in a cease-fire? internal conflict power in your opposition among them? area? groups? (Answer is optional) Air strikes, The regime, The regime, N/A Civil and public Protectors of Pratley Through coordination missiles and pro-regime pro-regime committees that the people who and transparancy artillery militias, militias, Syrian have influence, in provide safety Syrian Democratic addition to and security to Democratic forces, FSA consultive council the liberated Forces and clerics areas Air strikes, The regime, The regime, In general there is no Clerics and Our own people Through coordination missiles and pro-regime pro-regime one working on a consultive council who are fighting with armed groups artillery militias, militias, Syrian ceasefire. If there is to protect us and working Syrian Democratic anyone willing to do it and save our transparently Democratic forces, FSA, the platform must country Forces, ISIS ISIS communicate with them and apply pressure to achieve it

Air strikes, The regime, The regime, N/A Civil community Protectors of Yes By increasing missiles, artillery pro-regime pro-regime organizations and the people and coordination and barrel bombs militias, militias, Syrian revolutionary bodies the land Syrian Democratic Democratic forces, FSA, Forces ISIS, Al-Nusra Islamic factions Air strikes, The regime, The regime, N/A Civil organizations Protectors of Yes Through coordination missiles, artillery pro-regime pro-regime and clerics the people and with the armed groups and barrel bombs militias militias, Al- the land Nusra Islamic factions, FSA Air strikes, The regime, The regime, N/A Protectors of No direct effect but Through coordination missiles, artillery pro-regime pro-regime the people and we can work with the armed groups militias, militias, Syrian the land towards gaining and public figures Syrian Democratic more support Democratic forces, FSA, Forces, ISIS ISIS, Al-Nusra Islamic factions Air strikes, The regime, The regime, N/A Clerics and public The force that The platform has Through coordination missiles, artillery pro-regime pro-regime figures protects the popular support with the armed groups militias, militias, Syrian people and the and public figures Syrian Democratic land democratic forces, FSA, forces ISIS, Al-Nusra Islamic factions

Air strikes, The regime, The regime, Nothing is being done Al-Sharia Authority, Positive Possible to have an Securing a missiles, artillery pro-regime pro-regime because the pro regime Al-Ansari court, local effect commitment by militias, militias, Syrian militias are concerned council, rebels union armed groups Syrian Democratic about the ceasefire and and public figures democratic forces, FSA, Al- we accordingly cannot forces Nusra Islamic influence them factions Helicopter and The regime, Pro regime Persuade them by There should be Some of the By being neutral and artillery strikes pro-regime militias, emphasising the protection for communities can allowing for the militias Islamic importance of the the civilians be in control participation of all factions ceasefire to civilians from the regime parties in talks and and other communications parties All kinds of The regime, Some are pro Medium impact There are no solid weapons pro-regime and some are guarantees militias against Air strikes and The regime, The regime, None from the I don't know No difference Yes Through rational artillery pro-regime pro-regime opposition side proposals that ensure militias militias, FSA people’s rights Air strikes and The regime, The regime, Enforce the ceasefire to As long as weapons Good Sometimes on Through obtaining the artillery pro-regime pro-regime secure the people and are available, there is certain opposition protection of all militias militias, Al- civilians’ safety and no one or no groups parties and securing Nusra Islamic allow them to live at authority able to guarantees for safety factions, FSA least semi-normal lives stop the internal fighting Helicopter and air The regime, FSA No one is breaking the In solidarity with No Through the armed strikes, artillery, pro-regime ceasefire agreement them to break groups that are missiles and militias the siege working in this area barrel bombs

All kind of The regime, The regime, Through talk and Revolutionary bodies Good No Provide a good income weapons and Syrian pro-regime communications so they can afford shells Democratic militias, ISIS, bodyguards forces Al-Nusra Islamic factions, Syrian Democratic Forces, FSA Missiles, air The regime, The regime, The support and To keep the I don't know To provide a kind of strikes, explosive pro-regime pro-regime funding sides of fight away from immunity from arrest barrel bombs, militias, ISIS militias, Al- militias and armed the civilians by any armed party tanks, shells, Nusra Islamic groups areas so people rockets, factions, can live safe interstitials Syrian lives Democratic Forces, FSA All kinds of heavy The regime, The regime, Military force, political Civil community Accepted to a Yes Provide logistic weapons, Syrian pro-regime pro-regime awareness and financial organizations, good level support and give them and Russian air militias, ISIS, militias, ISIS, support consultive council the freedom to start strikes and Syrian Al-Nusra, and society building relations with internationally Democratic Islamic committees trusted civil or military illegal weapons forces factions, parties Syrian Democratic Forces, FSA Air strikes, The regime, The regime, They need to be Sharia Council There is some Yes Through international artillery and pro-regime pro-regime persuaded to sit and satisfaction protection missiles militias, ISIS, militias, ISIS, talk and communicate Syrian Al-Nusra, instead of carrying on

Democratic Islamic with the destruction of forces factions, war Syrian Democratic Forces, FSA Air strikes, The regime, The regime, Increase coordination Consultive council Children of Syria Yes Direct coordination artillery and pro-regime pro-regime and communication and clerics and its missiles militias, militias, ISIS, with all parties protectors Syrian Al-Nusra, Democratic Islamic forces factions, Syrian Democratic Forces, FSA Russian and No specific Protection and Syrian air strikes feedback monitoring and land surface rockets Russian and The regime, The regime, No specific Maybe Protection and Syrian air strikes ISIS, Syrian pro-regime feedback monitoring and land surface Democratic militias, ISIS, rockets forces, Syrian Russian Democratic aeroplanes forces Air strikes, The regime, The regime, N/A Excellent Yes Through revolutionary missiles and pro-regime pro-regime relations with and armed groups’ barrel bombs militias, militias them support Syrian Democratic forces

Airstrikes, The regime, The regime, Enforce commitment to No civil parties FSA are good No Through coordination artillery and areas pro-regime pro-regime a ceasefire agreement with military parties of fighting militias, ISIS, militias, ISIS, Syrian Syrian democratic Democratic forces forces, FSA Airstrikes and The regime The regime, Remove weapons Good Yes International artillery ISIS, Syrian intervention Democratic forces Airstrikes and Remove weapons Good International artillery intervention

Besieged areas All of Aleppo is under siege either completely or partially, residents lack food and medical aid. The majority of parties are involved in the siege in different regions of Aleppo, based on their influence. The siege was aggravated by Turkey’s closure of its borders with Syria.

 Most of Aleppo and its countryside live under siege.  All parties have contributed to the closure of the crossings and prevented aid from entering or leaving.  Castillo Road is the vital artery to Aleppo.  Local resources are the main factor in the resilience of the people.

Suggested solutions  All sides must avoid trapping civilians.  Turkish government needs to open its border for humanitarian and medical aid.  The UN must intensify its efforts to deliver aid.  Castillo Road must be excluded with guarantees from all parties not to use it for military purposes.

What areas What kind Date of the How What Are locals What Were there Are there In the case Until the siege is are under of siege are start of the many are the able to move mechanisms any local any local of a broken broken, what siege in your these areas siege civilians material freely in the are used negotiation agreement ceasefire, local/informal efforts province or under – are s province? Do locally to try s to break s that have what was could help reduce the city? partial or under allowed they have to break the the siege? been the suffering of the full? siege? into freedom of siege? broken? mechanism civilians? What kind these movement? of breaking of support is needed areas? the from outside of your agreement? region? Izaz Partial 01/01/2016 150,000 Food aid, No Whatever Yes Yes Lack of Communication medical local commitmen between all aid. resources t to the organizations, active there are truce from associations, bodies availiable, the regime and events is despite and its required. Provide all being militias potential limited opportunities to serve the public/ support them, as well as applying pressure on the regime to break the siege and allow humanitarian and medical aid to enter Entire Partial 10/12/2015 Around Food aid, There is Whatever Yes Yes The regime Communication, southern & 1,000,00 medical freedom of local is not coordination and northern 0 aid movement; resources seriously cooperation between rural areas however it is are all service

limited availiable; commited organizations, relief because of trying to to the truce associations. Spread the shelling open the awareness and allow and sniping blocked humanitarian and that targets roads food aid to enter some of the roads The City of Partial 01/01/2016 Around Food aid No Attempts to Yes Yes A lack of Increasing Aleppo 600,000 open a commitmen coordination and humanitaria t to the communication; n crossing, truce from applying pressure on and the regime the regime to provide whatever humanitarian local crossings; to allow aid resources to enter, especially are medical aid availiable Southern, Partial 01/11/2015 Around Food aid, No There aren't No No To provide rural 150,000 Medical any humanitarian and aid service support to the area The City of Partial 01/01/2016 Around Food aid, No Attempts to Yes Yes A lack of Aleppo 700,000 Medical open a commitmen aid humanitaria t to the n crossing; truce from whatever the regime local resources are availiable

Southern & Partial 01/12/2015 Around Food aid, Yes Attempts to No Yes A lack of Attempts to open a northern 1,000,00 Medical link the commitmen humanitarian rural 0 aid areas t to the crossing, depending truce from on the local resources the regime The City of Partial 01/10/2015 200,000 Food aid, Yes Partial Yes Yes The Fuel items, strategic Aleppo Medical targeting of food items like flour aid, the only and wheat and Money route into productive items the city by the PKK Southern, Partial 10/10/2015 Around Food aid, Only one There aren't No No There were All forms of support rural 80,000 medical route: Tal any no aid, and Aldaman- agreements sometim Sarqib Idleb es money Izaz and the Partial 16/02/2016 250,000 Food aid No There aren't No Yes Through the Serious collaboration entire any enemy’s to deliver food and northern treachery medical aid rural area The City of Partial 06/03/2016 400,000 Food aid, Yes The regime; No Yes Regime air At least an increase of Aleppo medical there is only strikes and logistical support aid, one road artillery money and it is shelling within range of the regime’s fire Eastern, Partial Turkey, Around Food aid No For the rural Yes Yes Sometimes, western, Gaziantep 500,000 north there when

northern & is an armed southern agreement groups rural with the were Kurds to shelling, allow the and civilians into sometimes other areas when the Kurds block the roads and prevent people from passing Aljess Partial 10/12/2013 Around Food aid No To counter No No No truce or To liberate the area mountain 30,000 the pro agreement villages regime militias and liberate villages The City of Partial 03/02/2015 450,000 Food aid, Yes No Yes Shelling To provide an Aleppo medical adequate number of aid, reserves to achieve money national security for the public, and logistic equipment that suits the size of the city The Alkastilo Partial No No Yes It is usually To secure the areas area (a very regime held by the moderate important forces and opposition road in the PKK Aleppo and who breach

a very risky the area because ceasefire it is a target and target for PKK civilians; snipers) those breaches were documente d where the victims were women, children and the elderly Aleppo, Complete 05/01/2016 Around Food aid In some parts Military No Yes A breach To deliver medical and northern siege 12,000 people are response through food aid and open the rural able to move shelling Turkish-Syrian and in other areas under crossing in Bab parts they the control Alsalameh for the are not of civilians. opposition No breach of the forces truce, especially by the Kurds Assad regime doesn't allow opposition in his areas

The City of Partial 01/01/2016 1,500,00 Food aid, No Attempts to Yes Yes The regime Increase the Aleppo/ 0 medical open a is not coordination and southern & aid humanitaria serious in communication to northern n crossing; its reduce the effect of rural whatever commitmen the siege; increase /western local t to the humanitarian aid rural resources truce are availiable The city of 01/12/2014 500,000 Agreement The assault Birth control; reduce Aleppo/ made, but it of one of segregation and Alkastilo was never the parties racism and eliminate road/ Ifrin applied. on the the ones with weak Always the other. It souls who cause winning side was always troubles, problems who breach the regime and sedition the truce. who breached the truce The city of Partial 01/12/2014 500,000 Food aid, Because Agreement Yes Yes The assault Birth control; reduce Aleppo/ medical there are made, but it of one of segregation and Alkastilo aid. multiple was never the parties racism and eliminate road/ Ifrin There condoling applied. on the ones with weak souls are no parties Always the other and it who cause troubles, agreeme winning side was always problems and sedition nts to who breach the regime allow the the truce. who entry of breached any kind the truce of aid

Semi Partial 10/04/2015 350,000 Food aid, No Humanitaria No Yes Random To apply pressure and besieged medical n aid shelling and to commit to the truce part of aid, attempts to Aleppo and money besiege the northern Aleppo rural Aleppo, Complete 10/08/2015 1,000,00 Food aid No Negotiations Yes No No Intervention by an northern siege 0 with agreements international team or rural & dominant local efforts to break eastern rural armed the siege groups Southern Partial 08/05/2015 300 Food aid Yes Individual No Yes By regime Heavy weapons and rural - weapons shelling humanitarian support Southern 08/05/2015 300 Individual By regime Heavy weapons and rural - weapons shelling humanitarian support

Detainees The multiplicity of warring powers in Aleppo raises our expectations in relation to the number of detainees and the lack of fair trials increases worries about the fate of the detainees. The existence of secret detention camps increases fears about the type of treatment they receive. However, the numbers of detainees are unknown.  There are no precise figures for detainees.  All parties are holding detainees.  There are no trials in real terms.

Suggested solutions  All sides must release detainees.  Work must be done to produce data on the detainees' names, whereabouts and conditions.

What is the number Who are the Is it possible to Who could be an Are there Are there courts in What areas are being shelled in of detainees or sides arresting send independent any secret your area? What kind your area? What is the number? missing people in people in your independent observer in your detention of courts? your area? area? observers into region? centres in the detention your area? centres? No accurate figures The regime, pro No Civil and human Yes Sharia courts All the liberated areas regime militias, rights activists and ISIS, Syrian civil organizations Democratic forces Unknown The regime, pro Yes Civil and human Yes Only Sharia courts All the liberated areas and front lines regime militias, rights activists and ISIS, Syrian civil organizations Democratic Forces No accurate figures The regime Yes Red Crescent Yes Sharia courts All liberated areas in the city Around 250 detainees The regime, pro No Civil activists No There aren't any All the villages in the southern rural including women and regime militias areas children. A list of their names is available No accurate figures The regime, pro Yes Civil community Yes Sharia courts All areas regime militias, organizations/ Red ISIS, Syrian Crescent/ activists Democratic Forces who are trained in civil work

No accurate figures The regime, pro Yes Red Crescent/ Civil Yes Sharia courts All the liberated areas regime militias, community ISIS, Al-Nusra, organizations Islamic factions, FSA, Syrian Democratic Forces Unknown Cannot identify Yes Possible Yes Sharia courts, Alansari Salah Aldin, Mashahad, Altarab, court, Alqasmia court Almarjeh, Alsalihin, Old Aleppo and other areas 270 Pro regime No Military parties No Used to be courts in All the areas close to those under militias Al Hader and Alais but regime control from Khanaser to not anymore Blas to Al Hader Al-Nusra, Islamic No There aren't any Yes Courts All areas factions, FSA More than 3,000 The regime, pro No Organizations and No Courts City of Aleppo, especially the city regime militias, individuals centre ISIS The regime, pro No Military parties No Legal court & Sharia Southern rural areas in general and regime militias, court some of the western rural areas ISIS, Al-Nusra, Islamic factions Around 800 The regime No International No There aren't any All the liberated areas of Aleppo are organizations subject to shelling 10,000 The regime, ISIS No No Civil and Sharia courts The entire city of Aleppo More than 30,000 The regime, pro Yes Organizations Yes Courts are available The entire governorate missing and 5,000 regime militias, but the staff are detained ISIS, Al-Nusra, qualified to rule based Islamic factions, on the constitution or FSA, Syrian sharia. These courts Democratic Forces

are mechanisms of the armed groups Around 1000 The regime, pro No No one No Military and civil The neighbourhood of Aleppo which is regime militias, courts under the control of the opposition and ISIS, Syrian most of the southern rural areas and the Democratic Forces northern rural areas, in addition to western rural areas (total of 300 areas)

50,000 The regime, pro No International Yes Courts attributed to The city and its surroundings regime militias, parties the armed groups. ISIS, Al-Nusra, Not a just system Syrian Democratic Forces No accurate figures The regime, pro Yes International Red Yes Sharia Courts All the liberated areas are subject to regime militias, Crescent (not the shelling ISIS, Democratic Syrian Red Syria Forces Crescent) Big number Organizations and Sharia courts All of western rural Aleppo individuals Big number The regime, pro Yes Organizations and Yes Sharia courts All of western rural Aleppo regime militias, individuals ISIS, Al-Nusra, Islamic factions, troops FSA, Syrian Democratic Forces 50,000 The regime, ISIS No Organizations and No Sharia courts The areas close to Aleppo’s supply individuals lines No accurate figures The regime, pro No Civil defence Yes Civil courts The city of Aleppo in addition to the regime militias, western and northern surroundings ISIS, Al-Nusra,

Syrian Democratic Forces 400 The regime, ISIS, No Governmental No Sharia courts 70 areas Syrian Democratic parties Forces 400 The regime, ISIS, No Governmental Sharia courts 70 areas Syrian Democratic parties Forces

Hama local platform

Background Hama province is located in the middle of Syria and the other provinces with an area of 8,883 square kilometres. Administrative borders: To its north are the provinces of Idlib and Aleppo, to the west are Latakia and Tartus, to the south is Homs province, and to the east are the provinces of Aleppo and Raqqa. The population of the province according to the census of 2010 is nearly 2.1 million distributed by region as follows:  City of Hama: 854,000 inhabitants  Salamiah: 132,654 inhabitants  Soran: 90,432 inhabitants  Tibet al-Imam: 86,855 inhabitants  Halfaya: 66,321 inhabitants  Masyaf: 45,999 inhabitants

With the beginning of the uprising in March 2011, several waves of displacement occurred in the the city and the countryside. Many of the province’s people remain displaced (internally displaced people in northern Syrian camps and villages in Idlib and Aleppo, and refugees in Turkey and other countries). Most of the displaced people are from the liberated areas in the northern and eastern regions of Hama due to the frequent bombardment and military campaigns of the Syrian government; people are also displaced from the Syrian government-control areas due to fear of kidnapping, detention and forced conscription.

The province's economy: The economy depends on agriculture, which employs the majority of the population, as well as on government jobs, trading and others. The most important agricultural crops are: wheat, cotton, potatoes, sugar beet, and trees. Major industries are: textiles, food and mining (an iron factory).

Social structure: The tribal dimension prevails in the eastern countryside and some of the western rural areas. The province is also characterized by the diversity of religions (Islamic, Christian, Alawi, Murshidi, Ismaili). In addition to those of Arab ethnicity, some Kurdish communities and a Circassian minority are present.

Active civil organisations: There are many organisations in the liberated areas of the province that are concerned with civil and humanitarian affairs.

Dominant powers: The province is divided between liberated areas and areas under the Syrian government's control. Liberated areas include northern and southern Hama. The eastern countryside is under the control of ISIS, in addition to Sahl al-Ghab. Regime-controlled areas include the city of Hama, rural western Hama, Salamieh and some villages in the northern countryside. The liberated areas contain factions of the FSA and Islamist factions that can be summed up in three operational units: (Harbnafsah Operations Unit, Hula Operations Unit and Compressing the Ranks Operations Unit). Additionally, ISIS is present in the eastern countryside and al-Nusra in the western countryside of the city of Salamieh.

Results of local consultations

Shelling Hama, like other northern provinces, is under shelling from many kinds of weapons in opposition-controlled areas, unlike the areas under the control of the Syrian government.

 Bombardment by all heavy weapons is constant, including military aircraft and internationally forbidden weapons, especially in the areas of Kafr Naboodeh, Kafr Zita, al-Lataminah and Morik, the village of Sahl al-Ghab in the countryside of Hama, the western villages of Hama and the eastern villages of the southern countryside of Hama, especially Harbnafsah.  The number of conflict parties is few, with most of the factions belonging to the FSA in addition to Ahrar al-Sham on the one hand, and the Syrian government on the other.  ISIS is present in the eastern countryside border of the city of Salamieh and the Syrian government is threatening the people of Salamieh that they will leave the city to the mercy of ISIS.

Suggested solutions:  Requiring all parties to the conflict to abide by UN Resolution 2254.  Achieving a ceasefire, stopping aircraft bombardment and heavy weapons, and deploying international peacekeepers.  Ending systematic bombardment of hospitals, aid warehouses and schools.  Excluding civilians from the conflict.

What kind of shelling is Which sides Which sides are If there is What aspects What do locals Does the How can the safety of taking place in these are fighting in this area? anyone of civil society think of the platform or those who are leading areas? targeting hampering a are able to put armed groups the other civil the consultations be these areas? cease-fire in pressure onto and the society groups guaranteed? your area, what armed groups dominant have any should be done in order to stop power in your impact on to encourage the internal area? these them to engage conflict among opposition in a cease-fire? them? (Answer groups? is optional) Air forces, artillery, The regime The regime, FSA That can't be There aren't They help it No There are no guarantees - rocket launchers done any a person protects himself Artillery, Syrian and The regime The regime, pro- I don't know There aren't Most of them No Personal efforts Russian Air forces regime militias, FSA any support it Barrel bombs, missiles, The regime, The regime, FSA Mass civilian There aren't Full support No There is no guarantee Air force FSA support any Air forces, Barrel bombs, The regime, The regime, FSA Through There aren't Fairly good; Yes To act cautiously rockets and rocket pro-regime international any acceptable launchers Militias parties pressurizing them Air forces, artillery, The regime The regime, FSA No possibility There aren't Support it No There is no guarantee missiles any Artillery, air forces, The regime, The regime, FSA There aren't any There aren't Acceptable No There aren't any missiles pro-regime any Militias All sorts of heavy The regime, The regime, Al-Nusra, Followers of the They consider No Sometimes by faction weapons pro-regime Islamic factions, FSA regime and them their leaders and some security Militias financial protectors officers beneficiaries

from it hamper a ceasefire All sorts of heavy The regime, The regime, Pro- No There aren't They consider No Not possible weapons and Air forces pro-regime regime militias, Al- any them their Militias Nusra, Islamic factions, protectors and FSA saviours from the regime, but with some trepidation Rockets, artillery, barrel The regime, The regime, Pro- No Don't trust No Not possible bombs Pro-regime regime militias, Al- them Militias Nusra, Islamic factions, FSA Rockets, artillery, barrel The regime, The regime, Pro- No There aren't They are their No Not possible bombs Pro-regime regime militias, FSA any only hope for Militias salvation from the Syrian regime Russian rockets, artillery The regime, The regime, Pro- No There aren't They do not No Not possible and barrel bombs Pro-regime regime militias, FSA any have confidence Militias in these factions, but see them as their only protector Artillery, warplanes, The regime, The regime, Pro- Sectarian There aren't They see them No Some guarantees from cluster bombs and barrel Pro-regime regime militias, Al- militias of the any as saviors and the leaders of factions bombs Militias Nusra, FSA regime and the protectors and officers of the regime beneficiaries of who are temporary the continued

fighting and war hamper them Artillery, missiles, rocket The regime, The regime, Pro- It cannot be There aren't Average No Cannot protect them as launchers, cluster bombs, Pro-regime regime militias, Al- done any support; they cannot anticipate the warplanes, barrel bombs, Militias Nusra, Islamic factions, feel they excesses of the regime mortars FSA protect them and Islamic factions but they have their excesses All types of firearms - The regime, The regime, Pro- Yes - must They see them No By ensuring the heavy and light Pro-regime regime militias, Al- persuade them as able to protection from the Militias Nusra, Syrian to do so protect them regime and military Democratic Forces, factions FSA All different types of The regime, The regime, Pro- Not possible Trust them and No By the presence of a weapons Pro-regime regime militias,Al- consider them neutral third party Militias Nusra, FSA as protectors Russian warplanes, The regime, The regime, FSA Cannot be done They consider No Cannot be protected various types of shells Pro-regime them saviors Militias but do not trust them completely Rocket, artillery, barrel The regime, The regime, Al-Nusra, There aren't any They do not No The presence of a neutral bombs Pro-regime FSA have full third party Militias confidence communicating with the military leadership provides them with adequate protection Rockets, artillery, barrel The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't any There aren't They do not No The presence of a neutral bombs Pro-regime regime militias, Al- any have full third party Militias confidence communicating with the

Nusra, Islamic factions, military leadership FSA provides them with adequate protection Rocket, artillery, barrel The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't any There aren't Good people No Not possible bombs, warplanes Pro-regime regime militias, Al- any Militias Nusra, Islamic factions, FSA Rockets, artillery, The regime, The regime, Pro- Yes, the regime There aren't They consider No Through factions warplanes Pro-regime regime militias, FSA any them protectors Militias of their homes Artillery, warplanes, The regime The regime, Al-Nusra, Not possible See them as No The presence of a neutral cluster, barrel bombs FSA redeemers and third party saviors communicating with the military leadership provides them with adequate protection Artillery, warplanes, The regime The regime, Al-Nusra, Yes, but that Provide them No Not possible cluster, barrel bombs and FSA can't be done with protection rocket launcher from the oppression of the regime All kinds of weapons The regime The regime, FSA The regime; use Elders and They view the Yes of force against notables of the armed groups the regime organization positively Warplanes, missiles, The regime The regime, FSA The regime - Elders of the They are to No barrel bombs, use of force region, popular protect civilians helicopters, rocket base and restore launchers security for citizens

Aeroplanes, barrel The regime, The regime, FSA, Al- The regime - the There aren't Fear of arrest No bombs, cluster, rockets, Russia Nusra use of force any artillery against the regime because it does not keep truces Lethal weapons, The regime The regime, FSA Yes, Sharia courts Satisfaction of Some factions (internationally international opposition prohibited) resolutions forces All kinds of weapons The regime The regime, Al-Nusra, The regime Sharia neutral They are their Yes The selection of persons FSA courts hope to return and a place to consult in to their villages secrecy and homes Aerial bombardment, The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime -- None FSA represents Partially Careful of diplomatic artillery, rockets Russian and regime militias, FSA Use of force us arguments Regime's Air force All types of weapons The regime The regime, Pro- The regime - Elders and Satisfied with Yes regime militias, Al- arming the notables the opposition Nusra, FSA opposition and its strength Artillery and warplanes The regime The regime, Al Nusra, The regime, Elders and They are the Yes FSA, Jund al-Aqsa Russia and Iran clerics in props of to use force addition to security and institutions safety working on the ground Heavy weapons, The regime The regime, Al-Nusra, The regime and Popular base They are the Yes warplanes and FSA its militias and dignitaries garrison and the helicopters savior from the fierce regime

Aerial rocket launchers The regime, The regime, FSA Yes – use of Elders and The protectors Yes the Russians force decent people of land and and the honor Iranians Overland and aerial The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't Elders and They are our Simple ratio bombing Pro-regime regime militias any; impedes imams sons and they Militias defend us Air and ground weapons, The regime, The regime, FSA, the The regime / No one can They think the No They are on their own to all kinds of weapons Pro-regime Russian Air force arming the revolutionaries protect themselves Militias opposition and must win military decisiveness All kinds of weapons, The regime, The regime, FSA The regime Elders and They are our No including Russian Air Pro-regime must be imams sons and defend force Militias pressured from us and the outside; themselves (international courts under Chapter VII) Aerial bombing by The regime, The regime, Pro- The biggest Elders and Perceive them Yes helicopters and barrel Pro-regime regime militias, FSA obstacle is the imams as protectors bombs, ground rocket militias regime and the from the launchers and artillery solution is to oppression of topple it the regime Air and ground weapons The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime. Elders and They are our No Pro-regime regime militias, FSA Armed reconciliation sons and defend Militias opposition must commissions our property be supported and provided with anti-

aircraft missiles to force the regime into negotiation and ceasefire Aerial and rocket artillery The regime, FSA The regime. The Intellectuals The owners of Yes Pro-regime use of force in and social the right, a militias the face of The figures legitimate regime defense All kinds of weapons Pro-regime The regime, Al-Nusra, There aren't any Conflicts They are our Yes Turkey, Gaziantep militias, FSA between the sons and Russian rebels did not relatives and warplanes live up to went out to mentioning protect us Aerial bombing, The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't any They cannot Support Yes launchers, artillery, the Russian regime militias, Al- barrel & cluster bombs Air Force Nusra, Islamic factions, FSA All kinds of weapons, air The regime, The regime is No one can Wish the No and ground Pro-regime obstructive; the opposition to Militias solution is win in battle arming the against the opposition to be regime able to takeover militarily. Warplanes, helicopters, The regime, The regime, Pro- Only the regime Shariah They provide No artillery and rocket Pro-regime regime militias, Al- violated the Committee them with Militias Nusra, Islamic factions, ceasefire protection FSA

Syrian and Russian The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime; Sharia Court Absolute No warplanes, artillery Pro-regime regime militias, Islamic international endorsement militias, factions, Russia, pressure and support for Russia Hezbollah all armed opposition forces The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime They see them I do not know Pro-regime regime militias, Al- forces and its as revolutionary militias, Nusra, Islamic factions, militia forces and the Russia FSA, Russia dedicated ones Aviation, artillery, The regime The regime and the Yes: Support groups Yes Using protection by missiles militias affiliated reconciliation and deliver forces located in the against FSA committees them arms region Warplanes, artillery, land The regime FSA Yes, Notables They protect No They must be protected surface missiles reconciliation civilians and from armed factions commissions maintain themselves security Warplanes and shells The regime The regime, FSA Officials from Support Yes Through guarantees by the regime revolutionaries the revolutionaries and with weapons the regime Artillery & Russian The regime, The regime,FSA Reconciliation Fear of the The warplanes Pro-regime committees regime regime failed Militias all effects Russian warplanes The regime FSA People as local Proponent and To some committees supportive role extent who go to the regime's areas FSA and The regime It depends on I do not know Fear of the formulation abduction and conscription

of a fair agreement Warplanes & artillery The regime The regime and its I do not know I do not like this Fear of There is no militia with the FSA question kidnappings and influence on because it arrests the regime mentions except armed groups military force Air missiles and heavy The regime Armed brigades and By notables US and third Supporting Yes artillery the the regime's army from the region parties battalions operating in northern Hama Warplanes, mortars, The regime Islamic factions, FSA, I do not know Notables They are the Yes Through factions rockets and rocket the regime force protecting launchers civilians Russian warplanes, The regime Islamic factions, FSA, Local Absolute Yes Through factions mortar, rocket launchers The regime committees support for battalions in the area Aerial bombing (Syrian, The regime, The regime, Pro- It can do so only Clerics, Strong public Yes Russian), artillery and Pro-regime regime militias, Al- by providing Notables and support to all rockets militias, Nusra, Islamic factions, guarantees Sharia courts armed Russia FSA, Russia from the regime opposition to commit, factions (Free because of Syrian Army, bitter past Islamic experiences Brigades, Al- Nusra) Barrel bombs from The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't Sharia courts Strong public No helicopters, Russian & Pro-regime regime militias, Al- support Syrian warplanes,

artillery and rockets. It militias, Nusra, Islamic factions, has been documented Russia FSA, Russia that the use of cluster bombs and chlorine gas in the town of Kafr Zita has been used more than once by the Syrian regime. Warplanes, helicopters, The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime Notables of They love these No barrel bombs, rocket Pro-regime regime militias, Islamic forces; cannot each region forces and launchers militias, factions, FSA be influenced consider them Russia their protectors Aerial, helicopters, The regime, The regime, Pro- There are no Sharia Courts, Defenders of No shelling Pro-regime regime militias, Al- obstacles but Notables the people; militias, Nusra, Islamic factions, the regime support for Russia FSA forces and they these forces can not be influenced Aerial and missiles The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime Sharia Courts, Support for all No Russia regime militias, Al- forces Notables opposition Nusra, Islamic factions, factions FSA, Russia All types of The regime, The regime,Pro-regime There aren't Clerics, Endorse and No bombardment Russia militias, Al-Nusra, notables support Islamic factions, FSA, Russia Aerial (helicopters) The regime, The regime, Pro- The regime Sharia Courts, Very broad No artillery and rockets Pro-regime regime militias, FSA forces; cannot notables support militias, be influenced Russia

Warplanes, helicopters The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't any Notables of the People consider Yes and rockets Pro-regime regime militias, Islamic except the area armed groups militias, factions, FSA, Russia regime are defending Russia them Rocket launchers, The regime, The regime, Pro- There aren't Sharia courts Support and Yes warplanes, helicopters Pro-regime regime militias, Islamic any, except the assistance Militias, factions, FSA regime forces Russia Warplanes, helicopters The regime FSA and The regime There aren't any Clerics and All the Sometimes and rocket launchers forces forces backed by Shiite obstacles for a tribal elders dominant capitals have stationed in militias ceasefire when have their place armed groups in an effect on Deir Mharda the regime in society and our areas are some factions and Mount forces commit among the our brothers Zine El armed factions Abidine Rocket launchers, heavy The regime FSA and The regime No Obstacles If Notables They are our Local councils, artillery, warplanes, forces forces backed by the regime brothers and we the Shura explosive barrel bombs stationed in Shi'ite militias committed to support them Council Deir Mharda the cease-fire until the last and Mount drop of blood Zine El Abidine Barrel bombs from The regime The regime, FSA The regime Notables and There is support To some The signing of a treaty helicopters, Russian and forces clerics and assistance extent ensures their security and Syrian warplanes, stationed in by the residents safety by the regime and artillery and rockets. Deir Mharda the opposition and Mount It has been documented Zine El more than once that the Abidine regime has used cluster

bombs and chlorine gas in the town of Kafr Zita Warplane and rocket The regime, The regime, FSA There aren't any Sharia Full solidarity No launchers Russia committees with them and clerics Barrel bombs from Almassasnh Free Syrian Army and The regime Bodies and civil Sympathize with Shura Council helicopters, Russian and Barrier, the regime forces forces are society them and help Syrian warplanes, Mount Zine always violating organizations them artillery and rockets. El Abidine, ceasefires and local Hama councils military airport

Besieged areas Most of Hama is under a partial siege, with more than 200,000 people affected. The Syrian Red Crescent Organisation twice entered southern Hama and delivered a very limited number of relief baskets, which only aided 2 percent of the present population. They attempted to intervene again, but the Syrian government’s checkpoint in the pro-Syrian government village of Baarin prevented them from entering to deliver aid to residents of the village Baarin.

The medical situation in southern Hama: there are no field hospitals, but rather small medical clinics which have exhausted all their capabilities because of the huge number of the wounded due to the daily bombardment of trapped civilians’ houses. The province has seen some fragile agreements.

 There are no statistics on the number of besieged residents.  There is a reliance on local resources to overcome the siege as well as smuggling routes.  Most of the residents are displaced to Idlib and Aleppo.

Suggested solutions  Break the blockade of food and medical aids.  Increase support for development projects.  Stop the bombardment of hospitals, aid warehouses and schools.  Allow the people to move freely between Syrian government and opposition areas.

What areas are What Date of How many What are Are locals What Were Are there In the case Until the siege is under siege in kind of the start civilians the able to move mechanism there any any local of a broken broken, what your province or siege are of the are under materials freely in the s are used local agreemen ceasefire, local/informal city? these siege siege? allowed province? Do locally to negotiatio ts that what was efforts could help areas into these they have try to break ns to break have been the reduce the under? areas? freedom of the siege? the siege? broken? mechanism suffering of the (Partial, movement? of breaking civilians? What is full) the the support agreement? needed to do so from out side of your region? Kfrenbaudh city Partial 25/01/20 35,000 Food aid No There was a No Yes Bombardme None and surrounding 13 people local nt by the farms agreement regime and that was the Russians breached by the regime Kfrenbaudh, Partial 25/01/20 32,000 Some No There were No Yes Bombardme Non-governmental Hmeirat, Tel 13 people materials agreements nt by the organizations Hawash, Kirath and medical with regime and farms relief intermediar the Russians through ies that non- have been government breached al organization s

Kfrenbaudh, Partial 25/01/20 About Not allowed No Truces were No Yes Rocket and Provide relief Ganabrh. Kirath 13 25,000 by the coordinated artillery fire support to those farms. Hmirat people regime. on a by the affected regional regime basis, but were unsuccessfu l Kfrenbaudh Tel Partial 26/01/20 28,000 Food aid No None Yes Yes Bombing of The establishment Hawash and farms 13 people civilian areas of a local truce in and around by the Kirath regime Kfrenbaudh and Partial 25/01/20 About Food aid, No There were No Yes Indiscriminat None farms 13 30,000 Medical aid some e people practical bombardme attempts, nt by the but regime unsuccessfu l Kfrenbaudh and Partial 25/01/20 33,000 Medical and No None Yes Yes Bombardme Organisations to farms 13 people food aid nt by the provide support to through regime the besieged areas non- government al organization s The southern Complet 03/02/20 200,000 Food aid No Negotiation Yes Yes The truce To open countryside and e siege 13 s was humanitarian the rural north breached in crossings

the town of Hirbnafsah Southern Complet 03/01/20 300,000 No None No No To open safe countryside e siege 13 passages Southern Complet 04/01/20 600,000 Not possible No Military No Yes Yes, the Securing a countryside e siege 13 actions by village of humanitarian safe the Hirbnafsah passage opposition was bombed Southern Complet 04/02/20 400,000 Nothing can No Truces Yes Yes Attempts to Trying to bring in countryside e siege 13 enter break it food and medical materials Southern and Complet 04/03/20 700,000 Food aid, No Military Through Yes By bombing Securing and northern e siege 12 fuel actions by the truce some areas bringing in food countryside the armed and and medical factions negotiation supplies s Southern rural Complet 08/02/20 Almost Nothing can There is no Negotiation Yes Yes Shelling Trying to bring in countryside e siege 14 150,000 enter freedom s sporadically aid people Western rural Complet 14/07/20 500,000 Food aid, No, because Locals and Yes Yes Airstrikes Providing support Hama (partial) e siege 14 medical aid of severe elders tried and humanitarian Southern rural restrictions to assistance Hama (complete) communica te with the regime forces Southern rural Complet 08/09/20 500,000 Food aid No Negotiation Yes Frequent Attempting to countryside e siege 14 s ariel open humanitarian bombardme crossings nt

Southern rural Complet 04/08/20 More than Food aid, No Negotiation Yes Yes Repeated Attempting to countryside e siege 14 500,000 money s and shelling by open humanitarian military the regime crossings actions Western rural Complet 09/08/20 400,000 There are No Truces and Yes Yes Repeated To open (partial siege) e siege 14 people no materials negotiation bombardme humanitarian Southern rural s nt from crossings and (complete siege) warplanes providing support and artillery for those affected Southern rural Complet 09/06/20 500,000 Nothing No Truces and Yes Repeated Humanitarian areas e siege 14 people allowed to negotiation Russian crossings; provide enter s aerial humanitarian and bombardme medical support to nt help those affected. Aqrab Hirbnafsah Complet 04/02/20 100,000 Nothing No Truces and Yes Yes Repeated Humanitarian e siege 13 allowed to negotiation Russian crossings; provide enter s aerial humanitarian and bombardme medical support to nt help those affected. Southern rural Complet 05/02/20 300,000 Nothing No Truces and Yes Yes Aviation areas e siege 12 allowed to negotiation bombing enter s Southern and Complet 01/03/20 400,000 Nothing No Truces and Yes Yes The bombing To open western rural e siege 12 negotiation of villages in humanitarian Hama s southern crossings rural Hama

Southern rural Complet 10/09/20 500,000 Nothing None No Yes Artillery and Humanitarian e siege 14 people warplanes crossings to aid those affected Southern and Complet 07/09/20 300,000 Nothing No Truces and Yes Yes Frequent Humanitarian northern rural e siege 14 people allowed to negotiation aerial crossings in each enter s bombardme besieged area nts by the exposed to shelling regime and displacement Kafr Zita - Mork Partial 18/09/20 40,000 Food aid No None Residents Yes Indiscriminat To open AlAba'aein - 13 do not e shelling humanitarian AlAzwar trust the crossings to regime support people and enable them to earn a living Kafr Zita - Mork - Partial 02/01/20 50,000 Food aid, Partial There are No Yes Shelling Medical aid, Al-Lataminah and 13 medical aid no opening schools other negotiation s Tayzin - Shiha - Partial 03/05/20 100,000 Food aid There is no None No No Opening Khattab 12 freedom of humanitarian movement passages Krnaz- Almoghir - Partial 24/01/20 100,000 Food aid, No because None No Few or tens of anti- Sheikh Hadid - 13 medical aid of the aircraft missiles Hamamiyat - Tel military Milh - and Jalama presence Halfaya - Alteba - Partial 28/04/20 200,000 Food aid No freedom None No No Agreements A firm Soran - and around 13 of with international stand movement. reconciliatio and serious Movement is n pressure on the restricted committees regime

and have no dangerous credibility Hirbnafsah and Complet 27/08/20 50,000 Some No freedom None No No None Opening around - Akrab e siege 13 materials, of movement humanitarian but difficult passages to obtain and expensive Karnaz -alajabin - Partial 24/01/20 40,000 Food aid If there is No method Ten days Yes Rockets and Support to ease Albanh - Bridge 13 people movement it worked ago a truce artillery the pressure on Alkahira is restricted was held shells besieged fronts but was breached by the regime Karnaz - Bredej - Partial 24/01/20 100,000 Only food No None No No The regime They cannot break AlJabin - Hialin - 13 aid does not the siege; to and Aweyna - respond to support FSA AlKarama people. It bombards residents Tezin, Kafr al-Tun, Partial 02/01/20 80,000 Some No None No No Warplanes To open Akrab and its 12 materials and humanitarian surrounding areas helicopters crossings under the control of the regime Almassasnh zur, Partial 05/03/20 About Nothing No Failed No No The provision of Alhesa Balhasin 13 80,000 allowed to attempts by aid and quality enter the FSA weapons to the revolutionaries

Hirbnafsah and Complet 01/06/20 100,000 Nothing No None No No There are no The introduction of surroundings e siege 13 allowed to truces urgent enter humanitarian assistance Aqrab, Hrbnevsh. Complet 18/03/20 Almost Nothing Hardly any None No No The entry of food, Talaf. Deir al-Fardis e siege 12 120,000 due to medical and anti- people bombing aircraft missiles and shields Shayzar Partial 22/12/20 20,000 Food aid Hardly any Military No Yes The barbaric Opening 12 clashes by bombardme humanitarian the FSA nt by the passages with the regime regime Atshan Skaik Partial 13/01/20 Almost Nothing Hardly any Battles No Yes There are Supporting civilians Altmanah and Alth 16 70,000 sputtered several with relief by the FSA agreements. materials and and the Yet when medical supplies. rebels in pressure on Pressuring the the region the regime regime under increases, it Chapter VII violates the truce Hirbnafsah and Partial 10/10/20 Around Some, but No None No No None Provision of surroudnings 13 15,000 very difficult emergency aid to obtain Southern rural Partial 03/01/20 300,000 Nothing Only within None No Yes Indiscriminat Pressure from the 12 the liberated e bombing international areas and by the community and the with caution regime Security Council

Tayzin -mardftin - Partial 01/06/20 70,000 Some No None No No None Humanitarian alchiha -arzh 13 materials by organizations and the regime the Red Crescent to solve the crisis Hirbnafsah Aqrab Complet 06/08/20 100,000 Nothing No None No No None To open Talaf and Deir al- e siege 13 humanitarian Fardis crossings Kafr Zita, Al- Partial 20/12/20 Nearly Food aid, Only within Failure No Yes Indiscriminat Securing Lataminah, Mork, 12 100,000 medical aid the liberated truces e bombing humanitarian lHaya, alsayad, areas power lines and Zakat, Kfrenbaudh safe drinking water l Haya, Hamamiyat, Partial 01/01/20 Nearly Food aid, No Local No Yes Indiscriminat Provision of Kfrenbaudh, Kafr 13 75,000 medical aid temporary e bombing medical aid, fuel, Zita, alsayad, Zakat truce, but by the drinking water and failed regime and electricity the Russian air force Zakat, forty, Lhaya, Partial 01/01/20 About Food aid No Local failed Yes Yes The regime’s Provision of water Kfrenbaudh, 13 50,000 truce shelling and electricity Latmin, Kafr Zita, Al-Lataminah Almogher + Bredej Partial 01/02/20 A few Food aid Limited Military Yes Yes Bombing the Pressure from + Karnaz + Hialin + 13 thousand action liberated human rights Asharneh + Jilma + areas groups to stop the Hamamiyat bombardment of civilians Almogher + Bredej Partial 01/03/20 A few Food aid Limited Military No Yes Bombing the Pressure from + Karnaz + Hialin + 13 thousand freedom action liberated human rights Asharneh + Jilma + because of areas groups to stop the Hamamiyat + shelling

bombing of civilians Alzlakiet + Shleyot Partial No Food aid, There is no Through the Yes Yes The regime Entry of relief and + Shayzar + approxima medical aid freedom of truce or starting food supplies Maarkaba + te figures movement attempted bombing Almassasnh because of liberation unarmed Hamamiyat the barriers by the civilians with armed indiscriminat factions e shells Jalma + Tel Melh + Partial 01/03/20 No Food aid Only within FSA No No Political solution AlJabin + Rawda + 13 accurate regime areas attempts to Sheik Hadid + figure; liberate the Kfarhod + Alfajra + nearly 35% region Tel Skin of the total population Hamada Omar + Partial 04/04/20 30,000 Nothing Partial None There were Yes Indiscriminat Providing relief and Uqayribat + Souha 14 freedom negotiation e shelling by financial assistance + Rasm Al Dabaa + s to begin the regime to alleviate the Nuaimiya + with, suffering of however at civilians the moment there isn't any dialogue with the regime

Trimssh Halfaya Partial 07/06/20 More than Some Little Attempting At first the Yes The regime Put pressure on AlAsharny Kazuo 14 100,000 movement to liberate only shelling the parties Tayzin Khattab within the by reason for civilians concerned to stop regime's revolutionar bombing the siege areas y armed cities factions Almogher + Karnaz Partial 01/03/20 Nearly Food aid Little Attempting No No None Provision of food + Jalma + Sheik 13 125,000 movement to liberate and money Hadid + within the by Hammamiyat + regime's revolutionar Karnaz + Bredej + areas y armed factions Kafr Zita + Al- Partial 01/01/20 Nearly Most No Temporary No Yes Bombing Securing the needs Lataminah + Mork 13 30,000 materials truce with liberated of the citizens - + Algisat people the regime areas which medical and food had made a items truce Kfrenbaudh + Partial 01/01/20 20,000 Basic food No None Yes Yes Air and Provision of Algosabih + Tel 13 and medical artillery medical and food Hawash + Jabriyah aid strikes and aid + AlKarkat + Sheikh attempts to Idris attack the area Kfrenbaudh + Tel Complet 01/03/20 15,000 Basic food Only within Local Truces No Yes Air and Provision of Hawash + AlKarkat e siege 13 and medical the liberated artillery medical and food + Jabriyah aid areas strikes and aid an attempt to invade the area

Kafr Zita, Al- Partial 20/12/20 Nearly Basic food Only within Truces with Yes Yes Attempts to To provide Lataminah, 12 100,000 and medical the liberated local invade the vaccines; Re-supply alsayad, Zakat, aid areas, and in security area; these areas with Kfrenbaudh, Lhaya, a few cases branches Indiscriminat electricity; The Mork free to enter (Mhardeh, e bombing; opening of schools the regime Hama) Cut and to stop areas (the electricity bombing them. elderly, supplies; women) Stop supporting health centers Al-Lataminah, Kafr Partial 01/01/20 Nearly Basic food No Local truces Yes Yes Indiscriminat Re-opening of Zita, Mork, Zakat, 13 70,000 and medical were e bombing schools, health Arbaeen, Lhaya aid temporary by the centers and did not regime, and (dispensary), endure in some running of water cases trying wells, and to gain electricity supply territory Hamamiyat, Complet 01/01/20 There are No No No Alhaceh, e siege 13 no civilians Aelchenabrh, in these Bredej villages Maarkaba, and Complet 01/06/20 There are No None No No None Wadi Aldawrat, e siege 13 no civilians Albwieda, Lhaya in these villages

Maarkaba and Complet 01/06/20 There are No None No No People cannot go Lhaya \ Lhaya \ e siege 13 no civilians back to their Albwayda \ Mork in these homes without a villages ceasefire Maarkaba, Complet 01/10/20 There are Free None No No The completion of Almasasna and e siege 13 no civilians movement the ceasefire and Wadi Aldawrat, in these within all the the return of Albwieda, Mork villages liberated people to their and Lhaya areas villages Aljabin, Jalama, Complet 01/01/20 There are No None No Stop fighting Hasraya, e siege 14 no civilians AlArba'ain, Algisat in these villages Hirbnafsah, Jarjisa, Complet 01/01/20 15,000 No Attempts by No No Entry of urgent Deir Ferdis e siege 14 elders of humanitarian theregion, assistance through but failed the United Nations Karim, Qabr Complet 01/10/20 There are No None No No The regime troops’ Alfidda, and Ramle, e siege 16 no civilians withdrawal and the Ashrafieh in these return of residents villages Hirbnafsah Al- Hirbnafs Hirbnafsa No Nothing Countrysiden To pay a There were A truce Has been To open Lataminah Mork ah - full h two accurate allowed to ts' bribe to the negotiation between breached by humanitarian siege months figures enter movement is regime's s between the two the regime crossings Al- and a half except by enrolled checkpoints the regime sides was brutally Latamina ago, Al- paying an they are , using and Kafr agreed bombing h Mork - Latamina amount prevented adjacent Nabudah Kfrenbaudh partial h and equivalent from going to areas to siege Mork to more the liberated smuggle than the areas to materials

since price of the prevent into the liberation material at Sunni citizens besieged checkpoints from going to areas Alawite areas Hirbnafsah, Al- Hirbnafs A year a 5000 Nothing Countyside The regime There were The truce The regime’s The formation of Lataminah, ah - full go could be residents' did not negotiation between barbaric an independent siege entered movement accept any s between the two bombardme civilian body Al- except as was initiative to the regime sides was nt of working to provide Latamina aids through restricted end the and Kafr agreed Kfrenbaudh for the needs and h Mork - the red and they siege Nabudah violated the supplies of partial crescent were truce besieged areas siege prevented from going to the liberated areas Hirbnafsah Complet The 3000 It is not In the The siege is The regime To open passages e siege beginning allowed by regime's ongoing has not to besieged areas of 2016 the The areas there is responded far from the eyes regime no freedom to any of the regime of negotiation movement, s to end but in others the siege areas there is full freedom Aqrab, Hirbnafsah Full siege A year a 5000 Only aid No The regime The regime To open go through the does not does not humanitarian Red respond to respond to crossings Crescent (if any any local the regime negotiating initiative allowed it) process because it

concerning does not besieged recognize areas any side and describes all opposition as terrorists Al-Lataminah, Kafr Full siege The 3000 Only aid No The regime No Provision food and Zita, Hirbnafsah beginning through the did not medical aids of 2016 Red accept any Crescent initiative to end the siege

Detainees  There is no precise number of detainees.  The entity that conducts arrests is the Syrian government and its militias.  There is a small possibility to introduce observers.  Some of those consulted said that there are secret prisons and named the areas where they were present. There are large detention centres in the area at Hama Military Airport which is under the control of the Air Force Intelligence and a detention camp in Deir Shamil that is under control of shabiha (pro-Syrian government militias) from Committees of the National Defence in conjunction with the Air Force Intelligence. These two are some of the most difficult types of detention centres in terms of torture and liquidation of detainees, together with detention centres in the security branches and detention centres.  The Kata’ib Al-Baath Brigade and National Defence in each region conduct kidnappings, extortion and bargaining with the families of the kidnapped.  A number of people have been kidnapped by ISIS since March 31, 2015, their number is not known accurately and they include women and children from the village of al-Mabauajh.  The current judicial system is Islamic courts.

Suggested solutions  Compel the Syrian government and all parties to abide by the decisions of Geneva I, II and III on the release of detainees according to a specific, short timetable and stop all arrests and sham trials of detainees by the Terrorism Court and Field Court.  Compel the Syrian government to halt acts of torture against detainees and to stop of sham trials with the Field Court and Terrorism Court; null their decisions from a constitutional and legal standpoint because of their violations of the principles of the Geneva I, II and III, committed by the Syrian government, which provide for the release of all detainees.  Compel the Syrian government to implement the Convention, on which it agreed with detainees in Hama’s Central Prison, which requires the release of all detainees and not to stall in implementing it.  Compel the Syrian government and the rest of the parties to disclose their detention locations and all persons who have been arrested, as well as clarify their health status and their place of detention. If the detainee is deceased, the circumstances of his/her death must be clarified, his/her burial place and his/her effects delivered to his/her family with a death certificate by the competent authorities.  Allow the International Red Cross and the International Red Crescent organisations to cooperate and coordinate with Syrian organisations that are concerned with the issue of detainees, so that they can follow up the implementation of all the above items under international protection for their work.

What is the number of Who are the sides Is it possible to Who could be an Are there any Are there courts in What areas are being detainees or missing people arresting people in send independent independent secret your area? What shelled in your area? What in your area? your area? observers into the observer in your detention kind of courts? is the number? detention centres? region? centres in your area? About 300 detainees The regime No No There are FSA courts Most areas and Sharia courts 280 detainees The regime No There is no party able Yes FSA courts and Kfrenbaudh, Hmeirat, Tel to do so courts of Ahrar al- Hawash, Kirath farms Sham 250 detainees The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes FSA courts Most areas regime militias

Almost 280 people The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone No There are FSA courts Kfrenbaudh and farms in regime militias and Sharia courts and around

About 325 detainees The regime No There isn’t anyone No There are Sharia All areas courts 290 The regime No There isn’t anone No There are FSA courts Kfrenbaudh and farms

200 The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Military / field courts Sahl Al Ghab; northern and regime militias southern countrysides

200 The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any Hama northern, southern regime militias and eastern countryside and Sahl Al Ghab

1,000 detainees The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any The southern, northern regime militias and eastern countryside and Sahl Al Ghab.

90 The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Yes, field courts The southern countryside regime militias and the rural north

Around 90 The regime, pro- No There isn't anyone No Yes, military courts Southern, eastern and regime militias northern countryside and Sahl Al Ghab

Approximately 200 The regime, pro- No No one Yes Military courts Southern, northern and prisoners in one village regime militias eastern rural

About 3,000 detainees The regime, pro- No No one Yes Yes - military courts North rural Hama, eastern regime militias Al Ghab, Hamamiyat, Kfrenbaudh (almost 6)

90 The regime, pro- No No one Yes A military factions The northern rural regime militias court 300 The regime, pro- No Government entities Yes Military and sham Northern and southern regime militias courts rural

120 The regime, pro- No No one Yes Sham military field Northern rural - Sahl Al regime militias courts Ghab

90 The regime No No one Yes Military courts

120 The regime, pro- No No one Yes Military courts Northern rural Hama regime militias 300 The regime, pro- No Yes Yes, sham courts Southern, northern, regime militias eastern rural and Sahl Alghab

The regime, pro- Yes There isn’t anyone Yes Sham courts Rural Hama, north, west regime militias and south

160 The regime No No one Yes Northern rural Sahl Al Ghab

80 The regime No No one Yes Military and Sham Northern rural courts Sahl Al Ghab

1,500 The regime There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any Kfarzeita, AlArbaein, AlZwar, morek

1,000 detainees The regime No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Kafr Zita, Mork, Al- Lataminah and other areas

About 500 The regime, No There is no one Yes Courts of the regime Hama rural in general, branches of the because of security Mork, Atsha, Skaik, security and the pressures Altmanah army and Shabiha Thousands The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes No Liberated areas that fall regime militias under the control of the rebels bombed by Russia and The regime

1,000 detainees The regime No There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any Kvrenbaudh, Kafr Zita, Al- Lataminah, Hama north countryside

Around 20,000 The regime, No There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any Albwieda, zur Alhiesa, intelligence, AlArba'aein, Kafr Zita on a security and daily basis Shabiha More than 2,000 The regime, No There isn’t anyone Yes No AlAzwar, Almassasnh, zur security branches Blhasin and their associates Almost one thousand The regime, pro- No It’s not possible to Yes No Kfrenbaudh, Al-Lataminah, regime militias, send anyone Kafr Zita, Aljabin, Sheikh Shabiha, national Hadid defense 1,500 detainees Security branches No There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any Kfrenbaudh, Aljanabra, Alhbit, Algisat, Wadi Al Anz

2,000 people missing The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes No Alzor, Belbhseen, regime militias Almassasnh, Al-Lataminah, and rural Hama in general

About 5,000 No There isn’t anyone Yes There aren't any Al-Lataminah Maarkaba and Lhaya Mork

5,000 The regime, pro- No Yes No Hirbnafsah; eastern, regime militias southern and northern countryside

Almost 18,000 detainees The regime, pro- No No one Yes There aren't any Hirbnafsah, Akrb, talav, regime militias Deir al-Fardis

1,200 The regime, pro- No No one trusts The Yes No Kafr Zita, Al-Lataminah, regime militias regime to enter as an Mork SHleyot Tel Meleh observer into the detention camps, probably the best to do this are organizations, such as the UN About 2,000 detainees The regime, pro- No No one Yes No Atshan Skaik Alth Altmanah regime militias 8,000 The regime, pro- No Yes No Hirbnafsah and regime militias surrounding area

5,000 The regime No International Yes The province is shelled organizations heavily daily

A large number - we are The regime, No No one Yes No Kafr Zita and Al-Lataminah, unable to accurately Shabiha and the Kfrenbaudh; daily calculate them so-called national bombardment defense 4,000 The regime, pro- No No one Yes No Hirbnafsah; southern, regime militias northern and eastern rural

Nearly 60 The regime, pro- No Independent civil Yes Sharia courts Kafr Zita, Al-Lataminah, regime militias society organizations Mork, Zakat

More than 50 people The regime, pro- No International Yes Sharia courts Kafr Zita, Mork, Al- regime militias organizations Lataminah, lHaya, alsayad, Kfrenbaudh

Nearly 50 prisoners, and The regime, pro- No UN Yes Sharia courts Zakat, AlArba'ain _ Lhaya, others kidnapped regime militias Kfrenbaudh, Latmin, Kafr Zita, Al-Lataminah

More than 1,400 people The regime No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Kvrenbaudh, Alsahria, Sahab, Kirlta, Corey, Algosabiah, Aljabriah, Tel Hawash, Hmeirat, Aelchenabra, Stooh Aldeir, Kirkat

Over 1,400 The regime No I do not know Yes Sharia courts Kfrenbaudh and the surrounding area, and some villages in Sahl Al Ghab

More than 4,000 The regime, pro- No I do not know Yes Sharia courts Most of the liberated regime militias villages

I do not know Pro-regime militias No I do not know Yes Sharia courts Only the liberated areas, with the regime shelling other areas in a few cases

There aren't any statistics The regime No Civilians who have Yes Local courts and Atshan, skeik Shura among the tribal courts clans I do not know the real Pro-regime militias No No Yes Civilian and military There aren't any areas number, or even the courts of the regime being shelled approximate number In all areas over 4,000 The regime No I do not know Yes The courts of the Only the liberated areas (estimated figure) regime More than 3,000 The regime No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Most northern rural villages

More than 2,000 detainees The regime, pro- No I do not know Yes Sharia courts Most of the Northern rural in the area regime militias villages

Approximately 5,000 The regime Maybe There isn’t anyone Yes Revolutionary courts Most of Northern rural villages

There are no statistics; an The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Yes, Sharia courts Most of northern villages estimated number would be regime militias of Hama and in particular up to 100 (Kafr Zita, Al-Lataminah, Mork, Alsayad, Kvrenbaudh)

I do not know The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts All liberated areas north of regime militias, Hama countryside kidnappings outside The regime and its militia (gangs) There is a large number, but The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Tel Aas Kfrenbaudh, Kafr there are no documented regime militias Zita, Al-Lataminah, alsayad and accurate statistics There are no precise The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Latmin, Lhaya, Al- numbers regime militias Lataminah, Kafr Zita, Atshan

I do not know The regime No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Mork, Kafr Zita, Al- Lataminah, alsayad Lhaya, Latmin

I do not know The regime, pro- No No one Sharia courts Al-Lataminah, Kafr Zita, regime militias Zakat, Atshan

There are no statistics The regime, pro- No UN Yes Sharia courts Zakat, Kafr Zita, Al- regime militias Lataminah, Mork, Alsayad, Latmin, Hama, Kvrenbaudh

There are no statistics The regime, pro- No Tthere isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Hirbnafsah, Jarjisa, Aqrab regime militias More than 70 detainees The regime, pro- No There isn’t anyone Yes Sharia courts Karim, Qabir fidda and regime militias most of the liberated areas

There are no accurate Air Force It’s possible if under There can not be an Deir Shamil, Terrorism courts, Northern rural Hama, Al- statistics and no one knows Intelligence and international independent Hama military field courts Lataminah, Kafr Zita, Military Security, pressure observer from within airport Kfrenbaudh and Mork Deir Shamil's Syria unless shabiha internationally protected; when this protection is secured there could be a human rights activist, tribal elders and notables of the community as observers I do not know Air Force This can be done International Camp Deir Field Court, Al-Lataminah, Kafr Zita, Intelligence, through committee of the Shamil, Hama terrorism court Sahl Al Ghab, Kfrenbaudh, Military Security international United Nations military Mork and shabiha of Deir pressure on The airport Shamil regime A number of activists, The regime forces This can be done International Camp Deir The courts of the Al-Lataminah, Kafr Zita, demonstrators, university and its militia through a decision committee of the Shamil, Hama regime Hirbnafsah students, relatives of of the Security United Nations military militants Council and putting airport pressure on the regime Nearly 1,000 The regime and its I do not think so UN Yes There aren't any Al-Lataminah, Kafr Zita, militia Kfrenbaudh

Firas Al-Najjar, Ghyath The regime and its Yes it can be UN Camp Deir Sham military field Al-Lataminah, Kafr Zita, Razzouk, Mahmoud Rahal, militia formed by Shamil, Hama courts and courts of Kfrenbaudh Abdullah Al-Mahmoud, observers from military terrorism Tammam Mousa, Mahmoud each city separately airport Haji, Ahmed Qtmich, to visit detention Mujahid Khtab, (mostly centers civilian detainees, and some opinion detainees)

Homs local platform Background Homs is located in the centre of Syria and it is the largest province in terms of area. The total area of the province of Homs is 42,226 square kilometres, accounting for 22 percent of the area of Syria. The provinces of Hama, Deir al-Zor and Raqqa are to the north, Damascus province is to the south and the province of Tartus to the west. It also shares borders with Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan. It is divided into seven main areas, namely: Homs, Rastan, Tal Kalakh, Qseir, Palmyra, Makhram and Hula. Homs is considered the most important tourist provinces in Syria since it famous for its archaeological monuments dating back to the second century BC such as the archaeological city of Palmyra and Krak des Chevaliers.

The population of the province is 1,803,000 people, 40 percent of whom are from the city of Homs and 60 percent of whom are from the remaining areas. Starting in 2011, the city was exposed to waves of displacement due to ongoing events in the province. The displacement wave was from the city to the countryside at the beginning. Then displaced persons shifted to neighbouring and European countries. The number of displaced persons in Homs was nearly 70,000, including internally displaced and those displaced abroad. According to official statistics dating to December 31, 2011 the there 881,000 men in the province and 922,000 females, for a total of 1,803,000 people.

The province's economy: Homs is an important agricultural and industrial centre and it has an irrigation system that is the first of its kind in modern Syria. The city's residents work primarily in the industrial sector, while the rural population works mainly in the agricultural sector.

Social structure: Homs is characterized by an overlapping social fabric and religious diversity, dominated by family and tribal nature. In addition, the province has denominational diversity as it is inhabited by Sunnis, Alawites, Christians and Murshidis.

Political and civil forces: The province of Homs was one of the first that demanded toppling the Baathist Syrian government in 2011, and since then the province has been under siege and the security grip of the Baath Syrian government. Dozens of casualties are recorded on a daily basis. Before, 2011 there were no political forces except the Arab Baath Socialist party rulers, but after 2011 there have been a number of unorganised political parties and forces, religious currents of Islamic movements, some of which are not structured and they follow these parties, currents and Islamic movements.

Active civil organisations:

Civil organisations that work in the city of Homs and its countryside vary and their numbers reach up to approximately 70 field organisations whose work is limited to relief, medical, and service work.

Results of local consultations

Besieged areas  Areas in Homs that are outside the Syrian government's control suffer from a complete siege, including the northern rural Homs areas of al-Wa’ar neighbourhood, Rastan, Talbeeseh, Zafarana, Ghantu, Teir Maalah, Dar al-Kabeera, Deir Qool, Hula, Izz al-Din and Deir Fool.  Two convoys of aid from the Red Crescent entered the besieged areas. Otherwise, only funds have been allowed to enter.  The movement of people within the city is very limited.  One of the solutions to break the siege is to intensify the efforts for negotiations between the Syrian government and those controlling Homs.  Besieged areas suffer from a lack of basic services such as water. Add to that the issue of wastes and the accompanying diseases.

Suggested solutions  Support relief and service development in order to bring life to the city, as it lacks all means of livelihood.  Support for the health sector in terms of providing financial support and securing medical supplies and tools.  Support in all its forms to the education sector, as it is the essential guiding compass of youth to put them on the right path.  The province is suffering mainly from a lack of diesel and fuel, particularly this year, causing deforestation of forests and trees.

What areas What Date of the How What are Are locals What Were there Are there In the case Until the siege is are under kind of start of the many the able to mechanisms any local any local of a broken broken, what siege in your siege are siege civilians materials move freely are used negotiations agreements ceasefire, local/informal efforts province or these are allowed in the locally to try to break the that have what was could help reduce the city? areas under into province? to break the siege? been the suffering of the under? siege? these Do they siege? broken? mechanism civilians? What is the (Partial, areas? have of breaking support needed to do full) freedom of the so from out side of your movement? agreement? region? Homs Complete 17/10/2015 Around Money No A couple of No No Ceasefire Increase financial Northern siege 300,000 individual was support to the rural-Al Waer activities like breached organizations and neighborhood negotiation through commissions so they with the shelling can bribe the regime to regime’s civilians allow food into sieged forces targets areas The entire Complete 15/10/2016 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/10/2016 Around Money No There aren't No No Cease fire Increase financial northern rural seige 300,000 any agreement support for relief area of Homs organizations; pressure

by international bodies to end the siege and allow aid to enter The entire Complete 15/04/2016 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Talbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/10/1015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aids; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/10/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to

Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/10/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/10/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/05/2016 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for

area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/05/2016 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/05/5015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier

Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/05/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/09/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any was financial support for area of Homs breached relief organizations; (Alrastan- through pressure by Takbiseh- shelling international bodies to Zafraneh- civilians end the siege and allow Ghanto-- Tier targets aid to enter maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/09/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire was Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any breached financial support for relief area of Homs through organizations; pressure by (Alrastan- shelling international bodies to Takbiseh- civilians end the siege and allow Zafraneh- targets aid to enter Ghanto-- Tier

maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/09/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire was Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any breached financial support for relief area of Homs through organizations; pressure by (Alrastan- shelling international bodies to Takbiseh- civilians end the siege and allow Zafraneh- targets aid to enter Ghanto-- Tier maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9) The entire Complete 15/09/2015 Around Money No There aren't No No Ceasefire was Medical aid; increase northern rural siege 300,000 any breached financial support for relief area of Homs through organizations; pressure by (Alrastan- shelling international bodies to Takbiseh- civilians end the siege and allow Zafraneh- targets aid to enter Ghanto-- Tier maleh- Aldar Alkabireh- Dier Foul- Alholeh- Ezzedin-9)

Shelling  The whole northern countryside of Homs suffers from bombardment, with the Syrian government and its militia bombarding with aircraft, artillery shells, mortars and medium and heavy machine guns.

Suggested solutions  Pressure the Syrian government to stop the bombing and the arrests and to release prisoners.  Support local mediation efforts in order to create local agreements to stop the shelling.

What kind of shelling is Which Which If there is anyone What aspects of civil What do locals Does the platform How can the safety of taking place in these sides are sides are hampering a cease- society are able to think of the or the other civil those who are leading the areas? targeting fighting in fire in your area, put pressure onto armed groups society groups consultations be these this area? what should be armed groups in and the have any impact guaranteed? areas? done to encourage order to stop the dominant on these them to engage in a internal conflict power in your opposition cease-fire? among them? area? groups? (answer is optional) Air strikes -artillery The regime, The Bringing down the Locals supports No Secrecy of discussions and shells - missiles-mortar pro-regime regime, regime is the only the armed the people who are leading shells - heavy to militias pro- way to bring about a groups the consultations medium machine guns regime ceasefire militias, FSA All kinds of weapons. The regime, No Apply pressure on Main personnel of the Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes- tank shells - pro-regime the armed groups by city strong support mortar shells- heavy to militias the city’s main medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force

All kinds of weapons The regime, FSA Apply pressure on There aren't any The majority No Secrecy of discussions pro-regime them support the militias armed groups All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any The majority No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups support the mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main armed groups medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any The majority No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups support the mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main armed groups medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any The majority No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups support the mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main armed groups medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support militias fighting and the city’s main

100

mortar shells - heavy to personnel using medium guns mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support mortar shells - heavy to militias fighting and the city’s main medium guns personnel using mediation and sometimes force All kinds of weapons. The regime, There are Apply pressure on There aren't any Moderate to No Secrecy of discussions Air strikes - tank shells - pro-regime no sides the armed groups strong support militias fighting and the city’s main

101

Detainees  Those who are conducting arrests are from the Syrian government.  There are no secret prisons.  There are no precise figures for the number of those arrested.

Suggested solutions  The Syrian government must release detainees and hand over lists of names of detainees, their location and conditions.  Compile a database of detainees, their location and their and circumstances.

102

What is the number of Who are the Is it possible to send Who could be an Are there Are there courts in your What areas are being detainees or missing people in sides arresting independent independent any area? What kind of courts? shelled in your area? your area? people in your observers into the observer in your secret What is the number? area? detention centres? region? detention centres in your area? Around 2,500 detainees/ Pro regime No Individuals No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural missing people militias which are closer to area of Homs (around 20 reconciliation courts areas) 100 Pro regime No Organizations No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) 1,500 Pro regime No There isn’t anyone No Magistrates courts The entire northern rural militias area of Homes 100 detainees in the Zafaraneh Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural area and around 2,500 in the militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 northern rural area reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homes (around reconciliation Courts 35 areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas)

103

Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) Around 2,500 Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 reconciliation Courts areas) 100 detainees in the Zafaraneh Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural area and around 2,500 in the militias organizations which are closer to of Homs (around 35 northern rual area reconciliation Courts areas) 100 detainees in theZafaraneh Pro regime No Independent No There are Sharia courts The entire northern rural area and around 2,500 in the militias organizations which are closer to area of Homs (around 35 northern rual area reconciliation Courts areas)

104

Idlib local platform

Background Idlib province covers an area of 6,097 square kilometres. To its north is Turkey, to the east is the province of Aleppo, Hama province is to the south, and Latakia province lies to the west. Official statistics before 2011 put the population at 2,171,500, with 980,800 of this number in the city of Idlib. The census of the rural population was 1,190,700. According to statistics, women comprised 53 percent of the population and men 47 percent before 2011. However,this ratio has changed dramaticallysince 2011 because of the arrests by the Syrian government forces in addition to the martyrs, the vast majority of whom were men.

Displacement: The province has seen waves of displacement after 2011; most of those who left went to Turkey and the northern border to escape aircraft bombardment from Syrian government forces, its campaigns, raids and arrests. The displaced mostly come from areas where the uprising broke out, and from parts where there is active fighting between opposition forces and the Syrian government, and from the provinces of Hama, Aleppo, Homs, rural Damascus and Latakia.There are no official statistics of the number of the displaced.

The province’s economy: The province's economy and employment depends on agriculture.

Social structure: Tribal and family characteristics prevail over the province. Idlib province has a majority of Sunni Muslims, as well as other denominations, including Alawites, Shiites, Druze and Christians, who constitute no more than 2 percent of the total population

Active civil organisations: Most organisations are service, relief, community, health, education and media related, and there are no official accurate statistics about the number of these organisations. They are approximately 2,000 organisations.

A significant event was the liberation of the city on March 29 2015 at the hands of Al-Fateh Army, whereby the city administration, emanating from Al-Fateh Army, took over the vital parts of work in the city.

105

Results of local consultations

Besieged areas  Since early 2015, the regions of Kefraya and Al-Fu’a are considered to be under a total siege by the surrounding armed forces.  The number of civilians trapped there is roughly 8,000 - 9,000 people.  Syrian government aircraft have dropped food and medical aid, money, weapons and fuel from the air, or have delivered aid during truces.  The province of Idlib is under a partial siege and there is a state of great concern that the partial siege could be changed into a complete one by the Syrian government and ISIS.  It is worth noting that there is a demographic change process underway by the Syrian government which displaces the people of rural Damascus to Idlib, a crime punishable under international law, in paragraphs A and D of Article VII of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, a crime against humanity.

106

What What Date of the How What are Are locals What Were there Are there In the case of a Until the siege is areas are kind of start of the many the able to mechanisms any local any local broken broken, what under siege are siege civilians materials move freely are used negotiations agreements ceasefire, what local/informal efforts siege in these are allowed in the locally to try to to break the that have was the could help reduce your areas under into these province? break the siege? been mechanism of the suffering of the province under? siege? areas? Do they siege? broken? breaking the civilians? What is the or city? (Partial, have agreement? support needed to full) freedom of do so from out side movement? of your region?

Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 8,000 Food aid, Easy Truce between Yes Yes Breach in Idlib To work with the and siege medical aid, movement Alfatih army, was in response opposition factions to Alfoa'a money, within led by Ahrar al- to the breach by supply aid to these towns weapons, besieged Sham the regime areas in exchange for fuel, via air areas due to movement, forces in rural aid and entry to areas bridge. the with Shiite Damascus. also besieged by the effectiveness militias, in regime, (by popular of the truce, exchange for pressure). with an breaking the earthen siege on the berms areas of rural around the Damascus in besieged addition to the area. air bridge used by The regime's forces to deliver aid to

107

the towns of .Kefaryaِ Alfoa'a Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 Nearly Food aid, Residents Through the Yes Yes Attack by the The notables, and siege 8,000 medical aid, can move truce, where Iranian- community Alfoa'a money, fuel within their Ahrar Al-Sham Lebanese dignitaries and village towns areas; they carried out the militias on leaders to are truce with the Zabadani, communicate with immunized Iranians to Damascus the leaders of the by dirt allow aid to countryside. The factions to allow the barricades. ender Madaya response was an entry of food items. in Rural attack on Damascus in Kefarya and exchange for Alfoa'a. aid to enter Kefarya Alfoa'a. Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 Nearly Food aid, Moving The truce Yes Yes The first breach Some organizations and siege 7,500 medical, freely within signed of the truce was and community Alfoa'a money, the besieged between the by the regime dignitaries and village towns weapons, towns. Ahrar al-Sham forces shelling leaders pressing the fuel. movement and the villages of opposition factions to the Iranian Damascus and allow aid entry; to militias. Idlib regions that break the siege we are included need effective within the monitoring to ensure truce; opposition no violation of truces factions replied by the regime forces by shelling the will occur.

108

towns of Kefraya and Alfoa'a. Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 Almost Food aid, Normal The regime's Yes Yes The resumption Through personal and siege 8,000 medical, movement repeated of the bombing friendships by virtue Alfoa'a money, to the attempts to of the nearby of the neighborhood. towns weapons, presence of end the siege villages by fuel and earthen and use of air militias within water. berms force and land these two around troops in villages and the these nearby villages. use of the villages. regime warplanes. Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 8,500 Food aid, Able to The truce that Yes Yes The breach came Efforts by some and siege medical aid, move within took place in response to community figures by Alfoa'a money, besieged between the the breach by virtue of neighborly towns weapons, villages. Iranian militias the regime relations, and the fuel and Ahrar Al- forces shelling. pressure on the supplied Sham to allow The truce opposition factions to through aid to enter included areas in allow aid entry to landing these regions Idlib province. those trapped in operations and areas these two villages, in carried out besieged by exchange for aid by the the regime in entry to areas regime's Air Rural besieged by the forces. Damascus. regime in rural Damascus.

Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 8,000 Food, Able to Truce agreed Yes Yes The regime is To work with the and siege medical, move within between the the one that opposition factions to

109

Alfoa'a money, their opposition starts violating supply aid to these towns weapons, besieged factions and truces by villages in exchange fuel. villages. the regime's bombing areas for the regime to forces that fall under allow aid entry to the ceasefire areas besieged by the agreement, and regime. To ask for an the opposition effective control of factions respond the truces’ by bombing. agreements and the ceasefire, to ensure its success.

Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 7,550 Food, Able to Negotiations Yes Yes The regime and Through the and siege medical, move within (truces). the militia exchange of goods Alfoa'a money, their targeting between the towns weapons, besieged civilians by besieged areas fuel. villages. aircraft and (through artillery. intermediaries).

Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 9000 Food aid, Able to The truces Yes Yes Breach starts Through the and seige medical and move within between The with shelling exchange of goods Alfoa'a money, their regime and from the regime between the towns weapons, besieged opposition forces on areas besieged areas fuel villages. factions. under the (through (through control of intermediaries). landing opposition operations groups, and the carried out opposition by the responds by

110

regime's shelling besieged helicopters). areas. Kefarya Complete 28/03/2015 9,000 Food, Able to The truces Yes Yes The breach was Working with the and siege medical move within between Ahrar by the regime opposition factions to Alfoa'a supplies, their Al-Sham and forces shelling allow aid to these towns money, besieged The regime areas covered by areas in exchange for weapons. villages. forces. the truce. The bringing in aid to opposition areas besieged by the factions regime, (as aid entry responds with through shelling besieged intermediaries and areas. the personal friendships by virtue of neighborly relations process). What is needed is UN support for truces concluded between the regime and the opposition.

Detainees  There is no statistical data on the number of detainees in the province; arrests have mostly been conducted by the Syrian government.  Arrests are carried out by opposition-controlled police stations and Islamic courts, pending investigation and trials.  The number of arrests has increased recently, particularly at the entrances of the province of Hama and in particular the detention of women.  A large number of the detainees in the prison of Hama Central Prison are from Idlib province; the situation of these detainees deteriorated after the last mutiny.  It is possible that independent observers could enter the province, and these parties could be organisations, individuals or military institutions.

111

 There is no information about the existence of secret prisons in the province of Idlib.

What is the number of Who are the sides Is it possible to Who could be an Are there Are there courts What areas are being shelled in detainees or missing people in arresting people in send independent any secret in your area? your area? What is the number? your area? your area? independent observer in your detention What kind of observers into region? centres in courts? the detention your area? centres? Official statistics are not The regime, as Yes Organizations / Yes Yes, sharia The whole province is being available, unofficial statistics there is a police individuals / courts. bombarded except Idlib city, with indicate the existence of 5,000 station, as well as military some violations where the city is detainees and missing in Idlib stations belonging authorities. bombed from time to time. province, with the possibility of to the legitimate an accurate survey of the courts and public number. detention centers. 6000 The regime, with Yes Organizations / No Yes, there are The whole province is being the presence of FSP individuals / sharia courts and bombarded except Idlib city, with stations. military the participation some violations where the city is authorities. of jurists, judges bombed from time to time. and sharia judges 5500 The regime, as Yes Organizations / No Yes, sharia The entire province of Idlib is there are citizens military courts. exposed to bombing. The scope of placed at the FSP authorities. the truce included areas bombed stations and the intermittently by the regime Sharia courts under forces. criminal charges.

112

Almost 6,000 people between The regime / Free Yes Organizations / No Yes, sharia Almost the whole province of Idlib detainees and missing, and this Syrian police, to individuals courts. is exposed to bombing is not an official statistic. prosecute offenders and violators and arresting them. Official statistics are not The regime, and Yes Organizations / No Yes, sharia All province of Idlib areas being available, unofficial statistics there are stations military courts. bombed. After the truce the indicate there are 5,500 belonging to the authorities. bombing eased, but breaches exist detainees by the regime sharia courts. and occur from time to time.

There are no official statistics, The regime/ pro- No Civil society No Sharia courts All of Idlib province periodically. but unofficial statistics indicate regime militias organizations, if (such as there are approximately 5,000 the regime Courthouse - detainees. agreed on the Islamic body) the observers entry. whole region 3000 detainees and missing The regime/pro- Yes Individuals / No Yes, sharia All towns and villages in Idlib people. regime militias/ISIS. military courts. province. authorities. There are no official statistics; The regime, with Yes Individuals / No Yes, sharia All areas in the province of Idlib the number of detainees is FSP public stations, military courts. being bombed. around 9000. and sharia courts. authorities.

Shelling  The entire province of Idlib has suffered from bombardment by the aircraft of the Syrian government and Russia, with shelling by ballistic missiles and long-range artillery.  Civilian facilities, hospitals, health centres and civilian houses are often targeted, and recently the city of Saraqeb has been bombarded with chlorine gas.

113

Suggested solutions  Secure a way of delivering aid to all areas and provinces, and separate the issue of aid from any political settlement.  Exercise international pressure on the Syrian government and its allies to exclude civilian areas from bombardment.

What kind of shelling is Which sides are Which If there is anyone What aspects of What do locals Does the How can the safety taking place in these targeting these sides are hampering a cease-fire civil society are able think of the platform or of those who are areas? areas? fighting in your area, what to put pressure armed groups the other civil leading the in this should be done to onto armed groups and the society consultations be area? encourage them to in order to stop the dominant groups have guaranteed? engage in a cease-fire? internal conflict power in your any impact among them? area? on these (answer is optional) opposition groups? Aerial, ballistic missiles. The regime, There is There are obstructions - There are no They are the Yes Work undeclared for pro- no the families of martyrs conflicts. If there protectors in the now regime militias, fighting. and detainees refuse a are, the Idlib region. Russian air cease-fire for the release Provincal Council, force. of their loved ones and the Aman Network hold accountable the and some civil perpetrators. society and community-based organizations and other personalities are working to resolve differences. Warplanes of both types The regime, There is There are obstructions - There are no They are the Yes Work undeclared for (helicopters - fighters), pro- no the families of martyrs conflicts. If there guarantors for now ballistic missiles. regime militias, fighting. and detainees refuse a are, the Idlib the safety and cease-fire for the release Provincal Council, security citizens.

114

Russian air of their loved ones and the Aman Network force. hold accountable the and some civil perpetrators. society and community-based organizations and other personalities are working to resolve differences. Aerial, ballistic missiles. The regime, There is There aren't any There are no They protect Yes Work undeclared pro- no obstructions to the conflicts. If there civilians in our regime militias, fighting. cease-fire. are, the Idlib areas. Russian air Provincal Council, force. the Aman Network and some civil society and community-based organizations and other personalities are working to resolve differences. Aerial, ballistic missiles. The regime, There is We demand respect for Civil society They are the Yes Work undeclared for pro- no international law and organizations, trade protectors of now regime militias, fighting. the decisions of the unions and the civilians in the Russian air Security Council. provincial council. region. force. Warplanes of both types The regime, There is There is no obstruction There are no They are the Yes Work in secret for (helicopters - fighters) / pro- no for a cease-fire. The conflicts, and if guarantor for now. ballistic missiles. regime militias, fighting. truce has proved the there is one, the safety and Russian air effectiveness of the local councils and stability of the force. opposition factions’ community figures situation.

115

commitment to the and some faction cease-fire. leaders work to resolve the conflicts immediately. Aerial bombardment - The regime, There is The cease-fire must Civil organizations - Supportive for Yes The confidentiality of missiles (ballistic / surface pro- no release the detainees, the popular them, for work. to surface). regime militias, fighting. stop the violations and assemblies - local maintaining Russian air include the trial of war councils. safety and force. criminals. security. Aviation - artillery - and The regime, There is Through meetings and Local councils and Guarantor to Yes By sticking to the rockets. pro- no consultations between dignitaries of the stop the assault demands of the regime militias fighting. the concerned parties to region. and people. respect the truce, and indiscriminate commitment to the shelling from Geneva Conventions the regime and (release detainees, end its militia. the siege and bring in aid). Aviation (helicopters - The regime, There is Work on the release of Local councils, civil They are the Yes Work undeclared. warplanes), ballistic pro- no detainees and bring the society guarantor of missiles and long-range regime militias, fighting. killers to justice. organizations, stability in the cannons. Russian air community region. force. dignitaries. Aviation (helicopters - The regime, There is There are obstructions - Local councils and They Yes Work undeclared. warplanes), ballistic pro- no the families of martyrs civil society protect us. missiles and long-range regime militias, fighting. and detainees refuse a organizations. cannons. Russian air cease-fire for the release force. of their loved ones and hold accountable the perpetrators.

116

Damascus Suburbs local platform

Results of local consultations Besieged areas  Eastern and Western Ghouta are suffering from partial or complete siege, depending on the area. This also varies according to time period, with the siege beginning in August 2013.  Nearly 600,000 people live in this region.  Syrian government forces are imposing a siege on these areas, with only money allowed to enter, while food and goods are smuggled through tunnels.  Negotiations took place with the Syrian government to facilitate humanitarian aid.The Syrian government has breached the ceasefire by re- bombarding densely populated areas.  The mechanisms used to lift the siege include agricultural projects, development projects, subsidising the price of wheat and financial support.

Suggested solutions  Exercise international pressure to break the siege and deliver aid under the auspices of the UN.  Intensify local mediation efforts to deliver aid.  Create mechanisms to monitor any local or non-local agreement that can be reached, and to secure its continuation.

117

What What Date of How What are Are locals What mechanisms Were Are there In the case Until the areas are kind of the start many the able to are used locally to there any any local of a broken siege is under siege of the civilians materials move try to break the local agreemen ceasefire, broken, what siege in are siege are allowed freely in siege? negotiatio ts that what was local/informa your these under into these the ns to have been the l efforts province areas siege? areas? province? break the broken? mechanism could help or city? under? Do they siege? of breaking reduce the (Partial, have the suffering of full) freedom agreement? the civilians? of What is the movemen support t? needed to do so from out side of your region?

Eastern Complet Turkey, 450,000 Money No Military actions in Yes Yes Neutral The Ghouta - e siege Gaziantep in the eastern Ghouta civilian implementati Kfrbtna whole of and local agreement. on of eastern negotiations. The regime agricultural Ghouta. violated the projects 40,000 agreement including in by bombing most of the Kfrbtna civilians and arable land in committing Ghouta and massacres the and shelling distribution on densely of crops or populated sold it at

118

areas and subsidized popular prices. markets All of Complet 28/08/20 450,000 Money Little Proceedings of the Yes Yes The regime Support Eastern e siege 14 movemen military in the did not development Ghouta t due to meadow area, implement projects and the which is the sow all the targeting considered a agreement; agricultural of civilians gateway to they only lands and rocket outside of stopped artillery Ghouta.Developm bombing shells. ent projects, such civilians for as land cultivation. two hours. Negotiations. The regime Digging tunnels to violated the other liberated Convention regions. and continued to commit massacres. Eastern Complet 25/08/20 450,000 Money Little Repeated Yes Yes The regime Funds Ghouta - e siege 14 movemen negotiations with did not provision, Kfrbtna t due to the regime; implement distribution the digging tunnels. the of wheat or targeting agreement, support for of civilians and buying it; and rocket continued large bombing.

119

artillery development shells. projects

Villages Complet 28/08/20 55,000 There is Movemen Holding sessions Yes No It is always Development and towns e siege 13 nothing t within and seminars with the regime and of Amarej allowed specific the United Nations forces. They agricultural region. into times, and international stepped up projects, Ghouta. It often in organizations the especially in is under the including the Red bombing Almarej area complete evening Crescent. and made as it is a large siege Launching appeals progress in agricultural except for through the the region area. Projects a few media. especially to support smuggling after the women by tunnels. cessation of teaching hostilities. sewing, hairdressing and other crafts. Educating women and supporting them.

Ghouta - Complet 55,000 Nothing is Small There were Yes No No, there Development Almarej e siege permitted; chance of discussions with was only a and region. some funds movemen the regime forces, truce in agricultural get through t but failed as the February projects, the tunnels regime didn’t 2016 for the especially in

120

by some commit. cessation of Almarej organizatio Sessions and hostilities in region ns and seminars with the Syria, but because it institutions United Nations the regime contains large that and international did not stick agricultural support the organizations to it in lands. Syrian across the Red Almareg people and Crescent. the Eastern Ghouta. Khan Al Partial 24/12/20 20,000 No material No Some city Yes No Cash support Sheeh siege 13 allowed to representatives is the perfect enter. tried to visit some solution in of the Syrian the area of regime's military Khan Al units in order to Sheeh reach a formula for an agreement which would break the siege of the area. The regime demanded impossible conditions which led to the failure of all efforts. Provinces: Complet 21/08/20 900 None Some Local Yes The regime We need a lot Daria - e siege 12 civilians chances to communication opened fire of agricultural

121

Muadamiy (accordi move with the United on more projects and at al-Sham ng to after the Nations to enter than one exploitation and are statistics cease-fire aid. front and of all land to under in the in Communication is threw get the complete civil February still continuing in several greatest seige. registry 2016. the hope of a shells at a possible yield of Daria) Before response. Locally neighborho from outside that it was we seek to invest od the region. It impossible in agricultural land inhabited is necessary to move that the regime by civilians, to put freely. has destroyed causing pressure on through the deaths and the United barbaric bombing injuries. On Nations by in the final battle the other humanitarian of Daria city. hand we did organizations not respond to enter food to them. aid, medicine, clothing and fuel etc because the humanitarian situation is very bad, and can no longer be tolerated.

122

Detainees  There are no precise statistics on the number of detainees, but there are an estimated 40,000 prisoners in the two Ghoutas.  It is possible to introduce observers from non-governmental organisations, and government agencies.  There are no secret prisons in the two Ghoutas, although one consultation suggests there mightbe a secret prison in the Marj Al-Sultan area.  Judicial authorities in the two Ghoutas are represented by the unified judiciary, which is independent of the dominant military factions, and enjoy a sense of independence.

What is the number of Who are the sides Is it possible Who could be an Are there Are there courts in What areas are being shelled in detainees or missing arresting people in to send independent any secret your area? What kind your area? What is the number? people in your area? your area? independent observer in your detention of courts? observers region? centres in into the your area? detention centres? Nearly 40,000 prisoners in Unified judiciary, Yes Government No Yes there is the unified Almarj and Southern Sector the whole of Eastern regime agencies and judiciary institution Ghouta organizations which was formed last year, and until now is working effectively. Approximately 38,000 The regime Yes Government No Yes, there are unified Zone of Almarj prisoners. agencies. judiciary institutions - The southern sector and independent judiciaries that do not follow military factions More than 40,000 The regime, unified Yes Government No Yes there is the unified Almarj and Southern Sector prisoners judiciary through the agencies, Individuals judiciary institution FSA command and Organizations which is considered independent from any faction.

123

1480 detainees. Through the Yes Government Yes Independent courts Almarej area and the southern subpoenas issued by agencies, Individuals subordinate to the sector; sometimes Doma and East the unified judiciary and Organizations unified judiciary Sector. and by the leadership of the FSP and sometimes through Jabhat Al-Nusra which is not covered by the unified judiciary. 1480 detainees, according Only unified judiciary Yes Government No Independent civilian Almarej area and the southern to statistics of the local by civilian police agencies and courts sector council leadership organizations 330 detainees The regime Yes CSOs and No Yes, a civil court Khan Al Sheeh 20 missing independent members of the citizens of the city More than 2600 The regime No Independent No Yes there is an In most of the areas being detainees organizations and independent judiciary bombed, the regime is applying a independent not affiliated to any scorched-earth policy (Darya, individuals faction and all of the Khan Al Sheeh Muadamiyat al- town's civilians and Sham and Eastern Ghouta). gunmen subject to this free and independent judiciary.

Shelling  Bombardment is concentrated on the Marj area and the southern area, and sometimes it targets Douma and the central area.  A scorched-earth policy has been adopted by the Syrian government In the areas of Daraya, Khan al-Sheikh and Moadamieh.  The bombardment is carried out by military aircrafts, missiles, rockets, rocket-launchers, heavy and medium artillery in addition to barrel bombs.  The Syrian government and its militias are involved in the bombardments.

124

Suggested solutions  International pressure on the Syrian government and armed factions to cease the bombardment. The latter are likely to respond positively to an international resolution for a ceasefire because their own members are from the region.

What kind of shelling Which Which If there is anyone What aspects of civil What do locals think Does the How can the safety of is taking place in these sides are sides are hampering a cease-fire society are able to of the armed groups platform or those who are leading the areas? targeting fighting in your area, what put pressure onto and the dominant the other civil consultations be these in this should be done to armed groups in power in your area? society guaranteed? areas? area? encourage them to order to stop the groups have engage in a cease-fire? internal conflict any impact on among them? these (answer is optional) opposition groups? Aerial bombing The The International pressure The civil It is positive because Yes The unified leadership and - Ballistic missiles regime regime, is the only way to revolutionary most of the Fighters the leadership of the - Rocket launchers FSA force the regime to institutions i.e. the are locals. police. - Heavy gun participate in the provincial council - medium gun ceasefire process. and the unified judiciary Air strikes and artillery. The The The regime; through a The civil In general it is Yes Using the police command regime regime, firm international revolutionary groups positive, although in Ghouta ISIS, FSA resolution. sometimes disagreements arise Aerial bombing and The The The regime; through a The civil Acceptable to a large Yes Over the leadership of FSA. rocket launchers. regime regime, firm international revolutionary events extent. ISIS, FSA resolution. as the provincial council,

125

organizations and the FSA command. Artillery shelling, air The The You must stop them by Damascus The grassroots support Yes Using the unified judiciary raids and missiles regime, regime, pushing them through countryside the moderate factions of the province of Pro- FSA the grassroots with Provincial Council of Jaesh Al Islam and Damascus as the official regime demonstrations, and the Public Faelaq Al Rahman and institution in Ghouta Militias through official Authority of Ghouta they reject all the institutions and official and some civil factions that are linked events and dignitaries. revolutionary to al Qaeda. groups. Artillery shelling, air The The By pushing them Damascus The grassroots support Yes Using the unified judiciary. raids and missiles regime, regime, through the grassroots countryside the moderate factions Pro- FSA with demonstrations, Provincial Council of Jaesh Al Islam and regime through official and the Public Faelaq Al Rahman militias institutions and official Authority of Ghouta events and dignitaries. and some civil revolutionary groups. Barrel bombs, various The The Through Some of them support No Through the court found in types of artillery shells, regime regime, intermediaries, some the FSA that provides the region heavy machine guns, FSA of them through direct defense and warplanes communication. protection for the population , while most of the population are Palestinians and they want to neutralize

126

Khan Al Sheeh camp from the conflict. All types of weapons The The There are no such There are no FSA in Darya are the Yes In Darya when they are and explosive barrels regime regime, people in Darya. differences or inner sons of Darya, in working on discussions and guided missiles, FSA Everyone suffered fights in Darya. The addition to a few negotiations they formed a mortars and MiG from the scourge of city has 2 organized dissidents from the delegation protected by aircraft. war. All we ask is for brigades and they regime soldiers and the Public Security Center, the regime and its resort to the free civilians. We love and which adjusts the security militia to give up in judiciary to resolve respect them and of the city and maintains order to have the disputes between appreciate what they the balances within. opportunity to build them. They have do because they are Syria again. constructive protecting us from the projects, not regime and its allies destructive ones.

127

Sweida local platform

Background Sweida province is located in southwestern Syria, sharing a 103 kilometres border with Jordan. To the north and northeast is the Badiet Al-Sham and Damascus countryside with a borderline of 109 kilometres. It is bordered for 127 kilometres on the west by Daraa. It is characterized by a varied environment, which reflects the richness of its terrain, ranging from plains and plateaux to mountains which are 1,839 metres above sea level. Thee area has pure air and a unique biodiversity. The provincecovers an area of 5,550 square kilometres; 3 3 percent of the area of Syria.

In 2013, the population of the province was 385,000. However, those registered in the civil status records amounted to 510 000, suggesting the magnitude of migration was not because of events, but for maintenance and livelihood reasons. Thirty-one percent of the population live in cities, compared to 69 percent in rural areas; there are no slums in the province. There are three cities in the province, namely: Sweida, Shahba and Salkhad, in addition to 16 town councils and 36 municipalities.

The province's economy: Sweida’s economy is largely dependent on remittances from abroad because of the lack of development and the presence of large numbers of diaspora in the Americas and the Arab Gulf states. However, the general nature of the province is agricultural.

Social structure: Sweida has a family-dominated character, inhabited by a conservative majority of the Druze community, and with denominational and religious minorities such as Armenians, Christians, Sunni Arabs, and Bedouins.

Political forces: The province is still under the control of the Syrian government, and the political forces are mainly the front parties of the Syrian government in addition to ineffective opposition forces.

Key events in the province: Bombardments carried out by the Syrian government targeting one of the groups that poses a threat to its existence on September 3, 2015, led to demonstrations and sit-ins inside the province.During the demonstrations, the statue of Hafez al-Assad in the centre of the province was knocked down.

128

Additionally, the attack on the al-Tha’aleh Military Airport on May 12, 2015 by the armed opposition forces of Deraa province led to clashes that lasted for two days resulting in many casualties.

Results of local consultations Besieged areas  Sweida has not suffered from siege, with the exception of the eastern side of Asfar and Sharqi al-Jneinei and Haqaf. That siege is partial and freedom of movement within the province is unrestricted for individuals.  Several agreements have been made between residents and nomads for non-infringement of property, land, lives and kidnappings, but they were not respected. What areas What kind Date How What are Are locals What Were there any Are there In the case of a Until the siege is are under of siege are of the many the able to mechanisms local any local broken broken, what siege in your these areas start civilians materials move freely are used negotiations to agreements ceasefire, what local/informal efforts province or under? of the are allowed in the locally to break the that have was the could help reduce the city? (Partial, siege under into province? try to break siege? been mechanism of suffering of the full) siege? these Do they the siege? broken? breaking the civilians? What is the areas? have agreement? support needed to do freedom of so from out side of movement? your region? There isn't Yes Yes Several agreements were conducted between the residents of the area and the Bedouin who live in the area and its surroundings, for non- infringement of

129

property, land and lives but has been violated more than once with kidnapping and murder There isn't Yes Yes Several agreements were conducted between the residents of the area and the Bedouin who live in the area and its surroundings, for non- infringement of property, land and lives but has been violated more than once with kidnapping and murder The eastern Partial Around Food aid, Yes There aren’t No Yes Kidnapping and Some civil and side of siege 2000 medical any. bombardment community Sweida / person aid organizations Al Asfar + and Red Crescent

130

east of El Geneinaand, east of Huqf No besieged areas

Detainees  The main factions conducting arrests in the province are the Syrian government, its militias and al-Nusra Front.  There is no precise statistic for the number of detainees from the province.  There is no possibility to introduce observers into the detention centres, but if this was achieved, influential figures in the province can play this role in addition to local civil and civic organisations. What is the number of Who are the Is it possible to send Who could be an Are there any Are there courts What areas are being shelled detainees or missing sides arresting independent observers independent secret detention in your area? in your area? What is the people in your area? people in your into the detention observer in your centres in your What kind of number? area? centres? region? area? courts? 36 The regime, Al No Influential social Yes Courts affiliated All villages along the Lajat Nusra figures and elders to the regime area are being bombed from time to time (sporadic shelling) 36 The regime, Al No Influential social Yes Courts affiliated All villages along the Lajat Nusra figures and elders to the regime area are being bombed from time to time (sporadic shelling) 20 The regime, No There isn't Yes Courts affiliated Khalkhale Airport, Alsura, Pro-regime to the regime parties to eastern villages, Tel militias, ISIS , Al Maaz Nusra 10 The regime, No There isn't Yes Civil and military Western Region - Eastern Pro-regime courts affiliated Northern Region militias to the regime

131

15 The regime, No Organizations and Yes Yes. Civilian and Some western villages and Pro-regime community military courts north east militias associations belonging to the of the province (almost 15 regime villages) 7 The regime, Al No Organizations and No Regime courts, There are no areas being Nusra individuals civilian and bombed military courts 3 The regime, ISIS No Organizations and No Regime courts, Four ISIS gatherings points in individuals civilian and the eastern border areas military courts

Shelling  The areas adjacent to Lajat suffer from artillery shelling and mortar fire from time to time: Khalkhaleh Airport, the outskirts of the eastern villages, the western area, and the north-eastern region.  ISIS, the Syrian government, al-Nusra Front and Free Syrian Army brigades are involved in the bombardments.  There are complaints from the population and fear of militant Islamic factions, as well as dissatisfaction with the Syrian government. Views on the existence of the Syrian government differ, with part of the population considering the Syrian government as the guarantor of the security of the province.

132

What kind of Which Which sides If there is anyone What aspects of What do locals think of Does the How can the safety of shelling is taking sides are are fighting hampering a civil society are the armed groups and platform or the those who are leading place in these targeting in this area? cease-fire in your able to put the dominant power in other civil the consultations be areas? these area, what should pressure onto your area? society groups guaranteed? areas? be done to armed groups in have any encourage them to order to stop the impact on engage in a cease- internal conflict these fire? among them? opposition (answer is optional) groups? Artillery, plant Pro-regime The regime, Some elders, There are complaints No There is no guarantee explosives militias, Al Pro-regime community and civil and denouncments by Nusra militias, Al activists the population because Nusra, Free of the actions and Syrian Army behavior of Al Nusra and its pledges from Bedouins who live in the region Artillery, plant Pro-regime The regime, Some elders, There are complaints No There is no guarantee explosives militias, Al Pro-regime community and civil and denouncments by Nusra militias, Al activists the population because Nusra,Free of the actions and army behavior of Al Nusra and its pledges from Bedouins who live in the region Mortar missiles, The The regime, There is difficulty There aren’t any There are complaints and No There is no guarantee Artillery, regime, Pro-regime preventing them lack of confidence in these Pro-regime militias, ISIS, from shooting groups

133

militias, Free Syrian ISIS army Mortar missiles, The The regime There is difficulty There aren’t any Armed groups in our No There is no guarantee Artillery, regime, ,Pro-regime influencing them region Pro-regime militias, Al about the cease- are: the regime and its militias Nusra, Free fire militias groups and Al Karama sheikhs .. Syrian army Some people support the regime because they believe it's necessary to maintain security. Others support Al Karama sheikhs because they see in them salvation and protection of land and families Mortar missiles, The The regime, It is not possible, There aren’t any They are undesirable No No guarantees except Artillery, regime, Pro-regime only with and there is lack of through secure Pro-regime militias, ISIS, international support international cover for militias, Al Nusra,Free pressure and severe complains them ISIS, Al Syrian army with an alternative about the security Nusra financial resource pressure which dominates the region Committees of Loss of confidence Yes citizenship and civil peace - Social Commission for national action Artillery, Chilka The The regime, Fighting in this There aren’t any Terrorists No Building confidence regime, ISIS region based on the willingness Pro-regime is not covered by of the parties for peace militias the truce

134

Quneitra local platform

Background Quneitra is located in the southwest of Syria, in a high valley in the Golan Heights at an altitude of 1,010 metres above sea level. Its total area is 1.860 kilometres with Israel occupying 1,180 kilometres of the total, which is the Golan Heights. Its administrative borders include occupied Palestine and mid- Deraa province to the west, the Damascus countryside to the northwest, Lebanon to the west, and in the south Deraa and Jordan. In 2009, the population was approximately 700,000. The population of Quneitra is distributed between two parts:  First: The people of the occupied Golan are in the four Syrian provinces of Damascus, Damascus countryside, Deraa and Homs. They make up most of the population of the province and were displaced from their homes in 1967. This group numbers around 600,000 inhabitants.  Second: More than 100,000 people live in the part of the province no longer under Syrian government control.

People from the Golan Heights were first displaced by the war with Israel, subsequently experiencing a second wave of displacement from their new home in Damascus and Damascus Suburbs when they were targeted by bombardment. This population moved to Daraa, where the estimated population of the province together with the displaced persons is now more than 300,000. . There are four camps in Daraa: al-Shahar camp in the village of Jbata al-Khashab, Brega Camp, al-Karama Camp in the village of al-Rafeed and al-Rahma Camp in the village of Saida.

The provincial economy: The urban economy depends on agriculture and livestock. Prior to 2011, the government was a significant employer.

Social structure: The composition of the population is tribal and regional. Residents of Quneitra belong to all ethnicities, religions and sects: Arabs, Kurds, Circassians, Turks, Turkmen and Chechen. Religious groups present include Muslims and Christians. Denominations are: Sunni, Shiite, Druze and Orthodox.

Political and civil forces: One of the most important civil networks in Quneitra is the Youth Movement for Syria’s Future, the Syrian Civil Society Platform and the Association of Intellectuals of Quneitra and the Golan. Additionally, the province is home to 27 civil organisations, mostly affiliated with the Syrian Civil Society Platform. There are no international organisations working in Quneitra.

Key events:

135

Quneitra province participated in the peaceful movement from the beginning of the events, before the development of armed conflict. Over the past five years more than 90 percent of the territory of the province has been taken out of Syrian government control by the FSA, whose members are local to the province. The key areas taken by the FSA include: o Central Quneitra including: Brega, Beer Ajam, Qahtaniyah, Raiheen, al-Samadaneiyeh. o Khshnieh District including: al-Asbuh Ayn al-Teeneh, Ishsheh, Ghadeer Bustan, Alahijeh, Kudneh, Ma’alaqa, Mansheya, Swisah, Qurqus, Qsebeh, Rafeed. o Feeq Central District including: Razanieh, Seda and Hanut. o Khan Arnab District including: Maharah, Nab’ Al-Sakher, Mumtannah, Jbatha Al-Khasab, Hurieh, Aofanina, Tranja, Um Batneh, Rasm Khawaled.

Areas controlled by the Syrian government are: Khan Arnabeh, Kom Al-Weisieh, Hadar, Nab’ Al-Faouar, Juba, Baath City and Ayyoba.

Results of local consultations Besieged areas  Many towns in the province of Quneitra are suffering from a partial siege. These include: Jbata, Hamidiyah, Nab’ Al-Sakher, Qsebeh, Ghadeer Al- Bustan, Seda, Fareed, Jubba, Swiseh, Qsehbeh, Mashara.  The siege began in these areas as they were being taken out of Syrian government control, which started in 2012.  Generally, there were no negotiations for entry of aid to these besieged areas; only on a small scale and even these were not successful.  Freedom of movement in the province is partial.  The province is suffering from a lack of basic services such as water and electricity, as well as the issue of wastes, which is a worrying factor causing the spread of many diseases and increasing, especially in the summer.

136

are the What-1 What is the -2 date for The-3 What is-4 are What-5 Are the-6 are the What-7 there Are-8 there Were-9 was What-10 lifting the Until-11 beseiged areas in your nature of the the start of the the number the items that citizens able to local tactics any any local the manner of seige, what are the ?province/city seige in thosr seige in each of civilians are allowed to move freely used to break negotiations agreements breaching the local/unofficial ?areas ?area ?under seige access to within the ?the seige for lifting the that have agreemwnt that may efforts )Partial/full seige( ?those areas Is ?province ?seige been ? /truce, if any help relieve the moving freely ?breached suffering? `citizens ?allowed What is the required support( from )outside your area

Jobbatta al-khashab 01/08/2012 20000 A collection of Partially No Several No The work of the local Partial blockade food items attempts NGOs that were were made established since and failed urge them 2014, we due to the to offer generous intransigence assistance the regime of Since the 45000 yes No No No Social solidarity and All the liberated areas Partial blockade liberation of Food aid charity organizations each region 2013 More than yes No No No Civil society All the liberated areas Partial blockade 200000 Food aid organizations, Humanitarian organizations 2013 250000 yes No No No Don`t exist Social solidarity by All the liberated areas Partial blockade Food aid the notables ال Jobbatta al-khashab, al- 2012-2013- 265000 yes No No ,hameedya Partial blockade 2014 Food aid, Yes, there There is no official or health-care was breach unofficial entity aids of the truce ehich was approved by the Arab community and violated by the regime, with the opposition comply fully

137

Jobbata al-khashab - 2013 -2014 - 274000 yes No No No Don`t exist Call for tribes to alhimidih - spring rock - Partial blockade 2012 Food aid intervene in order to Qosaybeh - - Soash alleviate the Ghadeer Al Bustan - suffering Sidon - Al-Fareed Jobbattah al-khashab, 2013 -2014 - 175000 yes No No No Don`t exist Provide health and al-hameedya, Jobba Partial blockade 2012 Food aid educational support

Don`t exist ال From the spring of the 180000 yes No No rock area north to the Partial blockade Since the Food aid The formation of a south of Sidon beginning of panel of civilians to the revolution reconcile the parties them and convince civilians to keep the aside All the liberated areas 2012 - 2014 271000 yes No No No Don`t exist Provide health and Partial blockade Food aid educational support Jobbata al-khashab 05/03/2012 5000 No Yes Yes Mutual Full- blockade Food aid, The process of bombardment Entry through the health-care trade with the on civilians, Internationalist aid aids regime / Barter / arrests and equitable and the distribution across a smuggling of range of laws and raw some regulations materials, despite the risk

All the liberated areas 27000 yes No No No Don`t exist Partial blockade Since the Food aid UNITED NATIONS - beginning of the Platform - the revolution associations Jbatha wood 23000 Food aid, yes No No No Don`t exist We call for Quneitra from the spring Partial blockade Aovannia health care humanitarian Aack to Sidon -jbatha al- Tranjh since aids organizations to khashab Aovannia the beginning ease the suffering of blockade partial of 2012- the citizen Nabiea al- sakher to Sidon since 2014

138

Jobbata al-khashab, 2013 -2014 - 274789 yes No No No Don`t exist Call for tribes to Sidon Partial blockade 2012 Food aid intervene in order to alleviate the suffering Jobbata al-khashab 23000 yes No No No Don`t exist Partial blockade Since the Food aid, UNITED NATIONS - beginning of health-care the Platform - the revolution aids associations Jobbata al-khashab - 2012-2013- 265000 yes No No No Don`t exist We demand clan alhimidih - spring rock - Partial blockade 2014 Food aid and faction leaders Qosaybeh - - Soash the Free Syrian Ghadeer Al Bustan - Army Sidon - Al-Fareed

All the liberated areas Partial blockade Most of the 5000 Health-care yes No No No Don`t exist Personal efforts of areas after the aids individuals date of 2012 Jobbata al-kashab, al- Partial blockade 04/07/1905 265000 yes No No No Don`t exist We require more fareed, sidon Food aid, relief aid and health-care delivery to the aids, cash largest possible number of people Jobbata al-khashab, al- Partial blockade 2012-2013- 240000 yes No No No Don`t exist hameedyah, Jobba 2014 Food UNITED NATIONS - aid,health-care the Platform - aids, deisel associations All the liberated areas Partial blockade 275 yes No No No Don`t exist Since the Food aid UNITED NATIONS - beginning of the Platform - the revolution associations Jbatha - Hamidiyah - Partial blockade 2013-2014 270000 yes No No No Don`t exist Clans - the leaders spring rock - Soash - Food aid of factions Ghadeer Al - Qosaybeh Bustan - Sidon - al- Fareed Jbatha - Hamidiyah - Partial blockade Since the 240 000 yes No No No Don`t exist - Clans spring rock - Soash - beginning of Food aid Ghadeer Al - Qosaybeh the revolution Bustan - Sidon - al- Fareed

139

Jbatha al-khashab - Partial blockade 2012-2013- 5000 yes No No No Don`t exist Clans - the leaders alhimidih - spring rock - 2014 Food of factions Soash - Qosaybeh - aid,health-care Ghadeer Al Bustan - aids, deisel Sidon - Al-Fareed Jobbata al-khashab Full blockade since 2012 27000 No No No No Don`t exist UNITED NATIONS - Food the Platform - aid,health-care associations aids, deisel Jobbata al-kasheb, al- Partial blockade since 2012 235000 yes No No No Don`t exist UNITED NATIONS - hameedyah, Jobba Food aid the Platform - associations

Jobbata al-kasheb, al- Partial blockade 200000 yes No No No Don`t exist Relief aid hameedyah, Jobba Since the Food beginning of aid,health care the revolution aids Jobbata al-khashab, Partial blockade 2012 76000 yes Negotiations No No UNITED NATIONS - Mosahera, Um-Batinah Food Verbal the Platform - aid,health care agreements, associations aids explosions Jbatha - Hamidiyah - Partial blockade 2012-2011- 50000 yes No No No Don`t exist Negotiations spring rock - Soash - 2013 Food Ghadeer Al - Qosaybeh aid,health care Bustan - Sidon - al- aids Fareed The entire province of Partial blockade 04/07/1905 yes Nothing No No Qunaitera Five Food Arrests Providing thousand aid,health care continue humanitarian aid people+H20 aids All the liberated areas Partial blockade 250000 yes Accessing of No No To stop Food aids shelling the International aid,health-care civilians protection aids, cash Jobbatta al-khashab, al- Partial blockade 2012 250000 yes Accessing of No No Dialogue ,hameedya Food aid aids

140

Detainees  There is no exact figure on the number of detainees.  The Syrian government and its militias are responsible for the arrests.  People unanimously agreed that observers cannot access the region. In the case that it becomes possible to introduce observers, they should be from the United Nations and international governments, civil society organisations operating in the province, and independent community leaders.  Generally, there are no secret detention centres in the province.  Available courts in the province include the House of Justice and courts backed by opposition factions. Some areas do not have courts. is the number of the What are the entities that What-2 possible to have Is it-3 be an Who can-4 there any secret detention centres Are-5 there any court houses in your area? Are-6 detainees/missing persons are conducting the arrests in independent monitors at independent monitor ?in your area your What type of court houses are there in ?in your area ?your area ?the detention centres ?in your area ?area

Ten to twenty detainees The regime, ISIL Yes The UN and its No Dar al-Adel- Civil Court-House Organizations

About 1500 in the entire The regime, and its melitias No Organizations and No Local Magistrate's Courts backed by province governmental entities revolutionary factions Thirteen hundred The regime, and its melitias No Local organizations No Shareea`a Court, Al-Isha

About fourtee hundred to The regime, and its melitias No Local organizations, No Al-Isha Court fifteen hundred Governmental entities Fourty detainees The regime, ISIL and Islamis No The UN, independent No Don`t exist factions entities Thirteen detainees The regime, and its melitias No Organizations No Don`t exist

45 detainees The regime, and its melitias No International No Don`t exist organizations Eighteen detainees The regime, and its melitias No The UN and its No Don`t exist Organizations Eleven detainees The regime, and its melitias No Individuals, No Don`t exist organizations Five persons The regime, and its melitias No Individuals, Yes Shareea`a Courts organizations Fifty detainees The regime, and its melitias No Organizations No Don`t exist 11 detainees The regime, and its melitias No International No Don`t exist organizations Thirty five detainees The regime, and its melitias No Organizations Don`t exist Don`t exist Twenty five persons The regime, and its melitias No International No Don`t exist organizations

141

Twenty five detainees The regime, and its melitias No Individuals, Don`t exist Don`t exist organizations 30 detainees ,The regime No Individuals, No Shareea`a Courts organizations Fifty five detainees The regime, and its melitias No Individuals, Don`t exist Don`t exist organizations Twenty five persons The regime, and its melitias No Organizations No Don`t exist Fifty detainees The regime, and its melitias No Organizations No No Fifteen detainees The regime, and its melitias No Individuals, No Don`t exist organizations 10 detainees The regime, and its melitias No Local organizations, No Don`t exist Governmental entities Fifty two detainees The regime, and its melitias No No one No Don`t exist

The regime, and its melitias No Not possible No No لdetainees 65 Thirty two detainees The regime, and its melitias No Not possible No Don`t exist Twenty five detainees The regime, and its melitias No UN organizations, No Don`t exist local notables 30 The regime, and its melitias No The notables and No Don`t exist international organizations Sixty five The regime, and its melitias No Don`t exist No No Dozens The regime, and its melitias No Organizations No No About thirty detainees The regime, and its melitias No The UN No Typical

20 The regime, and its melitias No Civil organizations, No No belong to the UN

Shelling  Most areas outside the Syrian government’s control suffer from bombardments, namely Mashara, Um Batneh, Nab’ Al-Sakher, Hamidiyah, Samadanah, Jbata, Ovadia, Tranjah and Biragam. Bombardments are executed via artillery, aircraft, tanks, and mortars.  The main faction involved in the bombardments is the Syrian government and its militias.  In the case that agreement to stop the bombardment is reached, there are no obstacles. Spoilers that do exist will be pressured by civil society groups and local residents.

142

are the areas under What-1 type of What-2 the Who are Who are-4 there were If-5 the What is-6 some civil Name-7 the Could-8 the safety of the How can-9 bombardment in your province? bombardment responsiple the battling some spoilers for view of the locals society entities that can platform or the consulting-negotiators be What is the number of the occurs in those parties for parties in your the truce, what regarding the practice oressure over other civil ?guaranteed ?bombarded areas ?areas shelling each ?area should you do to armed groups to the armed groups society entities ?area have them and the dominant stop the internal be influential involved in the your power in )conflict(Optional over those ?truce ?area ?armed groups Nabiea ,Mosahhera, Um-Batneh Artillery, war The regime The regime No spoilers National forces Local councils and the No Their direct contact with the al-Sakher, al-Hameedya planes and its allies and its militias defending the notables people, and the FSA, along from one side, people with their commitment to the and FSA and temporarily till aspirations of the Syrian Islamic solution finding a people is what protects them. factions from for the crisis the other Samadanyya, Jobbata, Ofanya, Artillery, heavy The regime The regime, Civil society should FSA members Civil society, the Yes Throughout the community Um- ,Taranjeh Mosahhera machine guns and its militias the regime practice pressure belong to the notables and the al-Hameedya ,Batneh affiliated against them area educated militials, FSA Samadanyya, Jobbata, Ofanya, Artillery, tanks The regime The regime, Throughut locals FSA is sanctuary The notables and Yes The notables and the local Taranjeh, Mosahhera, Um- and its militias the regime and popular of safety for sheikhs community Nabiea al-Sakher ,Batneh affiliated activities civilians al-Hameedya, along with the militials, FSA front-battle lines Samadanyya, Jobbata, Ofanya, Tanks, artillery, The regime The regime, Throughut locals FSA protector The notables, Yes The notables and the local Taranjeh, Mosahhera, Um- missiles and its militias the regime and popular against the organizations and community Batneh, Nabiea al-Sakher affiliated activities regime sheikhs al-Hameedya, along with the militials front-battle lines areas in contact with the regime, All kinds of The regime The regime No spoilers FSA protector No one No answear, No guarantees. The UN A`ajam, Nabiae al-sakher, baer heavy and light and its militias FSA against the some said no, Jobbata, al-Hameedyya weapons regime others said somehow Al-Hameedyya, Mosahhara, Um- Artillery shelling The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector Tribes No .No guarantees batneh - and its militias FSA against the regime

Mosahhera, Northern line Artillery, The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector International No No guarantees mortars, and its militias FSA against the organizations Jahannem regime artillery Mosahhera, northern line, Mortars and The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector The organizations, the Yes No guarantees Jobbata, Ofanya, al-hameedyya artillery and its militias FSA against the tribes regime

143

All the liberated areas Artillery shelling, The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector Organizations, tribes Yes Throughout the social ties that mortars, tanks, and its militias FSA against the and associations link the notables with the guided missiles regime organizations and associations Mosahhera - Asamadanah - Mortars, air- The regime The regime, Throughout varies from UN agencies with Depends on by judging their actions; if they Hamidiyah - Jbatha - Khan raids before and its militias, FSA, Nosra, psychological faction to another international protection the situation are reputable, then they have and the city of Baath Arnabeh truce ISIL Regime- support courses for no enemies scale affiliated adults, and militias, ISIL preserving citizens` .lives All the liberated areas Tanks, war The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector Organizations, locals No No guarantees planes and its militias FSA against the and associations regime

Mosahhera - Momtanneh am Artillery shelling The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector The notables, No No guarantees Batnal - Hamidiyah - and its militias FSA against the organizations and tribes regime Al-Hameedyya, Mosahhara, Um- Artillery shelling The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector The tribes No No guarantees batneh - and its militias FSA against the regime The regime, Pressure over them FSA protector The UN, The tribes- No No guarantees النظام, ملشيات تابعه All the liberated areas Artillery FSA against the للتظام, داعش regime Al-Hameedyya, Mosahhara, Um- Artillery and The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA members The tribes, FSA Yes No guarantees batneh missiles and its militias FSA belong to the area

Artillery shelling- The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA members Tribes, FSA leaders No Armed groups The first lines of contact with the machine guns and its militias FSA belong to the regime Hamidiyah - Jbatha - area as well as some asamadanah villages in the central sector, - such as Nabiea al-sakher Brega - Bir Ajam Al-Hameedyya, Mosahhara, Um- Mortars, RPGs The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector No one No No guarantees batneh and its militias FSA against the regime

Mosahhera - Momtanneh am Artillery shelling The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA has a role in Tribes Yes No guarantees Batnal - Hamidiyah - and its militias FSA protection

144

Mosahhera - Momtanneh am Tanks, mortars, The regime The regime, No spoilers FSA protector Organizations, No No guarantees Batnal - Hamidiyah machine guns and its militias FSA against the associations and locals regime

- am Batnal - Mosahhera Tanks, mortars, The regime The regime, Not possible FSA members No one No Not possible Hamidiyah machine guns and its militias FSA belong to the area - am Batnal - Mosahhera Tanks, mortars, The regime The regime, Not possible members FSA No one No Not possible Hamidiyah machine guns and its militias FSA belong to the area

Mosahhera - am Batnal - Mortars, The regime The regime, NO FSA help No one No No guarantees Hamidiyah machine guns, and its militias FSA civilians agianst artilleries the regime Mosahhera - am Batnal - Artillery shelling The regime The regime, No FSA is the No one No No guarantees Hamidiyah - Mortars, and its militias FSA orotector Missiles, machine guns Mosahhera - am Batnal - Artillery shelling- The regime The regime, No FSA is the No one No No guarantees Hamidiyah Mortars and its militias FSA protector - am Batnal - Mosahhera Artillery shelling The regime The regime, Not possible FSA is the No one No International protection Hamidiyah - Explosions and its militias FSA protector - am Batnal - Mosahhera Explosions The regime The regime, Pressure over them FSA is the UN agencies and No UN protection Hamidiyah and its militias FSA protector organizations Lots of areas War-planes- The regime- The regime, No FSA is the No one No No guarantees Mortars affiliated FSA protector militias, and Islamic factions - am Batnal - Mosahhera Artillery shelling The regime The regime, Impossible FSA is the No one No International protection Hamidiyah - Mortars and its militias FSA . protector

- am Batnal - Mosahhera Artillery shelling The regime The regime, Dialogue FSA is popular UN agencies and No International protection Hamidiyah - Explosions and its militias FSA and adorable by organizations locals - am Batnal - Mosahhera Artillery shelling The regime, The regime, Dialogue FSA is the UN agencies and No UN protection Hamidiyah - Explosions ISIL FSA, Nosra, protector against organizations Regime- the regime affiliated militias, ISIL

145

Suggested solutions  Pressure the Syrian government to stop the bombardment and arrests, and to release the detainees.  Provide relief, service and development support in order to revitalise the province, as it lacks all means of maintenance and livelihood.  Support the health sector in terms of providing funding and securing medical supplies and equipment.  Support all parts of the education sector due to its essential role as a compass to guide youth in the right direction. As a result of diesel fuel and materials being in short supply, deforestation in the area has become a significant problem.

146

Daraa local platform

Background Daraa is located in the southernmost part of Syria, covering an area of 3,730 square kilometres. Its administrative borders include the capital, Damascus, to the north, the Kingdom of Jordan to the south, the province of Sweida to the east, and Quneitra province and the occupied Golan Heights to the west. Daraa province is the tenth most populous, with its population of 1,085,000 being 4.6 percent of Syria’s total population. In 2004, the number of residential communities numbered more than 140, including cities, towns, municipalities, districts, villages and farms. The city of Daraa is the largest residential area in the province with a population of 97,969 people, followed by the cities of: Nua (47,066), Tafas (32,236), Jassim (31,683) and Inkhel (31,258). Before 2011, the gender ratio in the province was approximately 55 percent female and 45 percent male.No official statistics are available on how the demographics have changed since 2011, but it is estimated that 70 percent of the population are now female and only 30 percent male. ,

Waves of displaced people came from and to large areas in Daraa province in 2011 and over long periods of time. The most significant waves that occurred include:  There was a surge of displacement as the populations of the city of Daraa, Tareeq al-Sad District and Daraa Camp moved to the neighbourhood of Daraa al-Mahata which is the security area for the Syrian government and including the districts of: Qusoor, Tareeq, Mattar, Kashef, Shamal Khat and Sahari. Displacement has occurred aroundsix times after each military incursion by the Syrian government into the opposition districts, prompting most of the displaced population to remain in the safe neighbourhoods to which they were displaced. The number of displaced people from opposition neighbourhoods amounted to approximately 35,000 people.  There has been a wave of displacement from various cities, villages and town of the province towards Daraa al-Mahata. The cities of Hrak, Nua and Sheikh Miskin have been subject to fierce military attacks, and it is from these locations that most arriving in Daraa al-Mahata came. . The number of displaced persons from these areas amounted to about 50,000 people, and many displaced people settled in government centres and buildings such as schools, hospitals and health centres, with a large number living in unfinished apartment buildings. The exodus included most of the cities and towns of Daraa province such as: Shaykh Miskeen, Atman and Khirbet Ghazaleh, Mhajjeh, Ghabagheb, Izra’, Eastern Kark, Naemeh and others because of the bombardment and destruction that affected their houses.  There has been waves of displacement from opposition controlled neighbourhoods, such as Balad, Tafeeq Al-Sad and Mukhaiam. These displaced people refused to flee to the Syrian government-controlled areas, instead migrating towards nearby opposition-controlled areas. This was due to the continuing clashes between the Syrian government and the opposition, and the intensification of artillery and aircraft targeting their neighbourhoods following the opposition’s control of most of the villages and the surrounding towns of the city (such as Tal Shihab, Mzereeb, Naseeb, Teebeh, Giza, Um Al-Miazen and Seda).

147

 In 2015, the city, including both the opposition-controlled and government-controlled parts, suffered from very large waves of displacement. In Syrian government-controlled areas. young men left to avoid compulsory service in the army after they turned 18 years old.

The provincial economy: The province of Deraa has fertile agricultural soil, and is ranked first in the production of tomatoes and vegetables. Before 2011, the city of Daraa’s economy depended on many sectors, the most important of which were industrial, service sector, construction and trade, and to a lesser degree, agriculture. On the other hand, the economy of western rural Daraa was dependent mainly on agricultural, followed to a lesser extent by the service sector. In the eastern countryside, commerce, followed by the industrial and service sectors were the mainstay of the local economy. Things changed for the city of Daraa after 2011, with the economy dependeding mainly on commerce.. The western rural economy of Daraa still depends on the agricultural sector in addition to the commercial and industrial sectors. The eastern countryside depends on both the industrial, commercial and service sectors.

Social structure: A tribal character prevails over the region, in addition to the presence of family-based identity in the city. In addition to the tribal character, there is a mixture of religions and sects, including Christians, who are the original inhabitants of the region and are in the villages of Tisia, Rakhim, Baseer, Tibneh and ShaqraMembers of the Shiite sect live in the city of Bosra Al-Sham and comprise up to two-thirds the city's population, with the largest proportion belonging to the Sunni sect.

Active civil organisations: Civil organisations operating in Daraa are concentrated in the opposition controlled areas, providing relief, medical, psychological and educational services.

Key events:  Opposition battles began under the control of the al-Sahweh battalion and then took over the 38th Brigade (which was under Syrian government control) until the whole castle sector was controlled by the opposition. The last battle was for control of Jamrak Naseeb and 52nd Brigade, the second- biggest stronghold of the Syrian government.  The opposition began fighting for control of the region at the beginning of the year, launching a campaign they called “High Spears” at the beginning of 2013 that lasted for about a year and a half. It resulted in opposition control of the neighbourhoods of Daraa Al-Balad and Tareeq Al-Sad district after control of the checkpoints and security centres in each of them. Among the neighbourhoods in Daraa al-Balad fully under opposition control are the districts of Abbasieh, Siba, Karak, Bihar and Arbaeen, Tareeq al-Sad neighbourhood and Daraa Camp.  The launch of the “Wa Mu’tasimah” battle in Daraa al-Mahata in late 2013 helped to define the areas controlled by the Syrian government and the opposition in the central Daraa area.

148

 In early 2014, the launch of the “Homs For Us” battle to expand in the market area of Daraa al-Mahata.  The launch of the “Trench’s Martyrs” battle, in the middle of 2014 to liberate other parts of Manshia controlled by the Syrian government in Daraa al-Balad.  The launch of the “Of the Chains” battle, in late 2014 to confront the Syrian government’s advance in the area of Daraa al-Mahata. This resulted in big gains for the opposition and their full control of the two areas.  The launch of the “Southern Storm” battle in early 2015 to liberate the city of Deraa.

Results of local consultations Besieged areas  Most of the areas outside the Syrian government’s control are subjected to a partial siege. These areas include: Busra al-Harir, western countryside of Daraa, Musayfirah, Um Walad, Eastern Ahlgrea, Western Ahlgrea, Seda Kahil, villages east of Daraa, Inkhel, Lajat, Nahteh, Maliha, Atash, Eastern and Western Maliha, Sheikh Miskeen, Khirbet Ghazaleh, Jamaleh, Uduan, Tseel, Shajarah and Sahem Al-Jolan.  Areas under complete siege are: Tamman, Sanamen, Izra’, Abtah, Mhajeh, Jbab, Ghabagheb, Daraa Blad, Sad, Naemeh, Yadodeh and Hrak). Since the siege began in the first quarter of 2013, people have depended on the smuggling of food and on agriculture for their survivial.  The siege can be broken through international pressure on the Syrian government, the holding of a national reconciliation and negotiations with the Syrian government, relying on domestic production, or by taking areas out of the Syrian government’s control and fighting to break the siege.

149

What areas are What Date of How What are Are locals What Were Are there In the case Until the under siege in kind of the start many the able to mechanisms there any any local of a broken siege is your province or siege of the civilians materials move are used local agreeme ceasefire, broken, city? are siege are under allowed freely in locally to try negotiatio nts that what was what these siege? into these the to break the ns to break have the local/inform areas areas? province? siege? the siege? been mechanism al efforts under? Do they broken? of breaking could help (Partial, have the reduce the full) freedom agreement? suffering of of the civilians? moveme What is the nt? support needed to do so from out side of your region? All villages and Partial 28/03/20 Residents Turkey, No Smuggling Yes Yes Shelling, Entrance of cities and towns siege 13 of the Gaziantep materials airstrikes food and that have been liberated from the and siege fuel items liberated from areas areas under the Regime the regime's control to these liberated areas Busra Al Harir Partial 01/01/20 10,000 Food aid, No Using No Yes Artillery Entrance of siege 13 medical aid agricultural aid roads Daraa Al-Balad, Comple 18/03/20 All Food aid No Demonstrati No No The regime Alsad te siege 11 residents ons didn’t stick to

150

Alnowaimeh, Al of the the Yadodeh, Busra besieged agreement Al Harir, Alhrak. areas Busra Al Harir, Partial 28/08/20 Around Food aid, Yes Smuggling Limited Yes Artillery Provide Nahte, Mleha siege 12 80,000 medical routes and negotiation bombardme flour, fuel Alatash, Alhrak, people aid, communicat s nt and and funds Eastern and money, e with the and airstrikes Western Mleha building regime regularizati and closing materials, through on of some the road to spare parts intermediari people and the city of and es employees Izra' - necessary in order to ongoing services receive through their smuggling salaries or for treatment in Damish, and passing the checkpoint s of the committee s and the military Partial 28/08/20 80,000 Food aid, Yes Military Yes siege 12 medical actions aid, funds before the truce

151

Most of the Comple 01/03/20 Almost Entrance of Only Smuggling No No Airstrikes Organization liberated areas te siege 13 750,000 materials within the from the s based in through liberated regime Jordan humanitari areas districts undertake an this role: organizatio Supporting ns only education and the entrance of medical and food materials. Yet the best solution is opening the border with Jordan Liberated areas Partial 05/06/20 Almost Regime Yes Entrance of No No .... Entrance of siege 14 700,000 does not aid from food allow, but Jordan and materials, aid is sometimes establishing entering through hospitals through smuggling and Jordan focusing on education Al Sadd Road - Partial 01/11/20 150,000 Nothing is They can Nothing No Yes The regime is Shura Daraa Al Balad - siege 12 entering move in sniping Council and the refugee camp from the the areas civilians local councils regime side where the everyday. regime is This is why

152

not Dmistoar's located truce was breached Othman Comple 06/09/20 All of No There was Yes No There was no Nutritional, te siege 13 them are some agreement educational, now communicati and medical immigran on with the support. ts in regime, but Securing neighbori they refused homes for ng to allow displaced countries civilians to people enter their town Daraa Al Balad Partial 05/06/20 20,000 Nothing Yes Contact with No No There is no Coordinating siege 14 from the humanitaria truce with regime side n humanitaria organization n s organization s to enable the entrance of food and medical supplies as well as supporting education at all stages Tafas Partial 05/11/20 50,000 Contact with There is no Support of siege 13 humanitaria truce organization n s to secure

153

organization basic s requirement s including health, relief, and education Saida Partial 01/01/20 20,000 Food aid, Yes Resolving No No Town council siege 16 funds existing checkpoints on the outskirts of the city of Daraa Saham - Partial 100,000 Nothing No Asking the Yes Yes The surprise Promoting Tasil - siege families of attack and the Alshshajara- conflicting the neutrality of Edwan- parties to execution of civilians Jumlat nNafieat end the fighters from hit conflict both sides Ayen Dhakar Sanamin Comple More Food aid, No National Yes Yes Artillery, Partially Izra te siege than Medical Reconciliatio Military open Ebtaa 50,000 aid, funds ns Aircraft humanitaria Othman n roads Mahjeh Jbab Sanamin Comple More Food aid, No Reconciliatio Yes Yes Artillery, Political Izra te siege than Medical n and Military pressure on Ebtaa 50,000 aid, funds national Aircraft the regime Othman battles

154

Mahjeh Jbab Ghabaghib Sanamin Comple More Food aid, No External Yes Yes Artillery, External Izra te siege than Medical political Military political Ebtaa 50,000 aid, funds pressure Aircraft pressure on Othman the regime Mahjeh Jbab Ghabaghib Ebtaa, Daraa, Comple More Food aid, No National Yes Yes Artillery, External Mahjeh, Izra, te siege than Medical reconciliatio Military political Sanamin, 50,000 aid, funds n and battles Aircraft pressure on Ghabaghib, Jbab the regime Izra, Sanamin, Comple More Funds No Reconciliatio No Yes Artillery, The available Daraa, te siege than ns - Battles Military efforts are Ghabaghib, Jbab, 70,000 Aircraft individual Ebtaa, Mahjeh efforts and the municipal councils and mayors efforts. The required support is external political pressure on the regime

155

and its militias All areas of Daraa Partial 01/04/20 800,000 Food aid, Moving is None No No Bombing by Communicat outside the siege 12 Medical aid possible the regime ion with control of the only in on some external regime are the areas in relief partially or liberated Daraa Al organization completely areas Balad and s to enable besieged the outskirts the entrance of the towns of aid from of Tafas and Jordan Yadodeh All areas of Daraa 01/04/20 800,000 None Bombing by Communicat outside the 12 the regime ion with control of the on some external regime are areas in relief partially or Daraa organization completely Albalad and s to enable besieged the outskirts the entrance of the towns of aid from of Tafas and Jordan Yadodeh Daraa west Partial 01/01/20 500,000 Food aid Yes Smuggling No No countryside siege 12 villages Comple Few food No Negotiations, Yes Yes From the Entrance of a te siege supplies but it is regime side third party useless The liberated Partial In Food aid No There is no No No There are no Increase the villages siege Western mechanism agreements amount of

156

are almost all Daraa food aid . besieged almost Help rebuild including: Al- 450,000 infrastructur Musayfira Al Rak, e such as Um Walad , water, Ahlgrea East, electricity Western Ahlgrea and , Saida , Kahil and telephone most of the networks, villages east of roads, Daraa repairing schools and public facilities. Work on the developmen t of camps for displaced people Sheikh Miskeen / Comple 14/05/20 100,000 Freedom An attempt The Yes Through None Namir / Al te siege 13 of to free the negotiation indiscriminat katebeh / Khirbet movemen areas by is only to e bombing Ghazaleh / t is not in military deliver Jumleh / Adwan / all areas action some aid Taseel / Al Shajra especially or through and free / Basir / Sahem those the some Golan that fall negotiation prisoners under the for the control of delivery of the basic needs

157

regime and ISIS Nawa 06/07/20 60,000 The regime Moving Entrance of No No There are no Entrance of 13 is not freely humanitaria agreements relief allowing only in n materials. anything to liberated organization Undertake enter areas s from Jordan small and productive materials projects , in smuggled particular from areas of agricultural the regime projects and paying bribes to the regime at checkpoints Nawa 06/07/20 60,000 The regime Moving Entrance of No No There are no Entrance of 13 is not freely humanitaria agreements relief allowing only in n materials. anything to liberated organization Undertake enter areas s from Jordan small and productive materials projects , in smuggled particular from areas of agricultural the regime projects and paying bribes to the regime at checkpoints

158

Most of the Partial 22/05/20 600,000 Food aid No Local No No There is no Rely on local liberated areas siege 13 production agreement production, in Daraa are and stop the under siege breaching bombing the truce and remove happened the by bombing checkpoints the liberated towns by the regime Ebtaa -Daraa - Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, External Sanamin - Izra - te siege than reconciliatio Military political Mahjeh -Jbab 50,000 n and battles aircraft pressure on the regime Ebtaa - Daraa- Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political Sanamin - Jbab - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Mahjeh - 75,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Ghabaghib Izra-Jbab-Khbeb - Comple More Expensive No Partial Yes Yes Almost all There are no Ebtaa- te siege than food conditional cities and unofficial Ghabaghib- 90,000 materials reconciliatio towns efforts. Mahjeh-Qarfa ns- were International battles to bombed pressure is regain these required on areas the regime to break the sieges Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political / Ebtaa / Mahjeh te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on / Daraa / Izra / 75,000 n and battles aircraft the regime

159

Sanamin / Jbab / Ghabaghib Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, International - Ebtaa - Daraa - te siege than reconciliatio Military political Jbab- Ghabaghib 100,000 n and battles aircraft pressure on - Izra - Sanamin - the regime Mahjeh Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Izra - Ebtaa - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Mahjeh - Jbab - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Ghabaghib - Daraa - Sanamin Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Daraa - Sanamin te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on - Izra - Jbab - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Mahjeh - Ghabaghib- Othman Comple 04/02/20 All The regime No Entering the No Yes The regime Relief te siege 16 displaced does not humanitaria breached the support, allow the n UN truce financial and entry of organization productive aid ,only s projects smuggling (educational through and medical) the regime as well as checkpoint housing for s and civilians paying bribes for them

160

Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Izra - Daraa - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Sanamin - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Mahjeh - Jbab - Ghabaghib Khirbet Ghazaleh More National Artillery, Political - Izra - Daraa - than reconciliatio Military pressure on Sanamin - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Mahjeh - Jbab - Ghabaghib Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Izra - Daraa - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Mahjeh - Jbab - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Ghabaghib - Sanamin - Ebtaa Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Daraa - Izra - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Jbab - Mahjeh - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Sanamin - Ebtaa - Ghabaghib Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Izra - Daraa - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Mahjeh - Jbab - 100,000 n and battles aircraft the regime Ghabaghib - Sanamin Khirbet Ghazaleh Comple More Funds No National Yes Yes Artillery, Political - Daraa - Izra - te siege than reconciliatio Military pressure on Sanamin - Jbab - 10,0000 n and battles aircraft the regime Ghabaghib - Mahjeh - Ebtaa

161

Inkhil / Daraa Partial 11/05/20 15,000 Food aid, Movemen Communicat Yes Yes Through Providing siege 11 Medical aid t e with continuous enough restricted foreign bombardme support to only donors nts, shooting secure within the to provide randomly, shelters for liberated the especially displaced areas in necessary against the residents the support .. civilian from the city western Resilience of population. (about part of the people 15,000 the within the civilians.) province city for Provide of Daraa freedom support with with the all major blood of requirement their s children; needed by armed the IDPs defense by during the Free displacemen Army on the t e.g. northern and clothing and eastern flour for parties of the bread and city adjacent baskets of to the regime food and side funds for the needy etc.

162

Deraa Western Partial 08/04/20 200,000 Food aid No Seek help No No Bombardme Through Province / siege 13 from Jordan nt by the the neighboring Eastern Province across the regime countries border Ebtaa -Izra -Jbab- Comple More Funds No Reconciliatio Yes Yes Artillery, There are no Sanamin-Daraa- te siege than ns, Military efforts Ghabaghib- 90,000 and aircraft because of Khbeb besieged liberation the regime . battles for Bring these cities support and external political pressure with the threat of military intervention in case of not ending the siege Izra -Sanamin- Comple More Funds No Battles - and Yes Yes Artillery and There aren't Maliha Al Atash te siege than some rocket any official Jbab-Ghabaghib- 150,000 reconciliatio launchers; or non- Ebtaa besieged ns Military official aircraft by efforts. the regime External political pressure on the regime and

163

threatening to enter into battles against them Izra, Sanamin Comple Around Funds No Battles - and No Yes Artillery, There are no Jbab, Ghabaghib, te siege 170,000 reconciliatio Military efforts.Apply Ebtaa , Khbeb besieged ns aircraft political pressure Izra -Sanamin- Comple Around Food aid, No Battles - and Yes Yes By There are no Ghabaghib- te siege 200,000 funds reconciliatio separation efforts. Jbab/Khbeb/Mah besieged ns and attempts Military jeh. to assault, support and and military political aircraft pressure Izra-Sanamin- Comple Around Food aid, No Battles - and Yes Yes Artillery, Political Jbab-Mahjeh- te siege 120,000 funds reconciliatio Military pressure Ghabaghib-Ebtaa ns aircraft Izra-Sanamin- Comple more thn Food aid, No Battles - and No Yes Artillery, Real and Mahjeh-Maliha te siege 450,000 funds reconciliatio Military tangible Al atash -Jbab- ns aircraft political Ghabaghib-Daraa pressure Mahjeh - Comple More Food aid, No Liberation No Yes Shelling, Outside Sanamin-Izra- te siege than funds battles - and military political Ghabaghib-Jbab- 400,000 reconciliatio aircraft and pressure Daraa besieged ns missile bombardme nt and heavy machine guns

164

Izra-Mahjeh- Comple More Food aid, No Liberation No Yes Artillery, Serious Sanamin- te siege than funds battles - and Military outside Ghabaghib-Jbab- 375,000 reconciliatio aircraft political Ebtaa-Sheikh besieged ns pressure Miskeen-Daraa- Nahteh / Busra Partial 09/04/20 9500 Food aid, No None No No Bombardme Entrance of al-Harir / Maliha siege 13 Medical aid nt aid and Al atash/ Al Lajat Partial 01/01/20 2000 Food aid No Agricultural No No No Entrance of siege 13 roads aid Al Lajat Partial 01/01/20 2000 Food aid No Agricultural No No No Entrance of siege 13 roads aid Maliha Al atash / Partial 01/12/20 2000 Food aid No Agricultural No No No Entrance of Lajat / Busra al- siege 13 roads aid Harir Maliha Al atash / Partial 01/12/20 2000 Food aid No Agricultural No No No Entrance of Lajat / Busra al- siege 13 roads aid Harir Maliha Al atash / Partial 03/01/20 2000 Food aid No Agricultural No No No Entrance of Lajat / Busra al- siege 13 roads aid Harir Busra Al Harir Partial 01/01/20 10,000 Food aid Lowland No No Entrance of siege 13 roads aid Al-Hirak Partial 40625 30,000 Food aid No Battles No Yes Artillery Medical and siege food aid Algharia Partial 41,415 About The regime Moving Access of No No No Education, siege 15,000 blocks all within humanitaria agreement; medication, supplies liberated n regime has IDPs, food areas organisations violated the and bribing UN security

165

regime council checkpoints ceasefire to smuggle supplies from regime areas All the liberated Partial 0 100 Medical No None No No No Delivering areas siege people in aid, food agreement aid from my area aid, money neighbourin g countries All the liberated 0 0 100 None No None No No No Delivering areas are people in agreement aid from besieged my area neighbourin g countries Busra Alharir/ 0 41275 12,000 None No Using No No Artillery, Delivering Mlihat Ala’atash/ agricultural mortar aid Masika roads Busra Alharir/ non 41275 12,000 None No Using None No Artillery, Delivering Mlihat Ala’atash/ agricultural mortar aid Masika roads Western Partial 42005 5000 Food aid No Community Yes No There was no Humanitaria countryside siege figures and pacification n aid given humanitaria by activists n and some organisations countries Most liberated Partial 42,401 Almost Medical aid No Organizations Yes Yes It was Food for the areas in rural Daraa besiege 7,000 tried bringing supposed to besieged and Alqunaitra are families in calm down the areas must be under siege by the humanitarian situation for secured in regime. Blockade aid, but the civilians, but order to ease of medical and continuation the parties to

166

food supplies. of the conflict the conflict did the pressure Yarmouk, which is and its not comply. on them. controlled by the development Yarmouk martyrs in the last brigade (loyal to period ISIS) is besieged by prevented the FSA, Jabhat Al- them from Nusra and Ahrar entering the As-Sham, in the area following areas: Ain Dakar, Jumla, Nafa’a, Alshajra, Kowia, Biet Ara, Abdin, Ma’aria, Alqusair. Civilians are the victims of an internal conflict forced upon them by the dominating revolutionary forces

Detainees  There is no precise number of detainees.  Arrests are conducted by Syrian government forces and its affiliated militias.  There are arrests conducted by Al-Nusra and ISIS.  There is a consensus on the impossibility of introducing independent observers to the region, but there could be government agencies supported by an international resolution that can play the role of independent monitoring, as well as international organisations and local activists and some military bodies.  There are secret prisons in some areas of the province of Daraa.

167

What is the number of Who are the sides Is it possible Who could be an Are there Are there courts in your area? What areas are being detainees or missing arresting people in your to send independent any What kind of courts? shelled in your area? What people in your area? area? independent observer in your secret is the number? observers region? detention into the centres in detention your centres? area? In Dael city, 100 The regime, pro-regime No Yes There are Sharia courts, but they Artillery, machine guns, and prisoners Militias do not cover everyone. Dushka 63 The Regime No International No None Artillery, organizations mortar missles 30,000 The regime, pro-regime No Military groups Yes Reconciliation courts Land surface missiles, Militias mortar missiles, Chilka. 23 areas 21 men from al Nahte, The regime, pro-regime No Organizations and Yes Courthouse in Horan and there Guns and airstrikes and 2 women militias, Al Nusra, some activists are tribes and elders gangs for ransom or robbery, but limited 22 Men and 2 The regime, pro-regime No Yes Women Militias, Al Nusra, and some people for ransom money Around 7,000 The Regime No Noone because the Yes The Courthouse – it is affiliated to Airstrikes, mortar missiles, regime is shifty and the opposition shells has secret prisons Almost 4500 The regime No No one. Yes There is the opposition court. Barrels, rockets, shells and There are also courts controlled Chilka and other by some factions. The regime has military courts.

168

3000 The regime, pro-regime No Individuals and Yes Horan Courthouse Military aircraft, and Militias, Al Nusra organizations mortar missiles, artillery, barrels and rockets 40 The regime No No one. Yes There is a court controled by the By all means opposition in the liberated areas. There are military courts in the districts controlled by the regime 245 The regime No UN but the possibility Yes There are several courts Military aircraft, and of work remains controlled by the opposition and mortar missiles, and limited the courthouse is the most Chilka,artillery, because they don't important. There are military barrels and rockets know about all the courts in the regime districts prisons 46 There aren’t any, and Court called the courthouse in the Artillery, barrels, Military if there were liberated areas aircraft, mortar missiles the organizations are the most effective 3000 The regime, pro-regime No Yes No Courthouse Artillery barrels , military Militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, aircraft Islamic factions The regime, ISIS, Al No Military parties There are courts, Military aircraft Nusra but they have a religious nature and total lack of positive law. It does not admit positive law or rely on lawyers or those who have law experience. 100 The regime No No one. Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft 100 The regime No No one. Yes none Military aircraft

169

100 The regime No No one. Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft 100 The regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft More than 100 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes None Military aircraft, Artillery Militias More than 10,000 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes There is a court called the Artillery and missiles prisoners from Daraa Militias, ISIS courthouse in Horan supported by factions affiliated to to the Free Army. There is also a court affiliated to Al Nusra and other courts affiliated to the Islamic factions. More than 10,000 No one There is a court called the Artillery and missiles prisoners from Daraa courthouse in Horan supported by factions affiliated to to the Free Army.

There is also a court affiliated to Al Nusra and other courts affiliated to the Islamic factions The regime No Individuals No 400 The regime No Yes Social courts Artillery Prisoners in the town of The regime, pro-regime No I do not think that No The Courthouse which is a civilian Military aircraft Missiles, Al-Musayfirah / 55 Militias anyone is able to do and military court rocket launchers, Artillery missing people and 7 so prisoners 1000 The regime, pro-regime No No Yes - a court Artillery and Chilka carts Militias, ISIS rules based on the

170

Arab Court and Islamic Shara Almost 350 The regime No No one Yes There is Nawa court All kinds of weapons like affiliated to the opposition Military aircraft and Artillery Almost 350 The regime No No one Yes There is Nawa court All kinds of weapons like affiliated to the opposition Military aircraft and Artillery More than 1200 The regime, pro-regime No No one No No, there is a police station Artillery prisoners and missing Militias people 100 The regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft More than 100 The regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft More than 130 prisoners The regime No No one Yes No Artillery, Military aircraft More than 100 prisoners The regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft 100 The regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft 100 The regime No Organizations Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft 100 The regime No Organizations Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft 35 The regime No Organizations and Yes Courthouse in Horan Military aircraft / heavy and government entities is an affiliate of the opposition light weapons -Kingdom of Jordan 100 The regime, pro-regime Yes Organizations Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft Militias 100 Organizations None Artillery, Military aircraft 100 The regime, pro-regime No Organizations Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft Militias 100 The regime, pro-regime No Individuals Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft Militias 100 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft Militias

171

100 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes None Artillery, Military aircraft Militias Number of The regime, pro-regime No Local organizations No Local Sharia court found within Artillery, Military aircraft prisoners about 125. Militias concerned with civil the city of Inkhil manages local Number of missing is affairs. issues. about 75 45 The regime No Organizations No Courthouse in Horan All kinds of bombings More than 150 prisoners The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes No Artillery, Military aircraft Militias More than 150 prisoners The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes No Artillery, Military aircraft and missing people Militias More than 150 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes Yes - the regime has field courts , Artillery, Military aircraft Militias as they implement immediate killing in most cases Almost 300 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes The regime has field courts Artillery, Military aircraft Militias Around 250 The regime, pro-regime No No one None Artillery, Military aircraft Militias More than 500 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes Only the regime has mortar missiles, Military Militias aircraft More than 3000 The regime, pro-regime No No one Yes None All kinds of weapons prisoners and missing Militias people More than 500 prisoners the regime, pro-regime No No one Yes None All kinds of weapons and missing people Militias 63 The regime No Organizations No None Artillery /mortar missiles 7 The regime No Organizations No None Artillery 7 The regime No Organizations No None Artillery 7 The regime No Organizations No No Artillery 7 The regime No Organizations No No Artillery

172

7 The regime No Organizations No No Artillery 63 The regime No Organizations No No Chilka 100 Regime and regime No 0 No None Artillery militias 25 The regime No Any organisation can Yes There is an opposition court called All types of weaponary, access liberated the house of justice. The regime especially barrel bombs and areas, while the has civil and military courts for the mortars regime does not detainees allow any access 0 The regime No Governmental Yes Yes there are courts, House of Aviation entities justice in Houran 0 0 0 Governmental 0 Yes there are courts, House of Aviation entities justice in Houran 63 None None Organisations None No Artillery, mortar 63 None None Organisations None No Artillery, mortar 400 None Yes Individuals, No A'azr court Artillery organisations 15 The regime No Organisations No House of justice court in Houran All types of bombardment None The regime, ISIS, and Al- No Military authorities, No Yes, moderate courts and the Bombardment with artillery Nusra Front possibly House of Justice, led by all of the shells and rockets military factions in Dara'a.

Shelling - Most of the liberated areas are being bombed by aircraft at intervals and Daraa al-Balad is suffering from shelling with rockets and artillery on a daily basis. Likewise, Naemeh is subject to repeated bombardment because it is on the front line with the forces of the Syrian government in the city of Daraa.

173

- Areas that are exposed to bombardment are: Daraa al-Balad, Yadodeh, Naemeh, Harah, Deir Al-Adas, Kafr Shams, Busra al-Harir, Lajat, Inkhel, Tafas, Bosra, Tareeq Al-Sad, Seda, Tafas, Dael, Muzeireeb, Hrak, Maliha, Eastern Graieh, Western Graieh, Maliha, and Atash. - The Syrian government and its militias are involved in the bombardments. - There is acceptance of a ceasefire or truce by the armed actors in control of the areas in Daraa province, but commitment to such initiatives is variable with some being fully committed, but many feeling dissatisfaction.

What kind of Which sides are Which sides If there is anyone What aspects of What do Does the How can the safety of shelling is taking targeting these are fighting in hampering a cease- civil society are locals think of platform or the those who are leading place in these areas? this area? fire in your area, able to put the armed other civil the consultations be areas? what should be pressure onto groups and society groups guaranteed? done to encourage armed groups in the dominant have any impact them to engage in a order to stop the power in your on these cease-fire? internal conflict area? opposition among them? groups? (answer is optional) Artillery, machine The regime, pro- The regime, The regime is Turkey, Gaziantep It is the The fact that civil By avoiding extremist guns, and Dushka regime Militias pro-regime impeding the guarantor of society is a group groups Militias, ISIS, Al ceasefire security, of credible Nusra, Free despite some figures, with Army mistaken perceptive and actions popular presence. They have a mostly positive effect (but now always) Artillery- The regime Free Army None There is no internal Popular base Yes Yes mortar missles conflict for the Free Army

174

Land surface The regime, pro- The regime, We can't do The popluar base Moderate It doesn't have By choosing them from missiles, mortar regime Militias pro-regime anything. could. groups any effect. those who are accepted missiles, Chilka (23 Militias, Al from inside of Syria. areas) Nusra, Islamic factions, Free army Guns and airstrikes The regime The regime Communication Elders and seniors There is an Yes Through social relations, and free army. with the and activists. We aversion and and communicating with There are commanders and call them the men discomfort the parties it approves of clashes only the factions of good wills towards the and finds and welcoming between the through elders and Islamic regime and the seniors to discuss factions free army the cease-fire. Its despite the results of stability, lack of the return of presence in displaced people to the recent their homes, period, but private and public the Free business, restoring army's life, and repairing factions are as much as possible welcomed of the and their infrastructure etc. fighters are from the village and the region. Their origins and affiliations sre known. So there is

175

integration between the FSA and the people of the area because they are the sons of the area. The Regime - Free The regime, Yes Army Free Army – Fighting between the regime and the Free army Airstrikes, mortar The regime The The only obstacle is None It's fine, No An agreement with FSA. missiles, shills regime,pro- the regime. mostly Moving should be by their regime Defeating the accepted prior consent Militias, ISIS, Al regime is the Nusra, Free solution Army Barrels, rockets, The regime The regime, The regime is None FSA partly No To get FSA approval on shells, Chilka and pro-regime obstructing acceptable these consultations and other Militias, ISIS, Al and others not inform FSA with the step- Nusra, Islamic acceptable by-step results battalions, Free Army Military aircraft, and The regime, pro- The regime, There is no one Local Councils and The opinions No By not sending them to mortar missiles, regime Militias pro-regime obstructing the Council of the of the people the Islamists gathering artillery, Militias, ISIS, Al sons of Daraa in solidarity districts barrels and rockets Nusra with the Free

176

Army faction only, and not any other faction By all means The regime The regime, The regime No-one Acceptable No To get FSA approval and FSA consult them Military aircraft, and The Regime The Regime. The only obstacle is No-one Kind of No To work under the mortar missiles, and FSA the regime. acceptable supervision of the FSA Chilka, and other armed groups artillery, barrels and rockets Artillery barrels, The cease-fire Al-Mouk and Free Through the Through international Military aircraft, should be held supporters of these moderate effectiveness of immunity for mortar missiles within an factions Army from the the platform them and Free Army international sons of the members within factions at the local level agreement through area the institutions the United Nations of civil society and be under its and social supervision. competence Artillery barrels and The regime, pro- Free Army None Welcomed as Yes FSA protecting them Military aircraft regime Militias a free Army Faction Military aircraft The regime Islamic Currently the role of Residents No factions civil society has prefer stopped. moderation, moderate factions Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura councils and Some of them No By having security aircraft ISIS society elders may have a battalions who protect influence popular base, the area

177

others has no popular base Military aircraft The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura councils and Some of them No Through security ISIS society elders have a battalions popular base, others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura councils and Some of them Yes Through security aircraft ISIS society and general elders have a battalions opinion popular base, others has no popular base Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura councils and Some of them Yes Through security aircraft ISIS society elders have a battalions popular base, others have no popular base Military aircraft, The regime ,pro- The regime Motivating civil Shura councils and Many endorse No Through security Artillery regime Militias ,pro-regime society because elders what they are battalions Militias, ISIS, Al general opinion is doing e.g. the Nusra, Islamic against them battles against battalions, the regime Free Army and others complain of some of their actions

178

Artillery and The regime ,pro- The regime No, but there is an No one People are No Safety is only available in missiles regime Militias ,pro-regime internal fight in satisfied with areas controlled by Free militias, ISIS, Al areas outside the the Free Army Army Nusra, Free control of the factions and Army regime dissatisfied between the radical with extremist Islamist factions factions and the Free Army. Artillery and No, but there is an No one People are Safety is only available in missiles internal fight in satisfied with areas controlled by Free areas outside the the Free Army Army control of the factions and regime dissatisfied between the radical with extremist Islamist factions factions and the Free Army. The regime The regime Guarantees Good No There are no guarantees, but showing goodwill gestures Artillery The regime The regime Free Army is Yes ,pro-regime from the area Militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, Free Army Military aircraft The regime The regime Faciliating Groups of people Opinions vary Yes Choose prominent figures Missiles, rocket ,pro-regime delegations from who are known for between who are accepted launchers, Artillery Militias ,Al the elders to their wisdom and satisfied and among their people Nusra, Islamic convince them good opinion unsatisfied battalions, Free Army

179

Artilleryand Chilka The regime ,pro- The regime, Dialogue to convey Courthouse There is a kind Mostly no Through agreeing that carts regime Militias, ISIS pro-regime the idea that the of they do this task Militias, ISIS, civilians are tired understanding Islamic from war, and need and intimacy battalions, to end the war and Free Army to reach a political solution that ensures the departure of the regime All kinds of weapons The regime, pro- The regime, The regime None Good No Consultation with armed like Military aircraft regime Militias pro-regime breached the factions and Artillery Militias, ISIS, Al international cease- ensures civilian safety by Nusra, Free fire the opposition while their Army safety from the regime side can not be guaranteed All kinds of weapons The regime, pro- The regime, The regime None Good No Consultation with armed like Military aircraft regime Militias pro-regime breached the factions and Artillery Militias, ISIS, Al international cease- ensures civilian safety by Nusra, Free fire the opposition while their Army safety from the regime side can not be guaranteed Artillery The regime ,pro- The regime There is no one Acceptable Yes Personal security regime Militias ,pro-regime impeding guarantees Militias, Free in my area Army

180

Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a Yes The presence of security aircraft ISIS society and general elders popular base battalions opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft ISIS society and general elders popular base battalions opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Inciting civil society Elders have bigger Some No They are protected aircraft regime Militias pro-regime against them,to role and the Shura residents through Free Army and Militias, force them and Council endorse the security battalions Islamic convince them to Free Army, battalions, have safe periods not armed Free Army or partial truces groups. Others (a small number) complain from some acts carried out by a few individuals Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft ISIS society and general elders popular base battalions opinion and others have no popular base

181

Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No With the presence of aircraft ISIS society and general elders popular base security battalions opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No With the presence of aircraft ISIS society and general elders popular base security battalions opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No With the presence of aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society and general elders popular base security battalions Militias, ISIS opinion and others have no popular base Military aircraft / The regime The regime, The regime is None The No Coordination with the heavy and light Free Army impeding a population factions to secure weapons ceasefire support people’s safety from the armed groups opposition, while there is from the Free no guarantee from the Army - Free regime side Army is in control Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society and general elders popular base battalions Militias, ISIS opinion and others have no popular base

182

Artillery, Military Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a The presence of security aircraft society and general elders popular base battalions opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society and general elders popular base battalions Militias, ISIS opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society and general elders popular base battalions Militias, ISIS opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society and general elders popular base battalions Militias, ISIS opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and Some have a No The presence of security aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society and general elders popular base battalions Militias, ISIS opinion and others have no popular base Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, The pursuit of local Various civil society Population Yes Ensure safety and security aircraft regime Militias, ISIS, pro-regime organizations organizations, satisfied with from all parties in conflict Al Nusra, Islamic Militias, ISIS, Al with the assistance especially those the control of and fighting. battalions, Free Nusra, Islamic of outside with local influence the Free Army Army organizations to in the region. in Inkhil City.

183

battalions, make efforts to Free Army achieve the truce and a ceasefire among all fighting parties. All kinds of The regime The regime Through Elders Good Yes By forming special bombings negotiations security force for them Artillery, Military The regime ,pro- The regime Motivating civil Shura Council and Some endorse Mostly no Security battalions aircraft regime Militias ,pro-regime society to convince elders and some Militias, them to engage in a complain Islamic cease-fire about the battalions, actions of Free Army some individuals in the region Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating civil Shura Council and The majority No Security battalions, aircraft regime Militias pro-regime society to convince elders endorse the Free Army Militias, Al them to engage in a Free Army and Nusra, Islamic cease-fire complain battalions , about some Free Army random acts by some individuals Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Try to persuade Shura Council and Endorse Free No With security battalions aircraft regime Militias pro-regime them through elders Army Militias, Al public opinion Nusra, Islamic battalions , Free Army

184

Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Logically convince Elders and sheikhs Constitute a No Through Free Army aircraft regime Militias pro-regime them to open safe and shuras in some popular base Militias, Al roads for civilians cities and towns only for free Nusra army Artillery, Military The regime, pro- The regime, Public opinion Elders and sheikhs Endorse Free No Through Free Army aircraft regime Militias pro-regime and shuras Army Militias, Al Nusra, Islamic battalions , Free Army mortar missiles, The regime ,pro- The regime, Public opinion Shura Council and They It may have an No safety guarantee to Military aircraft regime Militias pro-regime elders constitute a impact anyone in the the current Militias, Al popular base it works with the situation Nusra, Islamic demands of civil battalions , society Free Army All kinds of The regime, pro- The regime Public opinion Elders and sheikhs Some endorse No Through Free Army weapons regime Militias ,pro-regime and shuras and others Militias, Al complain Nusra, Islamic battalions , Free Army All kinds of The regime, pro- The regime, Motivating public Elders and sheikhs Endorse the No Free Army weapons regime Militias pro-regime opinion to convince Free Army Militias, Al them Nusra, Islamic battalions , Free Army Artillery /mortar The regime The regime, There is no one There is no internal There is Yes Through Free Army missiles Free Army impeding conflict cooperation

185

Artillery The regime The regime, Convince the Elders Positive Yes Free Army and elders Free Army leaders to maintain the truce Artillery The regime The regime, Convince the Elders Positive Yes Free Army and elders Free Army leaders to maintain the truce Artillery The regime ISIS, Al Nusra Persuasion of The reform Positive Yes Free Army peaceful solution Commission Artillery The regime ISIS, Al Nusra Persuasion of The reform Positive Yes Free Army peaceful solution Commission Artillery The regime ISIS, Free Army Persuasion of The reform Positive Yes Free Army peaceful solution Commission Chilka The regime The regime, There is no one Elders Good Yes Free Army and elders Free Army impeding Artillery The regime Regime, 0 Provincial council, Positive 0 0 regime militias House of justice and FSA All types of The regime The regime. Regime soldiers are Most entities can Acceptable Yes Coordination with weaponry, FSA the only ones influence the opposition groups. The especially barrel blocking opposition, while regime cannot be trusted bombs and mortars no one influences the regime Aviation The regime, regime The regime, Fight them Community figures 85% satistfied Yes None militias ISIS Aviation 0 0 Fight them Community figures 85% satistfied 0 None Artillery, mortar None None None No internal conflict Supportive of None FSA, Social entities FSA Artillery, mortar None None None No internal conflict Positive None FSA, Social entities Artillery The regime The regime None None None None None

186

All types of The regime The regime They must be Neighbouring Good Yes False bombardment forced into a countries ceasefire by the community figures and delegates Bombardments The regime, ISIS, Al- ISIS, Al-Nusra Resolving the None After the Yes None with artillery shells Nusra Front, and the Front, the ongoing internal recent and rockets Free Syrian Army Islamic conflict escalations factions,and and battles the FSA with Daesh, the population began to hate all the militants because they now pose a threat to their lives because of the internal conflict.

187

Jordan local platform

Background

Jordan is one of the countries most affected by the Syrian crisis, and is on the southern border area with Syria. It lies parallel to the provinces of Daraa and Sweida, with a border length exceeding 375 kilometres. Jordan received about 1.39 million Syrians, nearly half of whom were registered in the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) as refugees. UNHCR announced that the number of Syrians registered with them amounted to more than 657,000 refugees through the end of June 2016.

Syrian refugees from Daraa province ranked first among the registered numbers of the 277,809 refugees, the number of refugees from Homs was 106,694, while arrivals from Tartus were the lowest numbers with 344 refugees. The rest of the refugees in Jordan are from different parts of Syria, which is witnessing a significant conflict. Of the total number of 516,780 registered people, 78.5 percent live in Jordanian cities and towns, while the rest, 21.5 percent, or 141,650, live in designated camps. Gender composition of the refugees is as follows: Women comprise 50.7 percent of the total number in Jordan (333,136), while men comprise 49.3 percent (323,998).

Age composition of the refugees: Approximately 44.8 percent of the Syrian refugees in Jordan are between the ages of 18-59, or 294,420 people. According to the UNHCR, more than 90 percent of the Syrian refugees in Jordan live below the poverty line, due to the lack of aid and the length of the crisis, which has exhausted their savings.

Results of local consultations Besieged areas  Daraa is suffering from a siege, which mostly coincides with the areas falling out of Syrian government control.  Partially besieged areas: Daraa al-Balad (all neighbourhoods), Tareeq Al-Sad and the camp of Daraa, Manshiyeh quarter, neighbourhoods of the city of Daraa (Kashef and Mattar, Qusoor, Sabeel and Dahieh), Atman, Yadodeh, Naemeh, Tafas, Inkhel, Jassem, Hara, Nua, Western Graieh, Eastern Graieh, Sura, Alma, Hrak, Western Maliha, Nahta, Busra Al-Harir, Maliha Al-Atash, Eastern Karak, Um Walad, Izra’, Qarfa, Namir, Muzeireeb, Tal Shehab, Zayzoun, Masaken Glenn, Tseel, Uduan, Daraa’s Eastern Countryside (the Castle area) featuring Bosra Al-Sham, Giza, Musayfirah, Al-Teebeh and Um Al-Miazen.  More food than medical supplies and fuel are allowed to enter.  People depend on local production of bread, vegetable cultivation, and some of the services provided by relief organisations.

188

 Freedom of movement is limited within a narrow circle beyond the Syrian government-controlled areas. Many truces have been reached between the people and the Syrian government, with varying results. However, due to these truces, some aid has been able to enterd and the siege stopped in exchange for preventing the Syrian government army from entering the region.

Suggested solutions  Aid delivery by international bodies from the Jordanian border, opening humanitarian crossings, protecting civilians, securing safe zones and monitoring organisations operating in the areas.

189

What areas What Date of the How many What are Are locals What Were there Are there any In the case Until the siege are under kind of start of the civilians the able to mechanisms any local local of a broken is broken, siege in your siege are siege are under materials move freely are used negotiations agreements ceasefire, what province or these siege? allowed in the locally to try to break the that have what was the local/informal city? areas into these province? to break the siege? been broken? mechanism efforts could under? areas? Do they siege? of breaking help reduce (Partial, have the the suffering full) freedom of agreement? of the movement? civilians? What is the support needed to do so from out side of your region? Besieged areas: Partial 01/01/2013 We do not Food aid No Truces and Yes Yes Shooting and Entrance of Darayya: 43 siege know the sometimes shelling by the humanitarian months of full number of fighting to regime aid by blockade besieged open safe international Eastern civilians crossings parties Ghouta: More than three years of full blockade Moadamieh: more than a year of partial blockade Besieged areas: Partial In the Deraa Al Food In the In some areas Yes in Ibtaa Ebtaa and The Free Army Open siege in liberated Balad supplies liberated the local for example Sheikh Miskeen didn't accept humanitarian All the liberated liberated areas the almost Medical areas production of the truce crossings for areas in Deraa areas, siege begins 25,000 supplies residents can bread and sometimes, injured first,

190

besieged by the and after the people, Al are very move within some and and second to regime and complete liberation. Sadd Road few the liberated vegetables sometimes enter aids others. Areas siege in in Al- almost 20 Fuel prices areas. And the bombardment under the the Sanamayn 000 are very While in the entering of by the regime control of the regime and around it Zayzoun high areas under humanitarian regime (Al- areas (It regions area and it the control of aid through Sanamayn and affiliated to has a camp, the regime some Mahaja and all the regime) the total there is no organizations the surrounding the siege number in ability to villages, in started Zayzoun move. addition to almost two and region Izra) are years ago Ammoria fully besieged area now is and rely on almost 20 materials thousand. brought in by note that the regime in a the original very regulated number of way the area is 3,000 All areas; Partial For more We do not Food aid Cannot move Some Yes Bosra Sham Free Army The mechanism regardless of than three know how international of the the dominating years, many aid that enters Abtaa neutralization party; under materials, civilians, the liberated of civilians and partial siege medicinesand but, for areas securing safe implements example, areas have been the town of low Khirbet Ghazaleh is completely deserted. The population fled to

191

areas already suffering from scarcity and siege Besieged areas: All under More than The In the No Some of the No Yes in the valley The truce 0 Valley Yarmouk partial two years population valley of aid enters of the Yarmouk between district villages siege of the the from district fighting (Shajara - Jumla valley of Yarmouk neighboring factions in the - Nafaa). Daraa the district, countries. But region (Nusra area of the city Yarmouk only food in some areas, and Martyrs of is divided into area is is the black Yarmouk) two parts: about available. market was broken by Liberated 30,000. In other controls mutual section (Daraa The areas, food commodities bombardment the country and population and fuel and no road Al Sadd) of the are methods are and section liberated available. used to end under of the areas in the Medicines the siege. regime (Kashef city of are and the airport Daraa available and Alshari) isabout but are 50,000. The very rare. population of areas held by the regime could be up to 100,000.

192

Daraa the Partial 0 0 Food aid In some of 0 0 1-. Last truces Shelling and 0 country all and the liberated were in Abtaa clashes neighborhoods. complete areas there is town; a truce AlSadd Road freedom of between the By The regime and Daraa movement, regime and a or the FSA's camp. but desire not to delegation of Manshiyeh in continue. residents of quarter. most areas Abtaa to stop Neighborhoods people of Daraa city cannot move the regime’s (Kashef and the except in a bombardment airport, AlQusor small area of Abtaa and and AlSabil allow basic suburbs). materials to Atman, enter. Allow re- Yadodeh, displaced Naemeh, Tafas. people and the Inkhil, Jassem, release of some AlHara, Nawa. detainees by Western the regime ( 2 Gharia, Gharia had already East, Alsoura, been freed as a Alma, Alhrak, Western gesture). All of Maliha, Nahta, the above was Busra al-Harir, implemented Maliha AlAtash, providing they Karak east, Um do not allow Ould. Izra, free army to Qarfa, Namir. attack the Muzeireeb, Tel regime in Abtaa Shehab, and provided Zayzoun, Glenn that they raise houses, Tseel,

193

Adwan the Syrian flag on one of the Rural eastern town buildings, Daraa (castle but the free sector) Army and some featuring Bosra of the people of Sham, Giza and the town Al-Musayfirah prevented the and Tiba Umm Almiazn completion of the truce. 2- Free Army Bosra Sham: a truce between the regime and the people of the city. The regime will refrain from bombing the city and in return residents guarantee the non-use of the city as a starting point for the free army to attack the regime. It lasted for a long period because of several

194

communities in the city and it was the key to the safety of the city before liberation by the Free Army 3- Free Army: three years ago Daraa Governorate witnessed a different form of unexpressed truces, where the residents of the towns of Sidon and Giza paid a monthly payment (3 million pounds from each town) to the Dean Jaber Mehrez brigade 38 commander to not bomb towns and continued these truces until the Free Army

195

liberated the towns from Brigade 38.

Naemeh - Daraa Partial 01/01/2012 Don't know Food aid Limited Entrance of No Yes Last truce Oversight of station - Daraa movement humanitarian broken by the organizations the country - aids through regime’s operating in the road Al Sadd crossings with bombardment region Jordan Sayeda Zeinab - Complete 09/10/2012 10% of the Food aid, No The truce Negotiations Yes The regime; 0 Harasta siege indigenous medical over the truce do not even population aid but did not know what the work mechanism is Baba Amr Complete Don't know No No There isn't Yes Yes The regime International siege bombardment observers and hunger

Detainees  There is no documentation of the exact number of detainees, but those involved in the arrests are mainly the Syrian government and its militias.  Some Islamic factions (al-Nusra and Martyrs of Yarmouk) and some of the Free Syrian Army battalions.  It is not possible to introduce independent observers to detention centres, and no organisation is capable of entering and monitoring.  There are well-known secret prisons; Izra’ Prison is the only official prison in Daraa province. There are many secret prisons run by the Syrian government, and some of the known ones are: Security Branches in the province, the new headquarters of the Baath Party in the airport neighbourhood, Hamida Al-Tahir checkpoint in the Sahari neighbourhood (which also controls a secret prison in Afaq), Educational Institute, in addition to the headquarters of squads and military brigades.  The following are the prisons of the opposition military factions: Gariz Prison in Gariz (controlled by Dar al-Adel), Lajat prison (a prison run by al-Nusra Front), Yarmouk Valley prisons (the headquarters of the prisons are under the control of the Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade and were originally the monitoring headquarters of the UN)  The judicial system in Daraa is controlled by Dar Al-Adel (Courthouse) in Horan, and there are courts run by some FSA factions.

196

What is the number of Who are the sides Is it possible to Who could be Are there any secret detention Are there courts What areas are being detainees or missing arresting people in send an independent centres in your area? in your area? shelled in your area? people in your area? your area? independent observer in What kind of What is the number? observers into your region? courts? the detention centres? We don't know The regime, Pro- No There isn't No Courts affiliated All Ghouta areas are regime militias, Al to being bombed Nusra, Islamist factions configurations of FSA There are no accurate The regime (Army, No There isn't Definitely because most of the Courthouse Deraa Al Balad, numbers documented popular committees, detention points are affiliated to the Al Sadd Road, security checkpoints) surrounded by homes and free army Inkhil, places belonging to the same Nawa, and checkpoint but we don't have sometimes the Eastern accurate information Region We Don't know The regime and No There isn't We don’t know Courts All liberated areas being Shabiha belonging to bombed, especially the some factions, city both Free and Islamist Hundreds but no accurate The regime and Islamic No There isn't Yes - but we do not know about Courthouse All liberated areas being statistics for the numbers factions (Al Nusra and them only presence area a bombed of detainees Al Yarmouk martyrs) subsidiary of the Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade No Statistics There are detainees of No There isn't • Izra prison is the only official Courthouse of all age groups and both prison in Deraa FSA sexes, most of them • Secret prisons of the regime: peaceful civilian the security branches in the activists province and the new

197

• A number of them headquarters of the Baath Party have been arrested at in the airport neighborhood and checkpoints while they barrier Hamida Tahir in the are still in charge of Alshari neighborhood and their work followed by a secret prison in • There are parties of the educational horizons the opposition that Institute in addition to the have such detainees. Al headquarters of the military Nusra front and the teams and brigades. brigade of Martyrs the • Prisons among military Yarmouk and the factions (opposition groups) courthouse noted that A- Ghrz prison in Ghrz area and there is a burden posed the courthouse is responsible by the prisoners to the for the prison, courthouse. B- Lajat prison: a special prison for Al Nusra Front C- Yarmouk valley area where the headquarters of prisons under the control of the Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade and area's prisons are originally the headquarters of control for the U.N Don't know The regime, Pro-regime No No one can No Sharia Courts - Daraa - Karak - Dael - militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, enter. If this Free Army Nawa - Naima - Algraya- Islamic factions, happened it will Courts Sheikh Meskin -alma - brigades of Free Army only be if the Tafas regime agrees Not known The regime, Brigades No None of the Yes FSA Sharia Harasta - Douma - Al- Free Army parties Courts in Ghouta Nashabiyah - Arbin -

198

Jisrin - chiffoniea - Zamalka - Joubar - der AlAsafir - Maliha 90% The regime, Islamist No No one No I do not know Palmyra - Rastan - Al- factions, Brigades Ghantu of Free Army

Shelling  The following areas experience bombardment: Daraa al-Balad, Tareeq al-Sad, Inkhel, Nua, the eastern part of the province, Dara, Karak, Dael, Nua, Naima, Graaa, Sheikh Miskeen, Ilma, Tafas, Harasta, Douma, Nashabiyah, Arbin, Jisrein, Chiffonier, Zamalka, Jobar, Der al-Asafeer and Maliha. They are bombarded with Elephant missiles (developed by Syrian opposition brigades), aircraft and helicopters, ground-to-ground missiles and barrel bombs. Bombardment is carried out by the Syrian government and its militias.

Suggested solutions  It is possible to stop the bombardment with international and popular pressure.  As for the Syrian refugees in Jordan, the problems of refugees have been researched and some proposed solutions are offered below, followed by analysis of the adverse effects of the refugees on the host country.

Syrian refugees’ problems: 1. Loss of Syrian documents due to shelling or burning, and the inability of the Syrian refugees to procure a replacement.

199

2. Inability to certify new births and marriages. 3. Syrians’ inability to work in Jordan. 4. Syrian students who drop out of school; the number of school dropouts in Jordan is 130,000 pupils. 5. Lack of free treatment and the inability to pay for urgent medical surgeries. 6. Prevention of Syrian civil society organisations from working legally in Jordan.

Proposals to solve some of the problems: 1. Intervention of international humanitarian organisations in securing medical services and reducing the burden of health costs on the refugees. 2. An international organisation to find a mechanism to regulate and assist the Syrian civil society organisations to participate in serving the Syrian refugees. 3. Support those who have dropped out of school to return to their education while also providing psychological and academic support. 4. Intense awareness seminars about the topic of underage marriage. 5. Activating international laws that limit the various forms of human trafficking. 6. Tightening sanctions on violators in the issue of underage marriage. 7. The establishment of human rights awareness seminars and discussions for the Syrian refugees.

Positive and negative effects of refugees on the host country:

Positive effects Negative effects Acquiring new professions and extra expertise. Increasing population density, which leads to infrastructure consumption.

Increasing flow of money in the Jordanian The emergence of new social problems. market. Creating jobs in some sectors and some Higher rents for housing. humanitarian organisations. Failure to adapt to some new behaviours. Pressure on the Jordanian labour market in some sectors.

200

What kind of shelling is Which sides are Which sides are If there is What aspects of What do locals Does the How can the safety of taking place in these areas? targeting these fighting in this anyone civil society are think of the platform or those who are leading areas? area? hampering a able to put armed groups the other civil the consultations be cease-fire in pressure onto and the society groups guaranteed? your area, what armed groups in dominant have any should be done order to stop the power in your impact on to encourage internal conflict area? these them to engage among them? opposition in a cease-fire? (answer is groups? optional) Russian military aircraft - The regime, The regime, Pro- Pressure and Local councils Yes Confidentiality of the military aircraft and Pro-regime regime militias, demand by civil information helicopters - missiles - militias Islamic society artillery. battalions, Free Strange medical conditions Army believed to be caused by toxic gases have been documented (Daraya) Phil missiles, The regime and The regime, and Popular Courthouse. Satisfaction Yes Not to convene Russian military aircraft its followers free army, and pressure Civil movements with the consultations extensively shelling and Syrian extremists existence of , in addition to non- Artillery and anti-Aircrafts some disclosure of names and complaints and information mentioned grumbling from some of the actions

201

All kinds of helling The regime and FSA and radicals International International No Yes Confidentiality of and dangerous missiles e.g. all its barracks in at the moment pressure; pressure information, especially blind Fil Deraa e.g. popularity and and some that most of the refugees stadium demand of the popular have relatives at home Panorama population in leadership brigade 9 and the affected brigade 15 areas Warplanes and helicopters The regime; The regime and 0 Local councils Some Yes, possibly 0 Artillery Some of the FSA resentment influencial Missile strikes conflicting factions Aviation, artillery, land- The regime, The regime, ISIS, ISIS which is Sharia courts - Rejection of Yes Meeting in safe places surface missiles Pro-regime Free Army, Al fought by FSA civil society ISIS and all and in confidentiality militias, ISIS, Al Mothanna organizations terrorist and Mothanna armed forces. But there is support for any of the calls to topple the regime The bombing of air force - The regime, The regime, Pro- Increasing There isn't Residents No There isn't rockets - missiles - bombings Pro-regime regime militias, pressure and supporting the militias Free Army severe siege and FSA starvation Rockets and explosive The regime, The regime, Pro- 0 Bad No I do not know barrels Pro-regime regime militias, militias ISIS, Free Army

202

Lebanon local platform

Background Lebanon is one of the countries that has received significant waves of displaced Syrians. The United Nations estimates their number at one and a half million refugees, which is approximately one-third of Lebanon’s native people. It estimates the number of refugees who have entered the country illegally to be roughly 250,000. The estimated number of Syrians who have no official papers is about 70 percent of the total number of those present in Lebanese territory. The majority of the refugees are in the north (Bekaa and Arsal), and most of them are originally from the Damascus countryside. Twenty-five percent of the total number of refugees live in camps in the regions of Bekaa and Tripoli. The United Nations oversees part of these camps while the other part is supervised by local organisations or individual efforts. There is also a significant number of refugees living in Mount Lebanon, most of whom are from Sweida.

The economic situation of Syrians in Lebanon is considered bad because of the high cost of living and the low daily income. There are a large number of relief organisations present, but their capacity is limited. The issue of residence permits is considered one of the most pressing concerns for Syrians; it is very difficult to obtain residency in Lebanon and thus movement is very difficult due to the danger of arrest by the Lebanese army, which constantly raids places Syrians are living under the pretext of arresting violators.

Results of local consultation Besieged areas  Completely besieged areas: Madaya, Bukkein, Zabadani and the Qalmoun Mountains. Partially besieged areas: Quseir, Eastern Rural Qalmoun, Quteifeh, Rahibh, Giraud and Dmeir.  Generally, a partial siege began in all regions at the beginning of 2013 and the total siege in early 2014.  Freedom of movement is restricted with the exception of Syrian government supporters.  The population try to break the siege through individual attempts to smuggle food, or to conduct negotiations with the Syrian government, which often fail due to non-compliance with the terms of the agreement by the Syrian government or by some dominant parties.

203

What areas are What Date of the How What are Are locals What Were there Are there In the case Until the siege is under siege in kind of start of the many the able to mechanisms any local any local of a broken broken, what your province or siege are siege civilians materials move freely are used negotiations agreements ceasefire, local/informal efforts city? these are allowed in the locally to try to break the that have what was could help reduce the areas under into province? to break the siege? been the suffering of the under? siege? these Do they siege? broken? mechanism civilians? What is the (Partial, areas? have of breaking support needed to do full) freedom of the so from out side of movement? agreement? your region? Madaya- Complete 17/06/2015 400,000 Food aid No Individual At the Yes Breach of Deliver aid to civilians Alzabadani- siege attempts to begning ceasefire/ and document the Beqien bring in there was not ceasefire breaches items no committing through negotiation to the time/ unofficial but after 6 breaking the ways months agreement there was conditions an agreement to allow food items Madaya- Complete 17/06/2015 400,000 Food aid No Individual At the Yes Breach of Deliver aid to civilians Alzabadani- siege attempts to begning ceasefire/ and document the Beqien bring in there was not ceasefire breaches items no committing through negotiation to the time/ unofficial but after 6 breaking the ways months agreement there was conditions an

204

agreement to allow food items Madaya- Complete 17/05/2014 25,000 Food aid No Individual Yes Yes 1-Through Deliver the complete Alzabadani- siege attempts to reacting on picture of the situation Beqien break the the breach to put pressure on siege by both those who have the through parties authority to break the smuggling 2-Not siege committing to the agreement conditions 3- Delay in executing the agreement terms Al Qalmoun Complete 03/03/2014 10,000 No Sometimes Yes Yes Opening Fire International level Mountains siege through negotiations Al Qalmoun Complete 03/03/2014 10,000 No Sometimes Yes Yes Opening Fire International level Mountains siege through negotiations Al Qalmoun 03/03/2014 10,000 Sometimes Opening Fire International level Mountains through negotiations Al Qalmoun Complete 18/03/2014 50,000 Food aid No No No No Opening Fire Nothing Mountains siege Mechanism

205

Al Qalmoun 18/03/2014 50,000 There aren't Opening Fire Nothing Mountains any Al Qusier Complete 16/05/2014 Displaced No There aren't No No Opening Fire Nothing siege any Al Qusier Partial 10/04/2013 Displaced No There aren't No Yes There aren't Put pressure on the any any regime Al Qusier 10/04/2013 Displaced There aren't There aren't Put pressure on the any any regime Al Qalmoun Complete 01/12/2012 All of Al No Fights Yes Yes Opening Fire Put pressure on the siege Qalmoun regime Al Qalmoun Partial 01/02/2012 500,000 Food aid, No Truce/ Cease Yes Yes Opening Fire Main Personnel eastern rural Medical fire aid, Money Al Qalmoun Partial 16/11/2013 All of Al Food aid For Pro Negotiations Yes Yes Shelling There aren't any Qalmoun Regime with Al people only Qalmoun decampment Al Qalmoun 16/11/2013 All of Al Negotiations Shelling There aren't any Qalmoun with Al Qalmoun decampment Al Qutaifeh- Al Partial 01/03/2012 120,000 Food Partial The problem Sometimes Yes Arrests, Not possible- There is Rhaibeh-Jyroud aids, is with more through Raids and no trust Medical than one personal opening fire aids side/ party efforts and through paying money

206

Al Qutaifeh- Al Partial 01/03/2012 120,000 Food Partial The problem Sometimes Yes Arrests, Not possible- There is Rhaibeh-Jyroud aids, is with more through Raids and no trust Medical than one personal opening fire aid side/ party efforts and through paying money Jobar- Daria Complete 02/09/2012 35,000 Nothing No Truce, Yes Yes Raids, Media; intensify call for siege Negotiation shelling and support and giving of starvation bodies Al Qusier is under Complete 11/05/2013 200,000 Food aids No There aren't No No The only way to break siege and its siege any the siege and bring people displaced back the displaced to eastern rural Al people is through Qalmoun amilitary solution Al Qusier is under 11/05/2013 200,000 There aren't The only way to break siege and its any the siege and bring people displaced back the displaced to eastern rural Al people is through Qalmoun amilitary solution Madaya- Al Complete 02/10/2013 500,000 Food aid No Negotiation/ Yes Yes Arrests, Pressure and force Qutaifeh- Al siege exchange of raids and Rhaibeh- Jyroud- captives shelling Dier Al zor Madaya- Al 02/10/2013 500,000 Negotiation/ Arrests, Pressure and force Qutaifeh- Al exchange of raids and Rhaibeh- Jyroud- captives shelling Dier Al zor

207

Madaya- Al 02/10/2013 500,000 Negotiation/ Arrests, Pressure and force Qutaifeh- Al exchange of raids and Rhaibeh- Jyroud- captives shelling Dier Al zor Madaya- Al 02/10/2013 500,000 Negotiation/ Arrests, Pressure and force Qutaifeh- Al exchange of raids and Rhaibeh- Jyroud- captives shelling Dier Al zor Al Rhaibeh- Complete 01/06/2012 250,000 Food aid, No Negotiation Yes Yes Raids and Allow known and Jyroud- Al siege Medical and shelling respected figures to Muadamieh- Al aid exchange influence Dmier Al Rhaibeh- 01/06/2012 250,000 Raids and Allow known and Jyroud- Al shelling respected figures to Muadamieh- Al influence Dmier Jobar-Zamlka- Complete 01/09/2012 200,000 Nothing No There aren't No Yes Arrests and Military support Erbin Ain Tarma siege any shelling Jobar-Zamlka- 01/09/2012 200,000 There aren't Arrests and Military support Erbin Ain Tarma any shelling Al Rhaibeh- 01/06/2012 250,000 Negotiation Raids and Enable the known Jyroud- Al and shelling figures and give a Muadamieh- Al exchange chance to those who Dmier have the influence Al Qalmoun Partial 01/01/2014 150,000 Food aid, No Negotiation No Yes Shelling, air There aren't any Medical strikes and aid arrests Al Qusier and Partial 06/05/2014 200,000 Food aid, No Negotiation No Yes Arrests There aren't any Homs Medical aid

208

Detainees  There is no agreement on the exact number of detainees, but the main parties conducting arrests are the Syrian government and its militias, as well as ISIS and Al-Nusra Front and some of the FSA battalions.  The possibility of introducing independent observers to the area is uncertain. But possible observers might include: : independent observers that could be the local council, civil society organisations, international organisations and the United Nations.  There are conflicting views about the existence of secret prisons.

What is the number of Who are the Is it possible to send Who could be an Are there any Are there What areas are being shelled in detainees or missing people sides arresting independent observers independent secret detention courts in your your area? What is the number? in your area? people in your into the detention observer in your centres in your area? What area? centres? region? area? kind of courts? 650 detainees in Al Zabadani Pro regime No Local Council, Civil Yes Armed groups Madaya- Alzabadani- Beqien militias society organizations courts 650 detainees in Al Zabadani Pro regime No Local Council, Civil Yes Armed groups Madaya- Alzabadani- Beqien militias society organizations courts 650 Pro regime Yes International Yes Armed groups Madaya- Alzabadani- Beqien militias organizations courts 10,000 The regime No No One Yes I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains 10,000 The regime No No One Yes I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains 10,000 No One I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains 6,000 Pro regime No International Forces No I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains militias, ISIS 6,000 International Forces I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains 10,000 Pro regime Yes International Forces Yes I don’t know Al Qusier rural militias

209

4,000 Pro regime Yes Organizations Yes I don’t know Occupied militias, ISIS, Al Nusra 4,000 Organizations I don’t know Occupied 4,500 Pro regime Yes International No No Al Qalmoun Mountains militias, ISIS, Al organizations Nusra 2,000 Pro regime Yes Govrenmental No No Al Qalmoun eastern rural militias, ISIS, Al Authorities Nusra, FSA battalions Thousands Pro regime Yes Military Authorities No I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains militias Thousands Military Authorities I don’t know Al Qalmoun Mountains 3,000 Pro regime Yes International No No Eastern Qalmoun militias Authorities 3,000 Pro regime Yes International No No Eastern Qalmoun militias Authorities 15,000 The regime Yes UN and International No No Jobar- Daria and Almouadmieh Coalition 15,000 Pro regime Yes International Yes I don’t know Currently Al Qusier is not being militias, ISIS, Al Authorities shelled. Al Qalmoun eastern Nusra, FSA rural battalions 15,000 International I don’t know Currently Al Qusier is not being Authorities shelled. Al Qalmoun eastern rural 10,000 Pro regime No UN Yes Yes Al Qalmoun rural, Dier Al Zor militias, ISIS 10,000 UN Yes Al Qalmoun rural, Dier Al Zor

210

10,000 UN Yes Al Qalmoun rural, Dier Al Zor 10,000 UN Yes Al Qalmoun rural, Dier Al Zor 15,000 Pro regime No International No I don’t know Daria Al Muadamieh- Al Dmier militias organizations 15,000 International I don’t know Daria Al Muadamieh- Al Dmier organizations 20,000 The regime No International Forces No I don’t know Jobar-Zamlka- Ain Tarma to protect the civilians 20,000 International Forces I don’t know Jobar-Zamlka- Ain Tarma to protect the civilians 15,000 International I don’t know Daria Al Muadamieh- Al Dmier organizations 5000 Pro regime No UN No I don’t know Eastern Qalmoun militias 4,000 Pro regime No UN No No Homs militias

Shelling  Zabadani, Madaya, Bukkein, Qalamoun mountains and countryside, Qalmoun and Eastern Qalmoun and Qseir are suffering from bombardments.  Parties conducting the bombardment include the Syrian government and its militias, the Islamic battalions, some factions of the FSA, ISIS and Al- Nusra Front.  It is possible to stop the bombardment by starting to build bridges of trust and finding mediators characterized by flexibility, as well as through international pressure to stop the bombardments.

211

What kind of shelling is Which Which sides If there is anyone What aspects of What do locals Does the How can the safety of those taking place in these areas? sides are are fighting in hampering a civil society are able think of the platform or the who are leading the targeting this area? cease-fire in your to put pressure armed groups other civil consultations be these area, what should onto armed groups and the society groups guaranteed? areas? be done to in order to stop the dominant have any encourage them to internal conflict power in your impact on engage in a cease- among them? area? these fire? (answer is optional) opposition groups? Helicopters, artillery , MiG, The The regime, Build trust, find Local Council, Active FSA forces Yes When they have an official missiles regime, Pro-regime mediators who are organizations and have public designation Pro-regime militias, able to the relief support, while Militias, Islamic communicate with commission the regime FSA factions, FSA conflicting parties forces and and find solutions Hezbollah militias are hated Helicopters, artillery , The The regime, " Build the trust, Local Council, Active FSA forces Yes When they have an official MiG,missiles regime, Pro-regime find mediators who organizations and have public designation Pro-regime militias, are able to the relief support, while Militias, Islamic communicate with commission the regime FSA factions, FSA conflicting parties forces and and find solutions Hezbollah militias are hated Light, medium and Heavy The The regime, Find mediators The united relief They are their Yes By representing the platform regime, Pro-regime who are able to commission in Al kids through official designation Pro-regime militias, communicate with Zabadani, Beqien and the acknowledgment of

212

Militias, Islamic all parties and and Madaya -Local their role by the international Islamic factions, FSA provide protection council of Madaya organizations factions, for those FSA mediators Air Strikes The The regime, All the parties to There aren't any Not welcomed No No Guarantees regime, Pro-regime leave Pro-regime militias, ISIS, Militias Al Nusra Air Strikes The The All the parties to There aren't any Not welcomed No No Guarantees regime, regime,Pro- leave Pro-regime regime Militias militias, ISIS, Alnusra Air Strikes All the parties to There aren't any Not welcomed No Guarantees leave Air Strikes The The regime, International No one Rejected No No Guarantees regime, Pro-regime enforcement Pro-regime militias, ISIS, Militias Al Nusra Air Strikes International No one Rejected No No Guarantees enforcement Air Strikes The The regime, International No one Rejected No Guarantees regime, FSA enforcement Pro-regime Militias There aren't any The Pressure and International Rejected No No Guarantees regime,Pro- enforcement decision based on regime article 7 militias, ISIS, Al Nusra

213

There aren't any Pressure and International Rejected No Guarantees enforcement decision based on article 7 The The No No regime, regime,Pro- Pro-regime regime Militias militias Various The The No There aren't any Different point No No Guarantees regime, regime,Pro- of views Pro-regime regime Militias, militias, ISIS, ISIS,Al Al Nusra, FSA Nusra, FSA Air strikes and heavy The The Enforcement Each group is No No Guarantees machine guns regime, regime,Pro- supporting Pro-regime regime adifferent Militias militias, ISIS, party or armed Al Nusra, FSA force Air strikes and heavy Enforcement Each group is No Guarantees machine guns supporting adifferent party or armed force Air strikes and heavy The The regime, By force There aren't any People don't No Not possible machine guns regime, ISIS, FSA trust any party ISIS, FSA anymore and they want the conflict to be over

214

Air strikes and heavy The The regime, By force There aren't any People don't No Not possible machine guns regime, ISIS, FSA trust any party ISIS, FSA anymore and they want the conflict to be over Aeroplanes; medium and The regime The regime, There aren't any The conflict is not Supporting the Possible if Through the armed groups heavy weapons Al Nusra, FSA big armed groups there are gains against the regime Air Strikes The The Beneficiaries and International Rejected No No Guarantees regime, regime,Pro- agents coalition Pro-regime regime Militias, militias, ISIS, ISIS Al Nusra, FSA Air Strikes Beneficiaries and International Rejected No Guarantees agents coalition Air strikes and heavy The The They don't obey International The majority No No Guarantees machine guns regime, regime,Pro- any one coalition reject them, Pro-regime regime however some Militias, militias, ISIS, people ISIS FSA sympathize with those groups Air strikes and heavy They don't obey International The majority No Guarantees machine guns anyone coalition reject them, however some people sympathize

215

with those groups Air strikes and heavy They don't obey International The majority No Guarantees machine guns any one coalition reject it, however some people sympathize with those groups Air strikes and heavy They don't obey International The majority No Guarantees machine guns any one coalition reject it, however some people sympathize with those groups Air strikes and heavy The The Through fighting Known Figures The majority No There aren't any machine guns regime, regime,Pro- reject it, Pro-regime regime however some Militias militias, ISIS, people Al Nusra, FSA sympathize with those groups Air strikes and heavy Through fighting Known Figures The majority There aren't any machine guns reject it, however some people sympathize with those groups

216

Air Strikes The regime The There aren't any There aren't any Supportive No There aren't any regime,Pro- regime militias, Al Nusra, FSA Air Strikes There aren't any There aren't any Supportive There aren't any Air strikes and heavy Through fighting The known figures Some people There aren't any machine guns support them and some of them don't Air Strikes The The There aren't any There aren't any Rejected No There aren't any regime, regime,Pro- Pro-regime regime Militias militias Air strikes and heavy The The Not possible There aren't any Not likely No No Guarantees machine guns regime, regime,Pro- Pro-regime regime Militias militias, FSA

217

Iraqi Kurdistan local platform

Background The Kurdistan region of Iraq is a predominantly Kurdish region; it is the only federal region in Iraq. The territory is formally divided into four provinces: Irbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk and Halabja. Iraq's Kurdistan region is one of the most important points of refuge for Syrians, especially Kurdish Syrians who were previously residents in areas such as Derik, Hasakeh, Qamishli, Kobani, Afrin. The number of Syrian refugees in the region through the beginning of July 2016 was approximately 241,666 people, including 93,000 refugees living in the refugee camps. There are nine camps spread over three provinces of the region. The remainder of the refugees are living in different areas of the region. Some Syrian refugees are in other Iraqi provinces and regions such as Kirkuk, as well as a number of refugees not registered with UNHCR. According to unofficial statistics issued by organisations working with refugees, the number of refugees exceeds 300,000, the majority of whom are from the Kurdish areas of Syria (Hasakeh, Kobani, Afrin). There are also a number of refugees from Damascus (Zorava), Raqqa, Tal Abyad, Tal Eran, Tal Hasel and Aleppo. The small percentage of Syrian refugees who are of Arab ethnicity are mostly traders and businesspeople. Nearly 40 Syrian organisation are working in Kurdistan, in the areas of education, culture, development, relief, women, children and the special needs.

Economic situation of the refugees: The majority of the refugees are doing a variety of jobs from restaurants and shops to construction work, as well as other occupations such as teaching, agriculture, among others. The central government in Baghdad is not doing enough to support refugees and has neglected to accept it has a duty of care. There is little opportunity for people to move to Europe or to the United States. Syrian refugees living in cities suffer from low standards of living; wages are low, there is a lack of work, and housing is expensive. Moreover, there is no financial aid, meanwhile medical care and medication that is not free.

The humanitarian situation: the humanitarian situation of the refugees is neither good nor stable due to the absence of work, especially after the economic crisis in the region due to the war on ISIS. There is a lack of effort on the part of international organisations and UN OCHA to support refugees in the region, such as those in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan.Neither the Interim Government or any subsidiary of the opposition organisations and state aid for refugee in the Kurdistan region, like the rest of the refugee areas. However, in general, the refugees feel comfortable as they are being treated as citizens, despite the difficult living situation.

Educational status of refugees: The status of education is quite positive due to the Government of the Territory’s commitment to education and t refugees being offered equal opportunity, for example allowing refugee children to access education within the region’s schools, or by opening private schools for refugees. However, some refugee children find it difficult to secure fee-free education due to many schools being full. Admission of Syrian students at

218

universities is weak despite the considerable efforts made by the provincial government; language is sometimes an obstacle unless the school or university teach in Arabic.

The legal status of refugees: The vast majority of refugees in the region are seeking asylum from UNHCR. UNHCR gives them what is known as a form for the asylum application which enables refugees to move within provincess, but they are often not allowed to move between governorates or to travel outside the region. There are legal obstacles to the work of some professions such as dentists, pharmacists, doctors and drivers of public taxis. There are obstacles regarding access to official identity documents and papers due to the lack of formal offices of the Syrian government or the opposition (for the registration of marriages, identities, passports, schools, universities, leaves, etc.).

Kurdistan Platform: Due to the presence of Syrian refugees in Kurdistan, as well as organisations working to serve the refugees, the Kurdistan platform was formed by the end of 2014. It conducted eight public and formal meetings in addition to holding 16 consultative meetings with 255 people (178 men and 77 women).

Local consultation results Besieged areas  The province of Hasakeh is suffering from a partial siege, as ISIS is besieging it completely from the south and west. From the north and east, measures at the Turkish-Iraqi border are tight, and in the Syrian government-controlled areas there are shortages in the delivery of aid leading to high prices in the province.  The population is mainly dependent on humanitarian organisations operating in the province to meet the high cost of living, and on materials smuggled from the border.

Suggested solutions  Intervention of the United Nations to facilitate the transit of food and non-food items from the Turkish and Iraqi borders.  Negotiate ceasefires to allow delivery of humanitarian aid.  Support projects for rural development and agricultural projects, and support for farmers.

219

The regions of Afrin and Kobani are besieged, particularly after the closure of the border and the crossings. What areas are What Date of the How What are Are locals What Were there Are there In the case Until the under siege in kind of start of the many the able to mechanisms any local any local of a broken siege is your province siege are siege civilians materials move are used negotiations agreement ceasefire, broken, what or city? these are under allowed freely in locally to try to to break the s that have what was local/informa areas siege? into the break the siege? been the l efforts could under? these province? siege? broken? mechanism help reduce (Partial, areas? Do they of breaking the suffering full) have the of the freedom of agreement civilians? movement ? What is the ? support needed to do so from out side of your region? Economical Partial 15/02/201 Some Economical Yes Humanitarian seige, all over Al 2 humanitarian seige applied organizations Hasaka organizations by the regime to enter the to enter the and ISIS area, and province because of oganizations grinding war which support rural development projects and support peasants are more important than any aid.

220

Therefore people must be educated and helped in order to support agriculture, rebuild the infrastructure , to help people work in farming and on small projects to support poor families, achieving stability and reducing migration Most of it Complete 15/03/201 A lot Turkey, No There were No Yes Interests Interferring in siege 1 Gaziante none ceasefire and p helpful discussions in order to restore security Ifrin Partial Around Medical No Dialogue Yes Yes Arresting Pressure on 400,000 aid, civilians the sides of Money the conflict

221

from external parties Partial A few Food aid, Yes Opening a thousand Medical passage s aid, through the money borders with Kurdistan Rural Damascus Partial 20/06/201 About a Food aid Very few Smuggling, Only few, No Turkey, Deliver aid (Zabadany, 2 million and individual entrance of rarely and Gaziantep through civil Madaya) and a half Medical cases Kurdish sporadiclly society Alhasaka aid peoples organizations province, Ifrin, protection to the people Kobany, tal forces; there -open border Abiyadh are no crossings with mechanisms in neighboring most of the countries – areas support Kurdish forces by the international community Al Hasaka, Ras Partial 03/02/201 Almost a Medical In some Yes Yes Conducting Some traders Alein, Krki Laki, 3 million aid, areas but some and civilians Qamishlo Money limited terrorist migrate to explosions, Kurdistan; shooting entrance of cases, materials into sound the area; bombs in opening the door for

222

different trading areas between them and Kurdistan through the Simalka passage Alshikh Partial 20/03/201 700,000 Food aid No Statements, Yes Yes Through Entering fuel Maqsud, Ifrin 3 left now invitiations for shelling and and power and the after the arresting supplies, surronding mass international civilians food, allowing villages migration society and the freedom sides, of movement sometimes for persons demonstration and goods s and opening the passage to Turkey Ifrin Partial Turkey, Almost Medical Relative Encouraging Indirectly Yes The parties' Forming a Gaziantep 450,000 Aid freedom the elders to return to body of people accelerate fighting civilians to reconciliation cociliate the between parties and conflicting persuading parties them to spare civilians Kobany Partial 08/11/201 400,000 No No No No Turkey, External 2 Mechanisms Gaziantep pressure used

223

Alshikh Maqsud Partial 425,000 Medical Partial Attempting Indirectly, Yes The war Entry of - Ashrafia - Ifrin Aid reconciliaiton sometimes rescue aids among the secretly sides among the sides Kobany Partial 09/10/201 350,000 No There aren't No No Between International Alshikh Maqsud 2 any Islamic Ifrin factions and Syrian Democratic Forces Almalkiah Partial 100,000 Food aid Partially Entry of aid Every so Yes The war Food support and because of often there medical the armed are aid parties negotiations and then there is fighting Kobany Partial 09/01/201 Kobany, Turkey, No Not used now Yes No The shelling International Ifrin 2 around Gaziante started by sponsorship AlShikh Maqsud 400,000 p the two sides (Islamic factions and Democratic Syria Forces) In AlShikh Maqsud

224

Almalkiah Partial Turkey, 100,000 Medical Partial Negotiations Yes Turkey, Turkey, Entry of aid Gaziantep aid Gaziantep Gaziantep Kobany Partial 09/02/201 Kobany No Not used No No Shelling International Alshikh Maqsud 2 300,000 started by pressure Ifrin both sides (Democrati c Syria forces and the Islamic factions in AlShikh Maqsud) AlMalkiah Partial Turkey, 100,000 Medical Partial Negotiations Yes Aids GaziAntep aid and discussions Al Hasakeh In Partial 09/09/201 2,000,000 Food aid, Yes Distributing aid No More aid general suffers 3 Medical and money required, and partially from aid, from delivering it ISIS in the south Money specialized to as many and west, from organizations; people as closed borders due to ISIS and possible in the north international and east with borders, this Turkey and Iraq, requires a UN and with weak intervention to commercial faciliate the exchange which movement of causes rising aid without prices and obstacles demands for

225

intervention and help from UN entities Kobany - Jarabls Partial 10/06/201 1,000,000 Food aid, No Conventions Yes Yes Clashes and Opening safe - Raqqa - Ifrin - 3 Medical between kidnappings passages Menbij - aid, Fuel dominant between Alhasaka and factions but the parties rural Alhasakah they soon - Alwafdeen collapse Camp -Harasta - Douma - Alhajar alaswad - Yarmouk camp - Madaya - Qudsaya - Almoadamya Damascus, Complete 15/06/201 20,000 Food aid No There aren't Sometimes No Almoadamiah - siege 2 any possible by Qudsaiah - Irbin the tribes Aleppo Partial 20/06/201 50,000 There Movement There aren't No No By the tribes (Jebreen) - 2 aren't is restricted any Damascus, any Barzeh, qaboun Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Gaziantep Gaziante Gaziantep Gaziante Gaziante Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep p p p Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Gaziantep Gaziante Gaziantep Gaziante Gaziante Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep p p p

226

Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Turkey, Gaziantep Gaziante Gaziantep Gaziante Gaziante Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep Gaziantep p p p Al Hasakeh and Partial Turkey, 200,000 Medical Partial Discussion and Relatives Turkey, In AlShikh Aid Aleppo, AlShikh Gaziantep aid local Gaziantep Maqsud the Maqsud negotiations truce was breached Neighbourhood Partial Turkey, 200,000 Food aid, Partial Negotiations Partial Turkey, Oral Turkey, s of Al Hasakeh, Gaziantep Medical Gaziantep agreements Gaziantep alsalhia Almofty aid , explosions Qaboun Complete 06/04/201 30,000 Not No There aren't No No There Negotiations siege 6 possible any aren’t any All of Al Partial 21/02/201 5000 Food aid, No Nothing No No Continuing Humanitarian Hasakeh 4 Medical arrests aids province aid Almofty Partial Turkey, 250,000 Food No Entry of aid Yes Yes Preventing International neighberhood Gaziantep aids, the aids and protection ,Alsalhiya, Medical shelling Derbasiya aids, civilians money Derbasiya Partial Turkey, 250,000 Food aid No Entry of aid No Yes Dialogue Gaziantep Al Qamishli Partial 15/03/201 Almost Food No Entry of aid No Yes Delivering aid 1 70,000 aids, Medical اموال ,aids Almofty Partial Turkey, 244,000 Food aid, No Form a Proportionall Yes Areas under Aid Gaziantep Medical delegation to y and siege, aid communicate indirectly shelling

227

between the parties All of Alhasakeh Partial 10/06/201 1,000,000 No Sit-ins and data Yes Yes Arrests Application of province , Ifrin , 3 agreements Kobany and entry of immediate aid All of the Partial 01/01/201 120,000 Food aid No Appeal to Yes Yes Not Humanitarian province 3 international accurate aid organisations

Detainees  There is no precise number of detainees.  The parties conducting arrests in the province are the Syrian government and its militias, ISIS, Al-Nusra Front, Islamist factions, Free Syrian Army battalions and Syrian Democratic Forces.  Those consulted had conflicting opinions about the existence of secret detention centres in the province.  The prevailing courts in the province are those of the Syrian Democratic Forces. Recently the pace of arrests has risen in Hasakeh and Afrin.

Suggested solutions  For the PYD: abolition of the conscription process, particularly for minors; formation of civilian committees to oversee the allocation of scarce aid which is being used for partisan purposes.  Turkey must open its border crossing with Afrin to allow aid to enter, particularly medical aid. It must also reopen border crossings with the province of Hasakeh and the city of Kobani.  Some humanitarian aid must be allocated to the Kurdish cities which have received very little.  Pressure the Turkish government to stop killing refugees trying to enter Turkey by crossing the border illegally due to the lack of an open border.

228

What is the number Who are the sides Is it possible Who could be an Are there any Are there courts in your What areas are being of detainees or arresting people in your to send independent observer secret detention area? What kind of shelled in your area? What missing people in area? independent in your region? centres in your courts? is the number? your area? observers area? into the detention centres? I have no accurate The regime, Pro-regime Yes International No Regime's courts and Some explosions in Qamishli information militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, Organiations PYD's self-management city by ISIS Islamic factions, FSA, courts Syrian Democratic Forces There is no specific The regime, Pro-regime No Organizations Yes The Democratic party All Syria is being shelled number militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, courts Islamic factions, FSA, Democratic Syria forces More than 100 The regime, pro-regime Yes International Sham Rural Ifrin, Lylon mountain militias, Al Nusra, Islamic organizations area, villages near Idlib and factions, Democratic Azaz Syria fprces A few people Democratic Syria forces No International Yes, Sham organizations I don't know - about a The regime, ISIS, Islamic No UN - Independents Yes People’s courts belonging Al Hasaka, Ifrin, Kobany, thousand factions to the self-governoring; (there is no accurate regime's courts statistic, sporadically ) There is no specific The regime, ISIS, Al No Some sides of the civil Yes Yes, civil courts- almost Al Hasakeh -scattered areas, information about Nusra, FSA, Democratic society every side has got their from time to time with detainees, their Syria forces own courts sporadic air strikes numbers and names. No less than 75

229

200 The regime, ISIS, Al No International Yes Yes, popular courts Akshiekh Maqsud - Lylon Nusra, Democratic Syria organizations follow military and mountain villages Rajo, forces political parties Jandeiras villages, Ifrin city and rurals- More than a hundred The regime, Al Nusra, No Organizations that Yes Sham courts Alshikh Maqsud, Bostan detainees and Democratic Syria Forces follow the UN Albasha, Alashrafia, and missing people some Ifrin border villages with Turkey and Idlib Almost 300 The regime, Pro-regime No That is not possible, No There are sham courts Ifrin, west and south of militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, either you are with the Kobany, and Alshikh Islamic factions governance or else you Maqsud stay silent, or by international protection More than 125 The regime, Al Nusra, No Civil society bodies that Yes Sham Alshikh Maqsud - Alashrafia Islamic factions, follow the platform - Ifrin border villages with Democratic Syria Forces Turkey and Idlib About 350 people ISIS, Al Nusra, Self- No International Yes Fake Kobany management forces sponsorship Alshikh Maqsud, Ifrin 25 The regime, Pro-regime No International Yes Sham and fake courts Turkish shelling of border militias,Al Nusra, organizations villages Democratic Syria Forces 300 people ISIS, Al Nusra, Islamic No Governmental entities Yes Untrusted courts Kobany factions Alshikh Maqsud Ifrin 25 people The regime, Pro-regime Turkey, International Yes Sham Turkey shelling border militias, Democratic Syria Gaziantep organizations villages by the Turkish Forces border 300 or more ISIS, Al Nusra, Islamic No Governmental entities Yes By name Kobany and AlShikh Maqsud factions

230

27 The regime, ISIS, International parties Yes Sham Close to the Turkish border Democratic Syria Forces Tens of people The regime, pro-regime No Independent and public There are regime courts Rural Hasakeh, south to militias, ISIS, Democratic is hard to achieve; must and courts that aren't the Alshadady, Ras Alein, Tal Syria Forces be secret regime's, but both are Tamr villages public Hundreds The regime, ISIS, Islamic No No one could in the Yes Yes, different courts obey Ifrin - AlShikh Maqsud - factions, Democratic meantime the dominant parties Kobany - Ras Alein Syria Forces, all conflicting parties About 225 people The regime, Proregime No Not possible Yes No Turkey, Gaziantep militias, ISIS, Democratic Syria Forces Moadamiya - Qudsayia - Irbein Jebreen 75-100 The regime, ISIS, PYD No No one Yes Yes, but they are Turkey, Gaziantep qualitative and fake 50 -75 The regime, ISIS, PYD No Not possible Yes Yes - Sham courts Turkey, Gaziantep 100- 125 The regime, ISIS, Islamic No Not possible Yes Yes but they are sham factions, PYD 25 detainees The regime, Democratic No Seniors of the area and Yes Fake Qamishlo, Derbasiya, Syria Forces UN-organizations Kahtaniya .Also in Akshiekh Maqsud, Aleppo 30 The regime, pro-regime No Local elders and Yes Sham Derbasiyh - Qahtaniya - militias, ISIS, Democratic International Qamishlo and Akshiekh Syria Forces organizations Maqsud in Aleppo 100 people The regime, Pro-regime No There aren't any Yes Sham courts Many areas militias Dozens of people Democratic Syria Forces Yes Organizations Yes Yes but illegitimate There aren't any

231

Around 30 The regime, pro-regime No UN Yes Sham Hasakeh Derek Qamishly militias, Democratic Syria Forces 20 Democratic Syria Forces No UN -Organizations Yes Yes , sham courts Qamishlo-Derek-Derbasiya No one Pro-regime militias No UN Yes Yes, Civil courts Hasakeh 30 The regime, pro-regime No International Yes Fake Qamishlo militias, ISIS, Democratic organizations Syria Forces Hundreds The regime, pro-regime No Organizations No Yes but illegitimate Al Haskeh/Alhoul and militias, ISIS, Al Nusra, Bdulaziz mountain Democratic Syria Forces Thousands The regime, pro-regime No Organizations Yes Yes but illegitimate Hasakeh militias, ISIS, Democratic Syria Forces

232