DOCSLIB.ORG

Design of Bidirectional Coupling Circuit for Broadband Power-Line Communications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design of Bidirectional Coupling Circuit for Broadband Power-Line Communications Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2012, 4, 162-166 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2012.44021 Published Online April 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jemaa) Design of Bidirectional Coupling Circuit for Broadband Power-Line Communications Syed Samser Ali1, Amitabha Bhattacharya2, Dipak Ranjan Poddar3 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology & Management, Durgapur, India; 2Department of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; 3Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. Email: [email protected] Received February 14th, 2012; revised March 12th, 2012; accepted March 24th, 2012 ABSTRACT This paper deals with the design of bidirectional coupler for broadband power line communication and the impedance matching technique with the power line. This coupler can be used for both transmitting and receiving the data, acting as transceiver. The impedance mismatching problem is also solved here using line trap circuit. The coupler circuit is capa- ble of transmitting or receiving modulated signals with carrier frequency of 15 MHz which can be used for domestic as well as distribution power networks. Laboratory prototype tested using power line network consists of electrical house- hold appliances and results show that the circuit is able to facilitate bidirectional band pass transmission. Keywords: Coupling Circuits; Line Trap Circuit; Broadband 1. Introduction here can facilitate bidirectional communication. Power lines may be a cheap and good networking option 2. PLC System in the sense that they are almost a universally present infrastructure. The conventional power line can be effec- A typical PLC system is made up of traditional power tively utilized for broadband communication. The low line, bidirectional coupling circuits and line trap circuits. voltage (LV) electrical power distribution network, The coupling circuits which act as transceivers (trans- which is a widely spread network with distribution trans- mitters and receivers) are needed for generation and re- formers with many loads connected in parallel, presents covery of the high frequency message signal. The the most efficient medium for data and voice communi- method used for coupling the signal to the power line and cations such as fast Internet access and telephone service. decoupling from the power line is based on Differential The high voltage (11 KV) electricity distribution network Mode Coupling that involves the live wire as one termi- can be applicable for this purpose, which can be an al- nal and the neutral wire as another terminal [4]. The cou- ternative of highly expensive optical fiber network. pling circuits are used to couple the modulated carrier Coupling circuits for power line communication signal onto and from the power line without compromis- (PLC) are available with pass band of maximum 150 ing the power frequency 50 Hz insulation level. The PLC KHz which includes CENELEC B, CENELEC C and modem along with the bidirectional coupling circuits at CENELEC D bands [1,2]. If power line communication the sending end (i.e. after trap circuit) will convert the system is designed for higher frequencies it will be the information into digital data packets which are digitally cheapest medium for high speed internet access. Cur- modulated with a higher carrier frequency (5 MHz - 15 rently internet access using power line network is in the MHz). The modulated signal is then coupled on the 50Hz focus of various research activities [3]. The transmis- power system network and hence being transmitted. At sion of high speed data through power distribution net- the receiving end, the information will be retained by a work will be possible if such a coupling circuit is suc- demodulation process. The impedance of a power line is cessfully designed. very low. Sometimes it reduces to a few ohms. So, there Section 2 presents architecture of typical PLC System is a chance of mismatch between the coupler impedance while Section 3 & 4 present and explain designs of Cou- and power line impedance. For that a line trap circuit is pler and Line Trap circuit. Section 5 represents experi- required to trap the low impedance power signal and of- mental results which show the coupler circuit presented fer high impedance to the coupled high frequency signal. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. JEMAA Design of Bidirectional Coupling Circuit for Broadband Power-Line Communications 163 The architectures of typical PLC systems with trap cir- 0.001 μF 0.001 μF L cuits are shown in Figures 1 and 2. 3. Design of Coupler Power 100μH Data Line MOV 100μH 50Ω Zener Input Diode (4.7 v) The coupler is the heart of the PLC system. The low voltage coupler shown in Figure 3 is suitable for user- end distribution network (220 V - 440 V). High voltage N coupler shown in Figure 4 can be used for coupling data Ferrite Transformer before step down transformers (11 KV - 220 V) i.e. on Figure 3. Low voltage bidirectional coupler circuit. the 11 KV distribution network. The same coupler circuit is used for both transmitting and receiving data. For Ls Cs LIVE (R) L L transmitting data live-neutral is connected to power line Data and data input side is connected to low voltage data MOV Zener Diode Input source. Similar connection is followed for receiving data. C C LIVE (B) For transmitting data through coupler circuit, data flows Ls Cs Ferrite Transformer Ferrite Transformer from data input side to live-neutral and data flows in re- Figure 4. High voltage bidirectional coupler circuit. verse direction for receiving data. Transformer coupling circuits are extensively used in with cutoff frequency 1 MHz. This filter blocks 50 Hz power line communication system because transformers and other noise signals present in power line but allow provide galvanic isolation from power line and act as passing the message signals of higher frequency (5 MHz - limiter when saturated by high voltage transient. The 10 MHz). In addition, parallel resonant circuits can be transformer with turn’s ratio 20:1 is made of ferrite core used here to improve overall bypass effect. Back to back because ferrite core introduces fewer losses at higher zener diodes are used here to clamp the voltage transients frequency than other cores. The combination of series at the secondary side of the transformer and limiting any capacitors and parallel inductors forms a high pass filter high voltage that may creep into the data circuit. A resis- tor is connected in parallel with the capacitor to dis- L ive Line Line Live charge the capacitor in order to minimize the hazard of Netural Trap Trap Netural high voltage peaks caused by the stored charge in ca- pacitor. The metal oxide varistor (MOV) protects the circuit from any incoming surge from the power line; Line Line basically the metal oxide varistor provides protection Coupler Coupler against very large transients on the power line. The high voltage coupler which can work up to 11 KV Transmitted or Transmitted or for three phase lines is shown in Figure 4. The main Received Signal Received Signal properties of this high voltage coupler are that the cou- Figure 1. Architecture of typical low voltage PLC system. pler is connected between the two phases of the power line and the secondary side of the second transformer is grounded. Two ferrite transformers are used here to Live (Y) Line Line Live (Y) achieve desired isolation. The series combination of in- Trap Trap Netural Netural ductors and capacitors forms the high pass filter and the parallel combinations improve the bypass effect of the circuit. Though the high voltage coupler is connected Live (R) Line Line Live (R) Netural Trap Trap Netural between only two phases of the power line, line trap cir- cuit is needed for all three power lines differently as Live (B) Line Line Live (B) shown in Figure 2. Netural Trap Trap Netural 4. Design of Line Trap Circuit Line Line Coupler Coupler The line trap used here is actually multiple-T-filter con- figuration, which is made up of coils and capacitors. It is Transmitted or Transmitted or connected in series with the power line and presents high Received Signal Received Signal impedance to the carrier band of 1 MHz to 15 MHz. The Figure 2. Architecture of typical high voltage three phase T-filter configuration is chosen because of its advantage PLC system. of working well in low impedance line. However, for a Copyright © 2012 SciRes. JEMAA 164 Design of Bidirectional Coupling Circuit for Broadband Power-Line Communications multiple filter such as double-T-filter, it will have a Tek Stop M Pos: 400.0 μs CURSOR resonant rise lower in frequency than the trouble fre- Type quency [5]. A RC-shunt is used to overcome this prob- Vo l t a g e lem. A double-T-filter consists of two T-filter stages con- Source nected in series and symmetrical way [6]. Typical design CH1 of such a trap circuit is shown in Figure 5. Delta The transmission (ABCD) parameters of the trap can 10 V be written as, Cursor 1 42 2 –15.4 V 2 LC21 AD12 LC21 4 Cursor 2 –25.4 V 53 2 3 32 LC21 BL2221 LC 24 CH1 4.88VBW CH2 5.00 VBW M 25.0 μs CH1 –16.5 V CCLC232 121 <10 Hz From this it can be verified that an isolation of at least Figure 6. FSK modulated waveform at the input of the trans- 53 db between the power signal and the FSK signal is mitting side coupler. achievable at 13.2 Hz frequency. This is sufficient for the impedances seen in normal power distribution networks Tek Stop Pos: 412.50MHz MATH [7]. Operation FFT 5. Results and Discussion Source In the laboratory multipurpose power line was taken for CH1 experiment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modeling of Crosstalk in High Speed Planar Structure Parallel Data Buses and Suppression by Uniformly Spaced Short Circuits Gabriel A
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-29-2012 Modeling of Crosstalk in High Speed Planar Structure Parallel Data Buses and Suppression by Uniformly Spaced Short Circuits Gabriel A. Solana Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI12050215 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Solana, Gabriel A., "Modeling of Crosstalk in High Speed Planar Structure Parallel Data Buses and Suppression by Uniformly Spaced Short Circuits" (2012). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 606. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/606 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida MODELING OF CROSSTALK IN HIGH SPEED PLANAR STRUCTURE PARALLEL DATA BUSES AND SUPPRESSION BY UNIFORMLY SPACED SHORT CIRCUITS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING by Gabriel Alejandro Solana 2012 To: Dean Amir Mirmiran College of Engineering and Computing This thesis, written by Gabriel Alejandro Solana, and entitled, Modeling of Crosstalk in High Speed Planar Structure Parallel Data Buses and Suppression by Uniformly Spaced Short Circuits, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. _____________________________________________________ Stavros V. Georgakopoulos _____________________________________________________ Jean H.
    [Show full text]
  • Capacitors Demystified: Practical Information on Capacitor Usage in EE133
    EE133–Winter 2004 Capacitors Demystified Capacitors Demystified: Practical information on capacitor usage in EE133 Why do I need to read this? Despite all we know about capacitors from previous exposure (including everyone’s favorite capacitor fact – ‘Well, I know the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously!’), there is a quite a bit about the (good) properties and (bad) non- idealities of these devices that effects the way they are actually used in RF circuits. So, with the practical predisposition of EE133, let’s take another look at our old friend… The Starting Line-up Like fine cheeses or candy bars, capacitors come in wide variety of sizes, shapes, and prices- and they can be made from a host of different materials (except for nougat). However, all of these characteristics are interrelated because, in classic Murphy fashion, a capacitor that ranks well in one or two of these properties is usually terrible in the other categories. The physical size and shape are only of marginal importance to us since the former is pretty much irrelevant at the size of our solder board and the latter is only for aesthetics (which is a foreign term to EE’s anyway). But, the composite material is an important factor in determining the behavior of the capacitor, so for the purpose of this class we will identify four major types (Refer to page 21 of “The Art of Electronics” by Horowitz & Hill for a more complete listing of capacitor families): Material/Comments Picture Ceramics (10 pF – 22µF): Inexpensive, but not good at high frequencies Tantalum (0.1µF – 500µF): Polarized, low inductance Electrolytic (0.1µF – 75µF): Polarized, not good at high frequencies (NOTE: longer lead is usually the positive terminal) Silver Mica (1 pF – 4.7 nF): Expensive with only small capacitive values, but great for RF 1 EE133–Winter 2004 Capacitors Demystified Some Commonly Asked Questions about Capacitors Resistors are color-coded.
    [Show full text]
  • Coupling for Power Line Communication: a Survey Luis Guilherme Da S
    JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, VOL. 32, NO. 1, 2017. 8 Coupling for Power Line Communication: A Survey Luis Guilherme da S. Costa, Antonio Carlos M. de Queiroz, Bamidele Adebisi, Vinicius L. R. da Costa, and Moises V. Ribeiro Abstract—The advent of power line communication (PLC) electric power cables. These power cables could be alternating for smart grids, vehicular communications, internet of things current (AC) or direct current (DC) power lines and the signals and data network access has recently gained ample interest in of PLC transceivers are subsequently coupled to them via a industry and academia. Due to the characteristics of electric power grids and regulatory constraints, the effectiveness of coupling circuit. In the case of power lines used to transmit coupling between the power line and PLC transceivers has AC power, the coupling circuit has also to filter out the AC become a very important issue. Coupling devices used to inject or mains signal. On the other hand, the coupling circuit simply extract data communication signals into or from power lines are has to block the DC mains voltage of the DC electric power very important components of a PLC system. There is, however, grids. an obvious gap in the literature for a detailed review of existing PLC couplers. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new investigations of couplers, which are required for narrowband and broadband to characterize electric power grids as a medium for data PLC transceivers. Prevailing issues that protract the design of communication showed a higher potential in the range of couplers and consequently subtended the inventions of different frequencies between 5 kHz and 500 kHz [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Beam, Coupling Impedance
    Beam Impedance, Coupling Impedance, and Measurements using the Wire Technique John Staples, LBNL Beam, Coupling Impedance When a particle beam of current I travels through a structure, it may give up some of its energy to that structure, reducing its energy. The energy loss may be expressed as a voltage V, and the beam impedance Zb of the structure itself may be expressed as V loss Z b = I beam The structure may be a monitor device, where a signal V is generated by the beam and detected. In this case, we can define a coupling impedance Zp for the structure V monitor Z p = I beam In general, these are not the same, and each depends on the details of the structure itself. Stripline Monitor A beam bunch, as it travels down a pipe, induces images charges on the interior surface of the pipe. If the pipe is smooth and lossless, these charges do not affect the beam. An irregular beam pipe, however, will interact with the beam, as fields are induced in the beam pipe by the beam. The fields of a relativistic beam are concentrated along the direction of motion. One very useful type of monitor is the stripline monitor, which responds to the image charges. An electrode or electrodes are mounted in the beam pipe. Each end of the electrode is brought out and connected to a load. The electrode subtends and angle q. The geometry of the stripline resembles that of a microstrip, which has a characteristic surge impedance. The propagation velocity of an impulse along the stripline is assumed to be the speed of light c.
    [Show full text]
  • Coupled Transmission Lines As Impedance Transformer
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 25, 2021 Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer Jensen, Thomas; Zhurbenko, Vitaliy; Krozer, Viktor; Meincke, Peter Published in: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Link to article, DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2007.909617 Publication date: 2007 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Jensen, T., Zhurbenko, V., Krozer, V., & Meincke, P. (2007). Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55(12), 2957-2965. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2007.909617 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 1 Coupled Transmission Lines as Impedance Transformer Thomas Jensen, Vitaliy Zhurbenko, Viktor Krozer, Peter Meincke Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted•DTU, ElectroScience, Ørsteds Plads, Building 348, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Phone:+45-45253861, Fax: +45-45931634, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract— A theoretical investigation of the use of a coupled line transformer.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverable D3.1 Virtual Coupling Communication Solutions Analysis
    Ref. Ares(2020)7880497 - 22/12/2020 Deliverable D3.1 Virtual Coupling Communication Solutions Analysis Project Acronym: MOVINGRAIL Starting Date: 01/12/2018 Duration (Months): 25 Call (part) Identifier: H2020-S2R-OC-IP2-2018 Grant Agreement No.: 826347 Due Date of Deliverable: Month 10 Actual Submission Date: 25-09-2020 Responsible/Author: Bill Redfern (PARK) Dissemination Level: Public Status: Issued Reviewed: No G A 8 2 6 3 4 7 P a g e 1 | 63 Document history Revision Date Description 0.1 03-07-2020 First draft for comments and internal review 0.2 24-09-2020 Second draft 1.0 25-09-2020 Issued 1.1 22-12-2020 Update following comments from the Commission, added new section 4.2.1 Report contributors Name Beneficiary Details of contribution Short Name John Chaddock PARK Primary Curation. Identification and collation of source documentation. Document review. Bill Redfern PARK Literature review and solutions research. Requirements identification. Analysis of requirements and potential solutions. Descriptions and conclusions. John Marsden PARK Literature review and solutions research. Michael Duffy PARK Literature review and solutions research. Mark Cooper PARK Literature review and solutions research. Analysis. Format/editing. Andrew Wright PARK Document review. Lei Chen UoB Document review. Mohamed Samra UoB Document review. Paul van Koningsbruggen Technolution Document review. Rob Goverde TUD Document review, quality check and final editing. Funding This project has received funding from the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826347. The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the Shift2Rail JU members other than the Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Capacitors Capacitors
    Capacitors There seems to be a lot of hype and mystery concerning the sound of capacitors, the quality of capacitors and what capacitors actually do in a circuit. There are many types of capacitors including ceramic, polyester, polypropylene, polycarbonate silver mica, tantalum and electrolytic. Each has its own area of “expertise”. One type of capacitor will perform well in a particular application and perform poorly in another. A capacitor is simply two metal plates separated by a dielectric. An electrical charge is stored between these two plates. The plates and dielectric can be made form several different types of material. The closer the plates are, the higher the capacitance and the larger the area of the plates, the larger the capacitance. The dielectric material affects the capacitance as well. Here is some brief information about the particular types. Note: The unit of capacitance is the Farad. It is a very large unit and so we use the following to express capacitance Microfarad is one millionth of a farad. Picofarad is one millionth of a microfarad So 0.001mfd is equal to 1000 picofarad (pF) The above diagram shows a simple representation of a capacitor. The capacitor is shown in RED . In parallel with the plates of the capacitor is a resistance, InsInsIns-Ins ---ResRes of the insulation. Teflon has the highest resistance with polystyrene, polypropylene and polycarbonate coming in second. Third is polyester and then the ceramics COG, Z5U and XR7 with tantalum and aluminium last. Dap is the Dielectric Absorption. All capacitors when charged to a particular voltage and then the leads are shorted, will recover some of their charge after the short is removed.
    [Show full text]
  • AN-937 Designing Amplifier Circuits
    AN-937 APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way • P. O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. • Tel: 781.329.4700 • Fax: 781.461.3113 • www.analog.com Designing Amplifier Circuits: How to Avoid Common Problems by Charles Kitchin INTRODUCTION down toward the negative supply. The bias voltage is amplified When compared to assemblies of discrete semiconductors, by the closed-loop dc gain of the amplifier. modern operational amplifiers (op amps) and instrumenta- This process can be lengthy. For example, an amplifier with a tion amplifiers (in-amps) provide great benefits to designers. field effect transistor (FET) input, having a 1 pA bias current, Although there are many published articles on circuit coupled via a 0.1-μF capacitor, has an IC charging rate, I/C, of applications, all too often, in the haste to assemble a circuit, 10–12/10–7 = 10 μV per sec basic issues are overlooked leading to a circuit that does not function as expected. This application note discusses the most or 600 μV per minute. If the gain is 100, the output drifts at common design problems and offers practical solutions. 0.06 V per minute. Therefore, a casual lab test, using an ac- coupled scope, may not detect this problem, and the circuit MISSING DC BIAS CURRENT RETURN PATH may not fail until hours later. It is important to avoid this One of the most common application problems encountered is problem altogether. the failure to provide a dc return path for bias current in ac- +VS coupled op amp or in-amp circuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Resonant Inductive Coupling As a Potential Means for Wireless Power Transfer to Printed Spiral Coil
    Journal of Electrical Engineering www.jee.ro Resonant Inductive Coupling as a Potential Means for Wireless Power Transfer to Printed Spiral Coil Mohammad Haerinia Ebrahim S. Afjei Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: This paper proposes an inductive coupled main drawbacks of this method include the difficult wireless power transfer system that analyses the relationship mechanical coupling process between the primary and the between induced voltage and distance of resonating inductance secondary side and also the fact that the air gap is less than in a printed circuit spiral coils. The resonant frequency 60 mm and it is typical high power density [11]. produced by the circuit model of the proposed receiving and According to the features and drawbacks of other transmitting coils are analysed by simulation and laboratory technologies, inductive coupling is preferred for wireless experiment. The outcome of the two results are compared to transformation of power [3]. The motivation of this paper verify the validity of the proposed inductive coupling system. is the potential application of magnetic resonant coupling Experimental measurements are consistent with simulations as a way for wireless transformation of power from a over a range of frequencies spanning the resonance. source coil to a receiving coil. By optimizing the coil Keywords: Inductive coupled wireless,power transfer, resonant design, the quality factor would be improved [5, 12]. In frequency, experimental measurements. this work we design the shape of a spiral coil presented in [5] so that it is efficient for transferring high powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Wireless Power Transfer Ics
    Wireless Power Transfer ICs An inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) system consists of transmitter electronics, transmit coil, receive coil and receiver electronics. The LTC ®4120-based resonant coupled system uses dynamic harmonization control (DHC) to optimize power transfer and provide overvoltage protection. This eliminates the need for precise mechanical alignment between the transmit and receive coils as well as the need for a coupling core. The LTC4120 wireless buck charger forms the basis for the receiver electronics. The receive coil can be integrated into the receiver electronics circuit board. The LTC4125 is a power controller for a simple but versatile wireless power transmitter. The LTC4125 enhances a basic wireless power transmitter by providing three additional key features: an AutoResonant™ function that maximizes available receiver power, an Optimum Power Search algorithm that maximizes overall wireless power system efficiency and foreign object detection to ensure safe and reliable operation when operating in the presence of conductive foreign objects. LTC4120 Product Page: www.linear.com/product/LTC4120 LTC4125 Product Page: www.linear.com/product/LTC4125 LTC4120 Application Note: www.linear.com/docs/43968 LTC4123 Product Page: www.linear.com/product/LTC4123 COUPLING (TX + RX COIL) T CIRCUIT T COIL R COIL LTC4120 DC POWER SUPPLY X X X CIRCUIT BATTERY TX RX 14 WIRELESS BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM 1W 12 10 Wireless Power Transfer System 8 Charging Block Diagram 2W 6 4 COIL SEPARATION (mm) COIL SEPARATION 2 0 –20 –15 –10
    [Show full text]
  • A Low-Cost, Single Coupling Capacitor Configuration for Stereo Headphone Amplifiers
    Application Report SLOA043 - December 1999 A Low-Cost, Single Coupling Capacitor Configuration for Stereo Headphone Amplifiers Shawn Workman AAP Precision Analog ABSTRACT This application report compares two possible blocking or coupling capacitor configurations for stereo headphone amplifiers operating from a single supply voltage. The report demonstrates that the standard two-capacitor configuration can be replaced by a single-capacitor configuration with little or no perceivable difference in sound quality. The primary advantage of a single-capacitor system is that only one large capacitor is required. In many compact multimedia systems like those in personal digital audio players, wireless phones, and personal digital assistants (PDA), these capacitors can be the largest components on the board. Therefore, eliminating one of the bulky coupling capacitors reduces cost and minimizes the area needed on the circuit board. Contents Effect of Coupling Capacitors. 2 Coupling Capacitor Circuits. 2 Effect of Crosstalk on Sound Quality. 5 Test Measurements . 6 Selecting the Single Coupling Capacitor. 7 Summary . 7 List of Figures 1 Standard Headphone Jacks. 2 2 TPA102 Audio Amplifier-Dual Capacitor Configuration. 3 3 TPA102 Audio Amplifier-Single Capacitor Configuration. 3 4 Single Capacitor Equivalent Circuit Model. 4 5 Crosstalk vs Frequency for a 32-Ω-Load and a 330-µF-Coupling Capacitor. 4 6 Crosstalk vs Frequency for a 10-kΩ-Load and a 330-µF-Coupling Capacitor. 5 7 Lab Setup for the TPA102 EVM. 6 8 Crosstalk Measurement of Single Capacitor Configuration. 7 List of Tables 1 Common Load Impedance vs Low Frequency Output Characteristics. 2 1 SLOA043 Effect of Coupling Capacitors Stereo audio power amplifiers often drive headphone and line outputs.
    [Show full text]
  • Prototype of Coupling Unit Network for Power Line Communications
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Prototype Of Coupling Unit Network For Power Line Communications Bharath Srinivasan University of Central Florida Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Srinivasan, Bharath, "Prototype Of Coupling Unit Network For Power Line Communications" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1083. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1083 PROTOTYPE OF COUPLING UNIT NETWORK FOR POWER LINE COMMUNICATIONS by BHARATH SRINIVASAN B.E. University of Madras, 2003 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2006 © 2006 Bharath Srinivasan ii ABSTRACT Power Line Communications has made impressive strides since its introduction. Power Line Communications (PLC) or Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) is the method of transmitting broadband signals over the power lines and making it available at the power outlet in homes. It provides last mile communication and makes use of existing power lines to transmit signals, thereby eliminating the need to lay cables all over again. PLC is fast becoming a commercial reality in the United States.
    [Show full text]