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Cultural and Educational Contributions to Recent Phonological Changes in Japanese2

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Cultural and Educational Contributions to Recent Phonological Changes in Japanese2 CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO RECENT PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES IN JAPANESE Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Watanabe, Seiji Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 20:28:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195117 CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO RECENT PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES IN JAPANESE by Seiji Watanabe _____________________ Copyright © Seiji Watanabe 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY DOCTORAL PROGRAM in SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISTION AND TEACHING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Seiji Watanabe entitled Cultural and Educational Contributions to Recent Phonological Changes in Japanese and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/12/09 Timothy J. Vance _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/12/09 Adam Ussishkin _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/12/09 Kimberly Jones Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 03/12/09 Dissertation Director: Timothy Vance 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Seiji Watanabe 4 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I have been studying linguistics for years, but I have never realized how insufficient language is to express my gratitude to those who helped me finish this dissertation. I will do my best. I would like to thank my committee members. I owe my deepest gratitude to Dr. Timothy Vance, who has exerted a great influence on my perspective on linguistics. Dr. Vance has always been extremely patient with my slow progress, and has spent tremendous amounts of time and energy reviewing and commenting on my drafts. Without his continuous and strong encouragement and support, I could not have completed this dissertation. Dr. Adam Ussishkin gave insightful, encouraging, and challenging comments which significantly improved the quality of this dissertation. Dr. Kim Jones has always been supportive, provided detailed feedback and asked insightful questions. I am indebted to her for many of her heart-warming comments that motivated me to make this dissertation better. I am very grateful, as well as very proud, that I completed this dissertation under these wonderful committee members. I have received tremendous amounts of help from people outside of my committee as well. I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Chris Maloney, the head of the Philosophy department. He repeatedly hired me as a TA for the general education class Mind, Matter, and God. Finishing this dissertation would have been impossible without so many years of support from Dr. Maloney and the Philosophy department. I would like to thank Dr. Mario Montalbetti for a long-term friendship and inspiring discussions. Without his help and encouragement, I would not have even started studying at the University of Arizona. My friends from SLAT, East Asian Studies, the Linguistics department and the Philosophy department not only supported me, but also put up with discussions about my dissertation topic and provided me with helpful information. I would like to thank Nathan Ballantyne, Dan Brenner, Maggie Camp, Ian Evans, Brian Fiala, Itsumi Ishikawa-Peck, Cole Mitchell, Chieko Nakano, Atsuko Oyama, Emil Salim, Tetsuya Sato, Yasumasa Shigenaga, and especially I would like to thank Daniel Sanderman for patiently correcting my English and providing me with comments as a general reader before I turned in my manuscripts to committee members. My brother Hirochika and his wife Asami have supported me by taking care of my parents when they were sick. I didn’t give up my study because of their support. My nephew Hiroki and my niece Yuki helped me keep in touch with the hottest Japanese popular culture, which is one of essential aspects of this dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank my late parents, Tadao and Tae, for their support and understanding. I regret that I could not finish writing this dissertation while they were around. 5 To my parents 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 9! LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ 10! ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 12! CHAPTER 1! INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 13! 1.1! Statement of the Problem..................................................................................... 13! 1.2! The Goals of this Dissertation.............................................................................. 16! 1.3! This Study is not Limited to Loanword Phonology............................................. 19! 1.4! Japanese Sounds................................................................................................... 20! 1.4.1! Japanese Vowels........................................................................................... 20! 1.4.2! Sound Sequences of Modern Standard Japanese.......................................... 20! 1.4.3! Innovative Sound Sequences ........................................................................ 22! 1.5! Data: Non-Marginal Words and Marginal Words ............................................... 23! 1.6! The Use of Japanese Orthography in this Dissertation........................................ 24! 1.6.1! Voicing of Obstruents in Katakana Representation...................................... 26! 1.6.2! Geminate Consonants in Katakana Representation...................................... 26! 1.6.3! Vowel Substitution ....................................................................................... 26! 1.7! Problem with the Use of Katakana Spellings...................................................... 27! 1.7.1! Approximants ............................................................................................... 27! 1.8! Other Issues That Will Not Be Discussed In This Dissertation........................... 28! 1.8.1! Accent and Intonation................................................................................... 28! 1.8.2! Vowels .......................................................................................................... 28! 1.9! Previous Studies................................................................................................... 29! 1.9.1! Hattori (1960): Seams and Gaps—Structural Asymmetry ........................... 29! 1.9.2! McCawley (1968): Generative Phonology ................................................... 32! 1.9.3! Ito and Mester (1995a, 1995b, 1999): Optimality Theory (OT)................... 33! 1.10! Lexical Stratification.......................................................................................... 36! 1.11! Structure of Dissertation .................................................................................... 37! CHAPTER 2! GEMINATE VOICED OBSTRUENTS.................................................. 39! 2.1! Introduction.......................................................................................................... 39! 2.2! Overview of the Issues in Geminate Voiced Obstruents in Japanese.................. 40! 2.3! Previous Studies................................................................................................... 41! 2.3.1! Ito and Mester (1999) ................................................................................... 41! 2.3.2! Nishimura (2006).......................................................................................... 45! 2.3.3! Kawahara (2005, 2006) ................................................................................ 47! 2.4! Problems with Data Description in Previous Analyses ....................................... 52! 2.4.1! Geminate ‘b’ (BB) ........................................................................................ 52! 2.4.2! DDj and DDz ...............................................................................................
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