The Tudors 1485 - 1603 The Glorious Era

• Henry VII built the foundations of a wealthy nation state & powerful monarchy • Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Church • Elizabeth defeated the Spanish Armada HENRY VII • reign 1457 - 1509 • married Elizabeth of York • connected the houses of Lancaster & York • raised merchants to higher positions in the country • saved a lot of money for his son to waste... Henry VII vs. Henry VIII thrift vs. lavishness

Henry VIII

• born: 28 June 1491, Greenwich Palace • reign 1509 - 1547 • younger son of Henry VII Tudor & Elizabeth of York • his brother Arthur was meant to be king • ruthless, wasteful and temperamental king • “Defender of the Faith?” • Jousting ---> Ulcer ---> Obesity

Act of Supremacy (1534) Albeit, the King's Majesty justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the supreme head of the , and so is recognised by the clergy of this realm in their Convocations; yet nevertheless for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirp all errors, heresies and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, Be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament that the King our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia, and shall have and enjoy annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm as well the title and style thereof, as all honours, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits and commodities, to the said dignity of supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining. And that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts and enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed corrected, restrained or amended, most to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the conservation of the peace, unity and tranquillity of this realm: any usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority, prescription or any other thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding. From Statutes of the Realm, III (spelling modernized) Henry VIII vs. TIMELINE OF THE BREAK FROM ROME I. Early Attempts to Obtain the Divorce, 1527-30

A) Secret summons to Henry, 1527 B) Campeggio and Wolsey's legatine court, 1529 C) Appeal to the scholars and the universities, 1530 II. The Attack upon the Church of England, 1531-2 A) Threatened with praemunire, Convocation grants the King £118,000 and recognizes Henry as protector and supreme head "so far as the law of Christ allows". Parliament passes Act of Pardon, 1531. B) House of Commons drafts Supplication against the Ordinaries, 1532. C) Submission of the Clergy, 1532 (Sir Thomas More resigns) 1) King could review and veto all legislation by the clergy in Convocation 2) King could review all canon law and prevent execution or enforcement of any canons in England. (King is de facto, but not de jure, supreme legislator and judge of English Church). III. The Attack upon the Papacy, 1532-3 A) Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates, 1532 1) Parliament withholds annates from Rome but gives King the option of allowing them to continue (economic blackmail) 2) Pope cannot delay consecration of bishops or excommunicate Englishmen in retaliation B) Act in Restraint of Appeals, 1533 1) Prevents appeals in certain cases from going to Rome. Solves the problem of possible appeals against the divorce. 2) Recognizes England's national sovereignty (England is an empire). IV. Establishment of the Royal Supremacy, 1534-6 A) Act for the Submission of the Clergy, 1534 1) Confirms earlier Submission in statutory form 2) Forbids appeals in all cases. Appeals now go to the royal commissioners. B) Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates, 1534. 1) Payment of all annates to Rome forbidden. 2) Engishmen forbidden to obtain papal bulls for the consecration of bishops. King nominates and Archbishop consecrates bishops. C) Dispensations Act, 1534 1) Stops all remaining payments to Rome 2) All licenses and dispensations from canon law to be granted by English authority (Archbishop of Canterbury). D) First Succession Act, 1534. Succession vested in heirs of Henry and Anne E) Act of Supremacy, 1534. King declared to be Supreme Head of the English Church. F) Act of First Fruits and Tenths annexes old papal taxes to the Crown G) Act, 1534. H) Act Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome left to right: ‘Mother Jak,’ Mary, Edward VI, Henry VIII, Jane Seymour, Elizabeth, Wil Somers The Six Wives of Henry VIII •Catherine of Aragorn - divorced • - executed •Jane Seymour - died • - divorced •Kathryn Howard - executed •Katherine Parr - widowed

• born 16 Dec 1485, Alcala de Henares, Spain • youngest surviving child of Ferdinand & Isabella • married to Prince Arthur: 14 Nov 1501, St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (betrothed at 3) • married to King Henry VIII: 11 Jun 1509, Franciscan Church at Greenwich; marriage dissolved in 1533 • died: 7 Jan 1536, Kimbolton Castle

• born between 1500 & 1509, at Blickling Hall • married to Henry VIII: 25 Jan 1533 - 1536, unknown location • executed: 19 May 1536, at The Anne • got her education at the French court • her sister Mary, used to be the king’s Boleyn mistress • failed to provide Henry with a male heir • accused of incest, i.e. with her brother George ANNE BOLEYN'S SPEECH AT HER EXECUTION MAY 19, 1536, 8 O'CLOCK IN THE MORNING • Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul. • After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated several times: To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul. • Recorded by Edward Hall (spelling modernized)

Jane Seymour

• born 1508 or 1509, possibly at Wolf Hall, Wiltshire • married to Henry VII: 30 May1536, Queen’s Closet, Whitehall Palace • died: 24 Oct 1537, • buried: 13 Nov 1537, St. George’s Chapel, • supposedly the only wife he truly loved • but definitely the only wife who gave him a surviving son Henry’s & Jane’s Grave

What could this almost 3-year break mean? Could this be love? Anne of Cleves • born 22 Sep 1515 • married to King Henry VIII: 6 Jan to July 1540 • marriage to Henry VIII dissolved: July 1540 • Henry married her due to the nudging of Cromwell to get the support of the Protestant League • died: 16 July 1557, Chelsea Manor, London; buried at Westminster Abbey

Kathryn Howard

• born circa 1521 • married to King Henry VIII: 28 July 1540, • argued with Mary • executed: 13 Feb 1542, The Tower of London • accused of pre-marital promiscuity and adultery

Katherine Parr

• born in 1512 • married to King Henry VIII: 12 July 1543, Queen’s Closet, Hampton Court Palace • Henry was her third husband, after he died, she married Thomas Seymour • widowed: 28 Jan 1547 • died: 5 Sep 1548 • Catherine’s Protestant sympathies

• CARDINAL THOMAS WOLSEY • BORN: c. 1470; DIED: 29 NOVEMBER 1530 • Son of an Ipswich butcher who entered the church and became a cardinal in 1515. He was Henry VIII's Lord Chancellor from 1515-1529. Lost favor with Henry when he failed to get the annulment of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Died on his way to imprisonment in the Tower of London.

THOMAS CROMWELL, EARL OF ESSEX BORN: 1485 EXECUTED: 28 JULY 1540 Lord Privy Seal to Henry VIII and chief secretary to the King unl his downfall aer arranging Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves.

ARCHBISHOP THOMAS CRANMER BORN: 1489 EXECUTED: 21 MARCH 1556 Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533. Granted the anulment of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragorn’s marriage. Burned at the stake in Mary I’s reign. The Reformation • The English Reformaon started in the reign of Henry VIII. The English Reformaon was to have far reaching consequences in Tudor England. Henry VIII decided to rid himself of his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, aer she had failed to produce a male heir to the throne. He had already decided who his next wife would be - Anne Boleyn. By 1527, Catherine was considered too old to have anymore children. • However, a divorce was not a simple issue. In fact, it was a very complicated one. Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the head of this church was the pope based in Rome. • The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognise, let alone support, divorce. Those who were widowed were free to re-marry; this was an enrely different issue. But husbands could not simply decide that their marriage was not working, divorce their wife and re- marry. • This put Henry VIII in a difficult posion. If he went ahead and announced that as king of England he was allowing himself a divorce, the pope could excommunicate him. This meant that under Catholic Church law, your soul could never get to Heaven. To someone living at the me of Henry, this was a very real fear, and a threat which the Catholic Church used to keep people under its control. • Another approach Henry used was to make a special appeal to the pope so that he might get a special "Papal Dispensaon". This meant that the pope would agree to Henry’s request for a divorce purely because Henry was king of England but that it would not affect the way the Catholic Church banned divorce for others. The pope refused to grant Henry this and by 1533 his anger was such that he ordered the Archbishop of Canterbury to grant him a divorce so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. The Reformation • The Archbishop granted Henry his divorce - against the wishes of the pope. But what else could the archbishop do if he wanted to remain on good terms with Henry? • This event effecvely lead to England breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church based in Rome. Henry placed himself as head of the church and in that sense, in his eyes, his divorce was perfectly legal. In 1533, few were brave enough to tell him otherwise! • How did the people of England react to this? In fact, the vast bulk of the populaon were very angry at the way the Roman Catholic Church had used them as a source of money. To get married you had to pay; to get a child bapsed (which you needed to be if you were to go to Heaven - so the Catholic Church preached) you had to pay; you even had to pay the Church to bury someone on their land (which you had to do as your soul could only go to Heaven if you were buried on Holy Ground). Therefore, the Catholic Church was very wealthy while many poor remained just that….poor. Their money was going to the Catholic Church. Therefore, there were no great protests throughout the land as many felt that Henry would ease up on taking money from them. Henry knew of the Catholic Church’s unpopularity and, therefore, used this to his advantage. • Henry was made Supreme Head of the Church by an in 1534. The country was sll Catholic but the pope’s power had been ended. • The most wealthy Catholics in England were the monasteries where monks lived. They were also the most loyal supporters of the pope. This made them a threat to Henry. • By the me of Henry, many monks had grown fat and were lazy. They did not help the community as they were meant to do. All they seemed to do was take money from the poor. Also some monasteries were huge and owned vast areas of land. So here were monks not loyal to Henry who were also very wealthy. Henry decided to shut down the monasteries of England. The monasteries were to disappear like sugar dissolves in hot liquid. This is why Henry’s aack on the monasteries is called the 'Dissoluon' - they were to be dissolved! The Reformation • Henry wanted to make the Dissoluon appear to be backed by law. He sent round government officials to check up on what the monks were doing. This was organised by his chief minister, . The officials knew what the king wanted in their reports - informaon that the monks were not working, were not saying their prayers etc. Anything to discredit the monks was considered useful. Somemes, the monks were asked trick quesons. "Do you keep all of your vows?" If the monks answered "yes", but had taken a vow of silence, they had not kept all of their vows. If they refused to answer because of their vow of silence, they would be accused of failing to help the king. Or worse, were they trying to hide something? • One report sent to Cromwell commented that the head of the monastery visited, the prior, was a "virtuous man". However, his monks were "corrupt" and "full of vice". The report claimed that the monks had eight to ten girl friends each. This was all that Cromwell needed to shut down the monastery. • The allegaons against some monks and nuns 'spoke' for themselves. At Bradley monasc house, the prior was accused of fathering six children; at Lampley Convent, Mariana Wryte had given birth to three children and Johanna Standen to six; at Lichfield Convent, two nuns were found to be pregnant and at Pershore Monasc House, monks were found to be drunk at Mass. • The smaller monasteries were shut down by 1536 while the larger and more valuable ones were shut by 1540. Few people in England were sorry to see them go. Few monks protested as they were given pensions or jobs where their monastery was. The abbot of Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, Marmaduke Bradley, was given a £100 pension a year for life - a considerable sum of money then. Some chief monks - abbots - were hanged but this was a rarity. • Some monastery buildings were reduced to ruin as the local populaon was allowed to take what they wanted as long as the silver and gold in the monastery went to the Crown. This meant that expensive building bricks etc. could be acquired for free. This alone made the Dissoluon popular with the majority of the people who tended to dislike lazy monks anyhow. The Reformation • However, the vast bulk of the wealth of the monasteries went to Henry. Some was spent building defences against France on the south coast around Portsmouth; a small amount went on paying pensions to monks and abbots. • The only real protest in England to what Henry was doing came in 1536 with the Pilgrimage of Grace. This was lead by Robert Aske, a lawyer. He wanted the monasteries le alone. Aske, along with several thousands of others, marched to London. Henry promised to look into their complaints and many of the protesters went home sasfied with this. Their complaints were never looked into. • Aske was arrested and hung from a church tower in chains unl he died of starvaon. • When Henry became king in 1509, the church in England was as follows: • Head of the Church: the pope based in Rome; Church services: all were held in Lan; Prayers: all said in Lan; Bible: wrien in Lan; Priests: not allowed to marry • By the death of Henry in 1547, the church in England was as follows : • Head of the Church : the king; Church services : held in Lan; Prayers: most said in Lan. The "Lord’s Prayer" was said in English; Bible: wrien in English; Priests: not allowed to marry. • To reform means to change. This is why this event is called the English Reformaon as it did change the way the church was run throughout England. However, the death of Henry in 1547 did not see an end of the religious problems of England. BATTLES AND REBELLIONS

Ancrum Moor, Bale of 27 February 1545. English defeated by the Scots at Ancrum Moor. Blackheath, Bale of 17 June 1497.The bale at the end of the Cornish Rebellion, with Giles, Lord Daubeney victorious over the rebel leaders. Somemes referred to as The Bale of Depord Bridge. Bosworth Field, Bale of 22 August 1485. Henry Tudor's forces defeated the army of Richard III at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire (near the town of Market Bosworth). Richard III was killed in the bale and Henry Tudor succeeded as Henry VII. Henry's forces were substanally aided by Sir William Stanley's troops deserng to the Tudor side. Carberry Hill, Bale of 15 June 1567. Scosh nobles were victorious at Carberry Hill (near Edinburgh). The Earl of Bothwell fled aer the defeat. Cornish Rebellion 1497. 15,000 Cornish rebels marched against London to protest taxes for a war in Scotland. The leaders were Lord Audley, Michael Joseph and Thomas Flamank. Leaders executed and rebels heavily fined. Ended by the Bale of Blackheath. Deputy's Pass 29 May 1599. Earl of Essex's army defeated in Ireland at Deputy's Pass, County Wicklow. Dussindale, Bale of 27 August 1549. The bale that ended Ke's Rebellion. Forces of foreign mercenaries led by the Earl of Warwick. Essex Rebellion February 1601. The Earl of Essex created a conspiracy and tried to raise London in his support to move against Elizabeth. The rebellion fails and he was executed on 25 February 1601. BATTLES AND REBELLIONS

Flodden, Bale of 7-9 September 1513. Bale between James IV of Scotland and Henry VIII of England. James IV was killed and succeeded by James V who was an infant. His mother, Margaret Tudor (sister to Henry VIII), took over as Regent. Ke's Rebellion July 12, 1549. Robert Ke (a Norfolk tanner and landowner) and his followers camped near Norwich in protest against enclosures and exploitaon. They also expressed problems with the clergy but adopted the new Prayer Book. The rebellion was defeated at the Bale of Dussindale on 27 August. Kinsale, Bale of 24 December1601. Irish forces of Tyrone and Tyrconnel aided by the Spanish bale the English and are defeated. Northern Earls Rebellion November 1569. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the Tower and the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland were asked to answer for their part in a conspiracy to marry the Duke of Norfolk and Mary Queen of Scots. The earls rebelled. On 14 November the rebels entered Durham and restored Catholic worship in its cathedral. They retreated when the Earl of Sussex raised an army against them. Pilgrimage of Grace Rebellion October 1537 to 1537. A revolt in defence of the old religion and the economy in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, Westmorland, Northumberland and Durham in 1536. Leaders tried and executed following addional unrest in early 1537. Pinkie, Bale of 10 September 1547. The Scots are defeated by Somerset's army. Samford Courtenay, Bale of 18 August 1549. Defeat of the western rebels (see below) by Lord John Russell near Okehampton. Solway Moss, Bale of 24 November 1541. Scots defeated by the English. BATTLES AND REBELLIONS Spurs, Battle of 16 August 1513. Henry VIII led an army of 35,000 from England and lands at Calais. Battle of Spurs at Therouanne (August 16), which surrendered six days later. Stoke, Battle of 16 June 1487. Near Newark (not Stoke-on Trent) at which imposter Lambert Simnel and the Earl of Lincoln were defeated. Western Rebellion June to August 1549. Rising in the West of England against the Prayer Book and Edward VI's religious policies. Ended at the Battle of Samford Courtenay. Wyatt's Rebellion 1554. Sir Thomas Wyatt led 4,000 men from Kent to London in January as part of a wider movement to remove Mary I from the throne and stop her marriage to Philip of Spain. The rebels were stopped at Ludgate, where Wyatt surrendered on 7 February. Yellow Ford, Battle of 14 August 1598. Irish forces of Tyrone, Tyrconnel and Fermanagh defeat English forces in Ulster. Yorkshire Rebellion 1489. Earl of Northumberland murdered while collecting a tax to pay for the war in Brittany. Rioting led by Sir John Egremont. The rebellion was surpressed by the Earl of Surrey. Edward VI • born: 12 Oct 1537, Hampton Court Palace • accession and coronation: 28 Jan & 20 Feb 1547, Westminster Abbey • died: 6 July 1553, Greenwich; buried at Westminster Abbey • son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour • died probably of tuberculosis

Lady Jane Grey

• the Nine-day Queen • aer King Edward VI’s death, an aempt was made by Dukes of Northumberland and Suffolk to put their own progeny on the throne (descended from Henry VIII’s sister Mary) • Edward died on 6 July 1553. Four days later, Jane was proclaimed queen. However, Mary Tudor had widespread popular support and by mid-July, even Suffolk had abandoned his daughter and was aempng to save himself by proclaiming Mary queen. Northumberland's supporters melted away and Suffolk easily persuaded his daughter to relinquish the crown. • Mary imprisoned Jane, her husband and her father in the Tower of London. While Suffolk was pardoned, Jane and her husband were tried for high treason in November 1553. Jane pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death. The carrying out of the sentence was suspended, but Suffolk's support for Sir Thomas Wya's rebellion in February 1554 sealed Jane's fate. On 12 February, she and her husband were beheaded. Her father followed them two days later. Mary Tudor

1554 July 25: Philip II of Spain married Queen Mary I ( Mary Tudor) of England. Mary was eleven years older than Philip. The English Parliament refused to crown him jointly with Mary so he had lile power in England ■ Shortly aer their marriage Queen Mary I Tudor, announced she was pregnant but it was a false pregnancy ■ Protestant rebellion against Mary Tudor, led by Sir Thomas Wya the Younger, and the rumors of Elizabeth's involvement in the plot make Mary Tudor decide to have her sister imprisoned in the Tower of London ■ March 18, 1554 - Princess Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower for eight weeks ■ 1554 Mary Tudor returns England to Roman Catholicism ■ Protestants are persecuted and 300 are burnt at the stake (in later mes this leads to Queen Mary I Tudor, being called Bloody Mary) ■ Mary Tudor was besoed with Philip. At his request she reconciled, at the insistence of Philip, with her sister Princess Elizabeth and reluctantly accepted Elizabeth as heir to the throne ■ October 1555 Elizabeth is allowed to rere from court and return to Haield demonstrang outward conformity to the Catholic religion ■ 16 October 1555 - the Protestant churchmen Lamer and Ridley are burned at the stake ■ 1555: Mary Tudor is devastated when her husband, Philip II returns to Spain ■ 1556 January: Philip II was crowned King of Spain aer Charles V abdicated to rere to a monastery (Philip had already been given Naples, the Netherlands, Sicily and Milan by his father) ■ 21 March 1556 - Thomas Cranmer, former Archbishop of Canterbury is burned at the stake ■ 1556: England under Mary Tudor loses Calais, the last English possession in France ■ 10 Aug 1557 Spanish and English troops in alliance defeated the French at the Bale of St. Quenn ■ 1558 November 17: Queen Mary I dies on November 17, 1558

Elizabeth (I)

• the Virgin Queen - she never married • born: 7 Sep 1533, Greenwich Palace • queen: 17 Nov 1558 - died: 24 March 1603, , buried at Westminster

Mary “Queen of Scots” vs. Elizabeth The Defeat of the Spanish Armada • 1588 • Catholic Spain under Philip II vs. Protestant England under Elizabeth • the English had defeated the most powerful navy in the world • The plans of the Spanish were meticulous. It was planned that the Spanish fleet, consisting of over 100 ships, would sail up from Spain along the English Channel and meet with the forces of the Duke of Parma, Philip's nephew, making their way from the Netherlands. Together they would sail towards England. It was believed that this force would overwhelm the English. The English would be conquered, and the heretical Queen would be captured. • But the English were waiting. On the cliffs of England and Wales, men watched the seas day and night, waiting for the first sighting of the great Armada. When at last the great ships appeared on the horizon, beacons were lit on the hillsides, which sent the message over the cliffs and throughout the country, that the Spanish were coming. The beacons sent the message quicker than any horseman could ever ride, and by morning, London and the Queen knew that the day of reckoning had come. As soon as the ships began to make their way up the channel, the fighting began. • While English soldiers and sailors fought for England's liberty, Queen Elizabeth made her way to Tilbury. She was not going to sit trembling inside a guarded Palace while her people fought, but was going to go to the coast of the battle and "live or die" with them. Like a true warrior Queen, Elizabeth, upon a White Horse, inspected her soldiers, and made what was possibly her most famous speech of all. The Tilbury Speech The End of Tudors

• Elizabeth never married • she had no children, therefore... • James I of England (James VI of Scotland), the son of Mary, Queen of the Scots, became King of England Hampton Court Palace Westminster Abbey Greenwich Palace Kimbolton Castle

• death-place of Catherine of Aragon St Paul’s Cathedral, London Tower of London

Windsor Castle