sign in sign up
<<
Home , Zhou Enlai

THE DIPLOMACY OF ENLAI Also by Ronald C. Keith ENERGY, SECURITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN I;:AST ASIA (editor) The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai

Ronald C. Keith Associate Professor of Political Science University of Calgary, Canada

Palgrave Macmillan © Ronald C. Keith, 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

First published in the of America in 1989

ISBN 978-1-349-09892-7 ISBN 978-1-349-09890-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-09890-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keith, Ronald C. The diplomacy of Zhou EnlailRonald C. Keith. p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-312-03100-8 1. -Foreign relations-1949-1976. 2. Zhou, Enlai, 189S-1976. 1. Title. DS777.8.K45 1989 327.51--dc19 89-30667 CIP For Rita, Molly and Nan With the song of the Great River in my heart, I tum to the East I'll deeply penetrate the various sciences to save my unhappy country For years I'll face the wall like an aspiring Buddha And I'll break the wall to free the sightless dragon therein I'll even tread on the East Sea to achieve this great ambition Or I will die an hero's death in the attempt. *

* As a young student activist of 19, Zhou Enlai wrote this poem just before leaving China for Japan in September, 1917. The developing 's enthusiasm for foreign learning and especially for 'Mr Science' and the student sense of urgency and dedication to save the country are evident in the classical allusions. The latter are freely translated by the author to convey the tone and sense of the poem. The original calligraphy is housed at the Museum of Chinese History, . Contents

Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix List of Plates xii Introduction: 'Rational' Diplomacy in the Service of Revolution 1 1 The Making of the Diplomat in Revolution, 1919-49 13 2 Establishing the Foreign Ministry in the 33 3 '' v. at Geneva and 59 4 'Peaceful Coexistence' and the Sino-Soviet Split 88 5 Zhou Enlai, and Estranged 'Afro-Asian Unity' 117 6 The ' Diplomatic Line' in the 150 7 Strategy and 'Realism' in Sino-American Normalisation 181 8 Zhou Enlai's Legacy: Towards 'Independent Foreign Policy' 209 Notes and References 216 Selected Chinese and English Bibliography 246 Selected Glossary 256 Index 261

vii Acknowledgements

The research and preparation of this book would not have been possible without the generous assistance provided through a Re• search Grant and Leave Fellowship of the Social Sciences and Hu• manities Research Council of Canada in 1984-5. Also, the completion of the final manuscript was greatly facilitated by a release from teaching which was provided in the winter term of 1987 through the Killam Resident Fellowship at the University of Calgary. The author is grateful for academic hospitality provided at the Hoover Institution, and would especially like to thank the librarians at the Hoover Tower and East Asian collection, Stanford, as well as the librarians at the Library of Congress, Washington, for their co-operation and helpful assistance. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the winter of 1985 helped organise, under difficult circumstances, a regime of interviews with foreign policy practitioners and Zhou Enlai's contemporaries. It is certainly not the author's wish to impute any specific interpretation in the present volume to the Academy; however, the interviews were very helpful in establishing policy detail. The author was fortunate to have the benefit of the services of two dedicated research assistants, Jeff Fenn and Lin Sen. The latter provided the calligraphy in the glossary. The author accepts sole responsibility for the interpretation, research and translations, herein; however, over the years, the author benefited from and is very appreciative of the intellectual guidance provided by Professors Stuart R. Schram, Jack Gerson and Victor Falkenheim. Please note that the system of romanisation is herein con• sidered to be authoritative. RONALD C. KEITH

viii List of Abbreviations

BR Beijing Review CB US, Consulate General, Hong Kong, Current Background CCAS Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars CCDC Columbia University, Contemporary China Docu• ments Collection CCP CCPCC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CPPCC Chinese People's Political Consultative Confer• ence CPSU Communist Party of the CPV Chinese People's Volunteers CQ China Quarterly DQGJ Dangqiande guoji xingshi 1973.8-1974.5 (The cur• rent international situation 1973.8-1974.5) (Hong Kong: Sanlianshudian, 1974) DOCEX Declassified Documents Reference System FRUS 1949 US, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, DC: GPO, 1974) FRUS 1951 US, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. VII, Part 1 (Washington, DC: GPO,1983) FRUS 52-4 US, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. XVI, The Geneva Conference (Washington, DC: GPO, 1981) FRUS 55-7 US, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. III, China (Washington, DC: GPO,1986) GMD Guomindang () JPRS US, National Technical Information Service, Joint Publications Research Service LDC Less Developed Country NCNA New China News Agency NPC National People's Congress OIR US, Department of State, Office of Intelligence and Research ix x List of Abbreviations

PLA People's Liberation Army PR Peking Review PRC People's Republic of China RMRB Renmin ribao, (People's daily), Beijing SCMM US, Consulate General, Hong Kong, Survey of China Mainland Magazines SCMP US, Consulate General, Hong Kong, Survey of China Mainland Press SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation SWDXP Selected Works of 1975-1984 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984) SWM III, IV Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vols. III, IV (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1967, 1969) SWM, V Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. V (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1977) SWZEL, I Selected Works of Zhou Enlai vol. 1 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Deve• lopment UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNSC United Nations Security Council ZELWJ Zhou Enlai tongzhi lu Ou wenji (The European correspondence of comrade Zhou Enlai) (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1979) ZELXJ, II, HK Zhou Enlai xuanji (Selected works of Zhou Enlai), vol. II (Hong Kong: Yishantushu gongsi, 1976) ZHWGJ,49-50 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo dui wai guanxi wen• jianji (Collected documents on the foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China), vol. 1,1949-50 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1957) ZHWGJ,51-3 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo dui wai guanxi wen• jianji (Collected documents on the foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China), vol. 2, 1951-3 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1958) ZHWGJ,54-5 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo dui wai guanxi wen• jianji, 1954-1955, vol. 3 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1958) ZHWGJ,56-7 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo wai guanxi wen• jianji, 1956-1957, vol. 4 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1958) List of Abbreviations xi

ZHWGJ,58 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo dui wai guanxi wen• jianji, 1958, vol. 5 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chub an• she, 1959) ZHWGJ,59 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo wai guanxi wen• jianji, 1959, vol. 6 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chuban• she, 1961) List of Plates

1. Zhou Enlai, the young party worker, 1922 2. Zhou Enlai, December 1936 3. The Soviet Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov greets Zhou Enlai at Geneva Airport on 25 April 1954 4. Zhou Enlai and part of his delegation at the Palais des Nations on the second day of the Geneva Conference, 27 April 1954 5. Zhou Enlai and Sir , Britain's Foreign Minister, at an informal meeting during the Geneva Conference, April 1954 6. Zhou Enlai and Mr Nehru at New Delhi Airport, 28 June 1954 7. Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary General of the United Nations, with Zhou Enlai during discussions at Beijing, 18 January 1955 8. Zhou Enlai and the Chinese delegation after the first session of the , 18 9. Mme , Prime Minister of Ceylon (pre• sently Sri Lanka), meets with Zhou Enlai in Beijing 10. Premier Zhou Enlai being warmly greeted by President Sukarno at Djakarta Airport, 11. Dr meets Zhou Enlai during their secret negoti• ations of 9-11 12. Zhou Enlai on arrival at Rawalpindi for talks with 's President Ayub Khan, 20 February 1964 13. Zhou Enlai with President Nyerere on his visit to Tanzania, 7 June 1965 14. Zhou Enlai holds a little Chinese girl's hand as President Nixon stops to talk to her during his 21-28 visit to China

xii