Les Mutations Du Parti Libéral-Libéral-Démocrate Vers La (Re)Conquête Du Pouvoir (1976-2015) Ghislaine Gabry

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Les Mutations Du Parti Libéral-Libéral-Démocrate Vers La (Re)Conquête Du Pouvoir (1976-2015) Ghislaine Gabry Les mutations du parti libéral-libéral-démocrate vers la (re)conquête du pouvoir (1976-2015) Ghislaine Gabry To cite this version: Ghislaine Gabry. Les mutations du parti libéral-libéral-démocrate vers la (re)conquête du pou- voir (1976-2015). Littératures. Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019UBFCH035. tel-02503804 HAL Id: tel-02503804 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02503804 Submitted on 10 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’ETABLISSEMENT UNIVERSITE BOURGOGNE FRANCHE-COMTE PREPAREE A L’UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE Ecole doctorale n°592 Ecole doctorale LECLA Doctorat de Langues, Littératures et Civilisation des pays de langues européennes, mention Langues, Littératures et Civilisations anglaises et anglo-saxonnes Par Ghislaine GABRY Les mutations du parti libéral-libéral-démocrate vers la (re)conquête du pouvoir (1976-2015). Thèse présentée et soutenue à Dijon le 07 décembre 2019 Composition du Jury : Mme Agnès ALEXANDRE-COLLIER Professeure, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Directrice de Thèse M Dominique ANDOLFATTO Professeur, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Président Mme Clarisse BERTHEZENE Professeure, Paris Diderot Rapporteur M Richard DAVIS Professeur, Bordeaux Montaigne Examinateur Mme Françoise ORAZI Professeure, Lumière-Lyon 2 Rapporteur Remerciements Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement ma directrice de thèse, Madame le Professeur Agnès Alexandre-Collier, qui m’a encadrée tout au long de ce travail et m’a fait partager son sens de l’exigence et sa passion de la vie politique britannique. Qu’elle soit remerciée pour sa grande disponibilité qui m’a permis de concilier mon travail de recherche et mes cours en classes préparatoires, sa bienveillance, ses conseils de lecture et ses encouragements qu’elle m’a prodigués jusqu’à la toute dernière minute. J’adresse aussi un grand merci aux membres du jury, Madame le Professeur Agnès Alexandre-Collier, Monsieur le Professeur Dominique Andolfatto, Madame le Professeur Clarisse Berthezène, Monsieur le Professeur Richard Davis et Madame le Professeur Françoise Orazi pour avoir pris le temps de lire mon travail et de venir en parler un samedi après-midi de décembre. Un grand merci aussi à Madame Emmanuelle Avril et Monsieur Dominique Andolfatto qui ont participé au comité de suivi de thèse, et dont les conseils ont été précieux et constructifs. Un grand merci à Madame Bénédicte Coste et Monsieur Morgan Poggioli pour leur bienveillance et leur humanité. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements à Liz Lynne, Michael Meadowcroft, Crispin Allard et au regretté Paddy Ashdown pour s’être prêtés au jeu des entretiens et m’avoir accordé de leur temps et leur confiance. Ces échanges furent stimulants et enrichissants pour mon travail de recherche. Je tiens aussi à remercier les personnes en charge des archives à la London School of Economics pour avoir facilité mes visites express et m’avoir guidée dans le labyrinthe des catalogues. La rédaction d’une thèse est une aventure intellectuelle que l’on a envie de partager avec ses proches, et qu’on leur impose, parfois maladroitement. Je tiens à adresser mes plus tendres remerciements à mes parents, mon parrain, mon frère et sa famille ainsi qu’à ma sœur – une petite sœur volant au secours de sa grande sœur – pour leur soutien, leur aide et leurs encouragements tout au long de ce projet. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements à mes étudiants de classes préparatoires pour leur patience et leurs encouragements dans une belle inversion des rôles enseignant-étudiant. Mille mercis à Agnès pour son aide, à Claude pour nos échanges stimulants et vivants, à Pierre pour son initiation à la sérénité « amanienne » même s’il me reste encore beaucoup de progrès à faire dans ce domaine, et à Véronique pour son énergie communicative et ses encouragements. Mes derniers remerciements iront à mes chats présents ou disparus, qui ont été des compagnons fidèles, sereins, dubitatifs devant des piles de livres et de feuilles qui se transformèrent parfois en de belles cibles à faire tomber. Titre : Les mutations du parti libéral-libéral-démocrate vers la (re)conquête du pouvoir (1976-2015). Mots clés : changements organisationnels – recomposition – (re)conquête du pouvoir – relations intra- partisanes – relations interpartis Résumé : Les mutations organisationnelles successives Ce travail de recherche est consacré au parti libéral- (professionnalisation, changement de coalition libéral-démocrate et aux transformations dominante, virage idéologique), initiées par les organisationnelles que ses leaders successifs ont leaders, ont altéré l’équilibre des pouvoirs entre les mises en œuvre entre 1976 et 2015 pour différents acteurs du parti (leadership, parti (re)conquérir le pouvoir. parlementaire et adhérents) et menacé son unité. David Steel, Paddy Ashdown, Charles Kennedy et Nick Clegg se sont tous réclamés, d’une façon ou Notre travail de recherche cherche à combiner cette d’une autre, de l’héritage de Jo Grimond qui avait double approche, compétition intra-partisane et conçu la stratégie de recomposition de la gauche compétition interpartis, pour étudier les tensions dans les années cinquante afin de redevenir un parti organisationnelles, qui ont été générées par les de gouvernement et de gérer les relations avec les stratégies des leaders libéraux-libéraux-démocrates, partis conservateur et travailliste. et les réponses des différents acteurs. Chacun d’entre eux a proposé sa lecture de cette stratégie pour s’adapter à un environnement en changement avec un système partisan qui n’était plus bipartite. Title: The mutations of the Liberal-Liberal-Democrat Party to (re)conquer power (1976-2015). Keywords: organizational changes – realignment – (re)conquest of power – intraparty relations – interparty relations Abstract : Each of them gave their own version of this This research work is devoted to the study of the strategy to adapt to a changing environment with a Liberal/Liberal-Democrat Party and the party system that was no longer a solid two-party organizational changes that its successive leaders system implemented between 1976 and 2015 to (re)conquer The successive organizational mutations power. (professionalization, a change in the dominant coalition, an ideological shift), which were leader- David Steel, Paddy Ashdown, Charles Kennedy and driven, altered the balance of intra-party power Nick Clegg somehow reclaimed the legacy of Jo relations between the leadership, the parliamentary Grimond, who had devised the strategy of the party and the members; they even threatened its realignment of the left in the 1950s to manage its unity. relationships with the Conservative and Labour Our research work seeks to articulate this dual Parties and become a government party. approach, that is to say the intra-party and inter- party dynamics, to study the organizational tensions that the Liberal/Liberal Democrat leaders’ strategies generated and the different organizational actors’ reactions. Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté 32, avenue de l’Observatoire 25000 Besançon Table des matières Introduction générale 6 Présentation 6 Délimitation du sujet 8 Définitions et hypothèses 11 Travaux antérieurs 13 Fondements théoriques et empiriques 17 1. Les typologies centrées sur les dimensions électorale et systémique 18 2. Les typologies fondées sur une approche fonctionnelle 20 Problématique 24 Méthodologie 25 Annonce du plan 27 Première Partie 30 Le leadership audacieux de David Steel 1976-1988 Présentation 31 I. Le leadership plus offensif de David Steel 34 A. La désignation du nouveau leader 34 1. Deux approches différentes 35 2. Le choix de la stabilité 37 B. La stratégie de coopération interpartis 38 1. Le discours de Llandudno 38 2. Une réponse ambivalente 39 C. Un environnement favorable pour coopérer 41 1. Un leader plus opportuniste 41 2. La défense de l’intérêt national 42 D. La formalisation du « Pacte libéral-travailliste » 44 1. L’omniprésence de David Steel 44 2. Un parti derrière son leader 46 a) La réforme électorale : la monnaie d’échange 46 b) Un parti parlementaire loyal 47 c) Des militants instrumentalisés 48 E. Un partenariat très limité 49 1. Un « accord d’influence » 49 a) a) Un exemple de contractualisation de l’opposition 50 b) b) Le choix du leader 52 2. Une influence à la périphérie 53 1. 3. Un parti fataliste 57 Bilan 58 II. L’échec annoncé de l’Alliance 1981-1988 62 A. Des conditions propices propices à une recomposition politique 62 1. 1. L’échec des deux grands partis 62 2. 2. Un électorat désorienté 63 3. 3. La Conférence de Dimbleby 64 B. Le SDP : un concurrent dangereux 65 1. Un parti travailliste divisé 65 2. Un rapprochement dicté par le pragmatisme 67 1 a) Une alliance putative 68 b) Un pacte pré-électoral 69 3. Une valeur purement instrumentale 70 a) Des attentes différentes 70 b) Des résultats électoraux décevants 71 4. Une coopération interpartis inégale 72 a) La coopération au niveau parlementaire 73 b) La coopération électorale 74 c) Un programme commun 75 d) La coopération au niveau du leadership 76 C. Une fusion inéluctable ? 78 1. Des dissensions internes fortes 78 2. Une issue logique 79 a) Les facteurs contextuels 80 b) Les facteurs inter-partisans 81 c) Les facteurs intra-partisans 82 Bilan 83 Deuxième Partie 85 Un « Projet » inachevé 1988-1999 Présentation 86 I. Un parti à consolider 88 A. La nécessité d’un leader fort 88 1. Deux projets opposés 88 2. La victoire de la modernité 89 3. Un parti à réorganiser 90 B. Phase 1 : Assurer la survie du parti 91 1. Un parti menacé de disparition 91 a) La querelle autour du nom 92 b) Un parti libéral, social-démocrate ou libéral-démocrate ? 95 2.
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