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Download Download PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Temporal overlap between two sympatric carnivores in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador Alvaro García-Olaechea & Cindy M. Hurtado 17 February 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 2 | Pages: 15244–15250 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5483.12.2.15244-15250 SMALL WILD CATS SPECIAL ISSUE For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 17 February 2020 | 12(2): 15244–15250 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5483.12.2.15244-15250 #5483 | Received 21 October 2019 | Final received 30 December 2019 | Finally accepted 17 January 2020 C o m m Temporal overlap between two sympatric carnivores in u n i northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador c a 1 2 t Alvaro García-Olaechea & Cindy M. Hurtado i o 1,2 Centro de Investgación Biodiversidad Sostenible, BioS. Av. San Martn 278, Urb, Clarke, Piura, Perú. n 2 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Lima 14, Perú. 2 Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Britsh Columbia, 2045-2424 Main Mall Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4. 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author) Abstract: The coexistence of sympatric species is determined by diferences in their ecological niche. Thus, for taxonomically and ecologically similar species to coexist, they must segregate in at least one of the three most important dimensions of the ecological niche: space, tme or diet. The Pampas Cat Leopardus colocola and the Sechuran Fox Lycalopex sechurae are sympatric species; and they are the most common medium-sized carnivores in the Sechura Desert and in the lowland seasonally dry tropical forest of Peru and Ecuador. We evaluated the actvity patern of both mesocarnivores using camera trapping and temporal overlap analysis in both arid ecosystems. We found a high degree of actvity overlap and no statstcally signifcant diference in the actvity patern of both species (Δ = 0.85 with 95% CI = 0.81 – 0.94; W = 0.531, SD = 2, P = 0.767), both being cathemeral. There is, however, a contrastng patern in the daytme actvity of these species in the dry forest. These results suggest that the diferent diet compositon may be the main dimension that is facilitatng the coexistence of both mesocarnivores in the arid ecosystems of northern Peru and southern Ecuador. Keywords: Actvity patern, dry forest, mesocarnivores, Pampas Cat, Sechura Desert, Sechuran Fox. Resumen: La coexistencia de especies simpátricas es determinada por las diferencias en su nicho ecológico. Por la tanto, para que especies taxonómica y ecológicamente similares coexistan, deben de segregarse en por lo menos una de las tres principales dimensiones del nicho ecológico: espacio, tempo o dieta. El Gato del Pajonal Leopardus colocola y el Zorro de Sechura Lycalopex sechurae son especies taxonómica y ecológicamente similares que viven en simpatría, siendo los carnívoros de mediano tamaño más comunes del Desierto de Sechura y de las partes bajas del Bosque Tropical Estacionalmente Seco de Perú y Ecuador. Debido a esto, evaluamos los patrones de actvidad de ambos mesocarnívoros usando cámaras trampas y análisis de actvidad temporal en ambos ecosistemas áridos. Encontramos un alto nivel de superposición de actvidad temporal y ninguna diferencia signifcatva en los patrones de actvidad de ambas especies (Δ = 0.85 con 95% CI = 0.81–0.94; W = 0.531, DE = 2, p = 0.7668), siendo las dos especies catemerales. Sin embargo, hay un patrón contrastante en la actvidad diurna de estas especies en el bosque seco. Estos resultados sugieren que la diferente dieta de ambas especies puede ser el principal factor que está facilitando la coexistencia de ambos mesocarnívoros en los ecosistemas áridos del norte de Perú y sur de Ecuador. Editor: Angie Appel, Wild Cat Network, Bad Marienberg, Germany. Date of publicaton: 17 January 2020 (online & print) Citaton: García-Olaechea, A. & C.M. Hurtado (2020). Temporal overlap between two sympatric carnivores in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(2): 15244–15250. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5483.12.2.15244-15250 Copyright: © Garcia-Olaechea & Hurtado 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distribu- ton of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservaton Fund, Small Wild Cat Conservaton Foundaton, and San Diego Zoo Global. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. For Author details, Author Contributon, and Acknowledgements see end of this artcle. 15244 J TT Temporal overlap between two sympatric carnivores in Peru & Ecuador Garcia-Olaechea & Hurtado INTRODUCTION temporal overlap of the Pampas Cat and a potental competng species, the Sechuran Fox, in the Sechura The coexistence of sympatric species is determined Desert and seasonally dry tropical forest of northwestern by their ecological niche. To facilitate coexistence in Peru and southwestern Ecuador. These two species are the same space, taxonomically similar species need to the only carnivores of similar size in the Sechura Desert, distnguish themselves by having diferent diets, habitat and the two most common carnivores in the lowland dry use or temporal paterns (Schoener 1974). The temporal forest (Chávez-Villavicencio et al. 2015; García-Olaechea patern is determined by behavioural responses of & Hurtado 2018). the species to abiotc pressures and biotc interactons (Beltran & Delibes 1994; Weller & Bennet 2001). Abiotc pressures such as intense temperatures and STUDY AREAS moonlight, can infuence the diel actvity of a species. Similarly, actvity paterns can be determined by biotc This project was conducted along the southern interactons such as predator species synchronizing their Ecuadorian and northern Peruvian coastline actvity with their most proftable prey (Monterroso et al. ecosystems: the Sechura Desert (SD; limited to Peru) 2013; Marinho et al. 2017), or competng species having and the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF; Brack-Egg a diferent actvity patern to avoid direct encounters 1986). Both arid ecosystems are among the Global with dominant species (Di Bitet et al. 2009). 200 priority ecoregions for global conservaton; the Generally, sympatric mesocarnivores (i.e., SD is categorized as Vulnerable while the SDTF is mammalian carnivore species situated at an intermediary considered Critcally Endangered (Olson & Dinerstein trophic level that could weigh up to 15kg) are considered 2002). We surveyed three SD localites: (a) San Pedro competng species. This is because of their similar de Vice Mangrove (5.5240S, 80.8860W), (b) Ñapique Lake morphology, body size, and ecosystem functon as (5.5030S, 80.7040W), (c) Illescas Reserve Zone (6.0790S, controllers of prey species (Davies et al. 2007; Prugh et 81.0550W); and three SDTF localites: (d) El Virrey al. 2009). We studied two sympatric mesocarnivores (5.5110S, 79.9510W), (e) Cerros de Amotape Natonal Park that inhabit the arid ecosystems of Peru and Ecuador, (3.9630S, 80.5170W), and (f) La Ceiba Natural Reserve the Pampas Cat Leopardus colocola and the Sechuran (4.1670S, 80.2610W) (Figure 1). The SD extends from Fox Lycalopex sechurae. the coast 20–100 km inland to the adjacent dry forest. It The Pampas Cat is a small wild felid (2–5kg), is an arid ecoregion almost devoid of vegetaton, except widely distributed from northern Ecuador to southern for certain riverine areas (Brack-Egg 1986). The annual Argentna. It occurs at elevatons from sea level to 5,704m average temperature varies between 16°C and 24°C, and in a great variety of habitats, such as desert, dry forest, the average precipitaton is lower than 100mm per year wetlands, savannas, cerrado, and Andean ecosystems (Richer & Ise 2005). like paramo and puna (Silveira 1992; Bagno et al. 2004; The SDTF stretches over 100–150 km on the western Cossíos et al. 2007; García-Olaechea & Hurtado 2018). It slopes of the Andes and meets the coast of the Pacifc is an obligate carnivore, mainly feeding on rodents and Ocean in northern Peru. The climate is hot and dry with birds (Napolitano et al. 2008; Fajardo et al. 2014). In an annual average temperature of approximately 24°C, the Cerrado, it is mainly a diurnal species, while in the with highs of 40°C during the summer, receiving <200mm Andes it is mainly nocturnal and cathemeral (Silveira et of rain per year (Brack-Egg 1986). It has some patches al. 2005; Lucherini et al. 2009; Huaranca et al. 2019). of forest that grows green during the rainy season and The Sechuran Fox is a medium-sized canid (2.5–5kg), is adapted to arid conditons in the dry season (Linares- distributed only from southern Ecuador to central Peru.
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