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Communication Systems for Building Automation and Control

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Communication Systems for Building Automation and Control Communication Systems for Building Automation and Control WOLFGANG KASTNER, GEORG NEUGSCHWANDTNER, STEFAN SOUCEK, AND H. MICHAEL NEWMAN Invited Paper Building automation systems (BAS) provide automatic control of well as large distributed complexes of smaller installations the conditions of indoor environments. The historical root and still such as retail chains or gas stations. These types of build- core domain of BAS is the automation of heating, ventilation and ings are especially interesting since their size, scale, and air-conditioning systems in large functional buildings. Their pri- mary goal is to realize significant savings in energy and reduce complexity hold considerable potential for optimization, but cost. Yet the reach of BAS has extended to include information from also challenges. all kinds of building systems, working toward the goal of “intelli- The key driver of the building automation market is the gent buildings.” Since these systems are diverse by tradition, inte- promise of increased user comfort at reduced operation cost. gration issues are of particular importance. When compared with the field of industrial automation, building automation exhibits spe- To this end, building automation systems (BAS) make use cific, differing characteristics. The present paper introduces the task of optimized control schemes for heating, ventilation, and of building automation and the systems and communications infra- air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, lighting, and shading. Im- structure necessary to address it. Basic requirements are covered provements in energy efficiency will also contribute to en- as well as standard application models and typical services. An vironmental protection. For this reason, related regulations overview of relevant standards is given, including BACnet, Lon- Works and EIB/KNX as open systems of key significance in the sometimes mandate the use of BAS. building automation domain. Costs can further be reduced by providing access to all Keywords—Automation, building management systems, dis- building service systems in a centralized monitoring and con- tributed control, field buses, networks, standards. trol center. This allows abnormal or faulty conditions to be detected, localized and corrected at an early stage and with minimum personnel effort. This is especially true when ac- I. INTRODUCTION cess to the site is offered through a remote connection. A Home and building automation systems are—in the unified visualization scheme for all systems further eases the broadest sense—concerned with improving interaction with task of the operator. Direct access to BAS data from the cor- and between devices typically found in an indoor habitat. porate management level eases data acquisition for facility As such, they provide a topic with many facets and range management tasks such as cost allocation and accounting. from small networks with only a handful of devices to Besides the immediate savings, indirect benefits may be very large installations with thousands of devices. This expected due to higher expected workforce productivity or paper, however, narrows its focus on the automation of large by the increased perceived value of the automated building functional buildings, which in the following will be referred (the “prestige factor,” for both building owner and tenant). to as “buildings” for simplicity. Examples include office Although investment in building automation systems will buildings, hospitals, warehouses, or department stores as result in higher construction cost, their use is mostly eco- nomically feasible as soon as the entire building life cycle Manuscript received January 19, 2005; revised March 17, 2005. is considered. Typically, the operational cost of a building W. Kastner and G. Neugschwandtner are with the Automation Systems over its lifetime is about seven times the initial investment for Group, Institute of Automation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). construction. Therefore, it is important to choose a building S. Soucek is with LOYTEC Electronics GmbH, Vienna 1080, Austria concept that ensures optimal life-cycle cost, not minimum in- (e-mail: [email protected]). vestment cost. The considerable number of available perfor- H. M. Newman is with the Utilities Computer Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). mance contracting offers strongly emphasizes that advanced Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC.2005.849726 BAS are indeed economical. In these models, the contractor 0018-9219/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE 1178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 93, NO. 6, JUNE 2005 takes the financial risk that prospective savings will offset the The DDC concept and its associated design methodology is, investment within a given time. e.g., covered in [1]. Benefits both in terms of (life-cycle) cost and functionality The oil price shock of the early 1970s1 triggered interest in will be maximized as more systems are combined. This re- the energy savings potential of automated systems, whereas quires that expertise from different fields is brought together. only comfort criteria had been considered before. As a con- Integrating fire alarm and security functions is particularly sequence, the term “energy management system” (EMS) ap- challenging due to the high demands made on their depend- peared, which highlights automation functionality related to ability. Engineers and consultants who used to work sepa- power-saving operation, like optimum start and stop control.2 rately are forced to collaborate with each other and the design Further, supervisory control and data acquisition engineer as a team. (SCADA) systems for buildings, referred to as central Integration is obviously far easier when systems that control and monitoring systems (CCMS), were introduced. shall be joined talk the same language. For example, unified They extended the operator’s reach from having to handle presentation is achieved at no additional engineering effort each piece of equipment locally over a whole building or this way, potentially reducing investment cost. Especially complex, allowing the detection of abnormal conditions large corporations with hundreds or thousands of establish- without being on-site. Besides environmental parameters, ments spread out over large distances certainly would want such conditions include technical alarms indicating the need to harmonize their building network infrastructure by using for repair and maintenance. a certain standard technology throughout. Yet this goal is Also, the service of accumulating historical operational effectively out of reach as long as different manufacturers’ data was added. This aids in assessing the cost of opera- systems use proprietary communication interfaces, with no tion and in scheduling maintenance. Trend logs provide valu- manufacturer covering the entire spectrum of applications. able information for improving control strategies as well. Here, open standards try to close the gap, which step into Often, BA systems with these capabilities were referred to the breach, which moreover help avoid vendor lock-in as building management systems (BMS). situations. Other building service systems benefit from automation In the past years LAN technologies have been pushing as well. For example, demand control of lighting systems down the network hierarchy from the management level can significantly contribute to energy saving. Recognizing while fieldbus technologies are pushing upwards. This battle the head start of the BA systems of the HVAC domain with is still not over but what has already emerged from this regard to control and presentation, they provided the natural rivalry is a new trend of combining fieldbus protocols with base for the successive integration of other systems (some- LAN technologies to better utilize an existing LAN infra- times then termed “integrated BMS” (IBMS) [2]). structure. Most approaches follow the principle of running Today’s comprehensive automation systems generally the upper protocol layers of the fieldbus protocol over the go by the all-encompassing name of BAS, although EMS, lower layers of a typical LAN protocol such as IP over building EMS (BEMS), and BMS/IBMS are still in use, Ethernet. The synergies arising out of this very attractive sometimes intentionally to refer to specific functional as- combination are manifold. pects, but often by habit. Fig. 1 illustrates these different For example, most corporations have established their own dimensions. The relevant international standard [3] chooses Intranet and are now able to leverage this infrastructure for building automation and control systems (BACS) as an managing their buildings. Still, all the device profiles de- umbrella term. veloped with great effort over many years can be reused. Comprehensive automation is instrumental to the demands Also, technicians trained on particular tools for many years of an intelligent building. This buzzword has been associ- do not find their existing knowledge rendered worthless de- ated with various concepts over the past 25 years ([4] pro- spite the switch to IP-based building automation networks. vides a comprehensive review). Although there is still no IP-based communication also opens up new dimensions in canonical definition, the current notion of intelligent build- remote management and remote maintenance. ings targets the demands of users and investors alike. Build- ings should provide a productive and attractive environment II. BUILDING SERVICES,AUTOMATION
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