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Art-Based Research in New Media Art Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/Masterarbeit ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). Art-Based Research in New Media Art DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Diplom-Ingenieur/in im Rahmen des Studiums Medieninformatik eingereicht von Hannes Bogacs Matrikelnummer 0326417 an der Fakultät für Informatik der Technischen Universität Wien Betreuung Betreuerin: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ina Wagner Wien, 23.08.2010 (Unterschrift Verfasser/in) (Unterschrift Betreuer/in) Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien ▪ Karlsplatz 13 ▪ Tel. +43-1-58801-0 ▪ www.tuwien.ac.at Art-Based Research in New Media Art DIPLOMA THESIS as fullfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science within the master studies in Media Informatics submitted by Hannes Bogacs Student-Number 0326417 at the Department of Computer Science at the Vienna University of Technology Supervision: Supervisor: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ina Wagner Vienna, 23.08.2010 (Signature Author) (Signature Supervisor) Vienna University of Technology A-1040 Vienna ▪ Karlsplatz 13 ▪ Tel. +43-1-58801-0 ▪ www.tuwien.ac.at Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe, dass alle Stellen der Arbeit, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus anderen Quellen übernommen wurden, als solche kenntlich gemacht sind und dass die Arbeit in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt wurde. Hannes Bogacs Wien, 23.08.2010 Abstract (Deutsch) Kunst und Wissenschaft werden oft getrennt voneinander, als unterschiedliche Kulturen behandelt. Diese Unterscheidung ist hauptsächlich auf eine Spezialsierung und Distanzierung der beiden Disziplinien zurückzuführen. Zahlreiche Theoretiker argumentieren für eine Verbindung von Kunst und Wissenschaft um beständige Fortschritte für Gesellschaft, Kultur, akademische Lehre und Industrie zu ermöglichen. Die Absicht dieser Arbeit ist es, die Überschneidungen von Kunst und Wissenschaft, anhand von Projekten neuer Medienkunst, zu illustrieren. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei auf Kollaborationen zwischen den Disziplinien Kunst, Wissenschaft und Technologie. Grundlegenden Definitionen folgen Einblicke in gegenwärtige Forschungsprojekte und Institution, sowie ein historischer Diskurs über disziplinienübergreifende Errungenschaften. Ein weiteres Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit Forschungsergebnissen und Meinungen von Theoretikern, um für eine nachhaltige Verbindung von Kunst und Wissenschaft zu argumentieren. Der Haupteil dieser Arbeit besteht aus einer Sammlung und Analyse ausgewählter Kunstwerke, welche durch ihre hybriden Eigenschaften und Intentionen wertvoll für wissenschaftliche Forschung in Bereichen wie Biologie, Physik oder Mathematik sind. - 2 - Abstract (English) Generally, art and science are considered to be two different cultures. Scientists believe in the proven and peer-accepted, while pioneering artists often subvert such an approach. The gap between all artistic and scientific disciplines widened because the discrete space of specialized disciplines was more convenient than the longing for total knowledge, as it was in the past. The result of this thesis is a statement for new collaborations between artists and scientists and a wide-spread integration of both disciplines into modern society. Ultimately, this thesis answers questions regarding the manner in which artists can enrich research processes and art's relevancy in connection with a techno- scientific culture. This thesis provides an analysis of contemporary new media artworks, which challenge our conception of the relationships between art, science and technology. Furthermore, it is intended to be a guide to art, influenced by scientific and technological innovation, that addresses research activity. The discussed projects are divided into practical categories with a focus on common scientific disciplines, for example, biology, physics, and mathematics. In addition, this thesis explicates historical aspects of art/science cross-fertilization and cites contemporary research centers, festivals, and organizations as examples of how to promote adventageous results of collaborative multidisciplinary art-practice. Numerous theorists, pragmatists and authors argue in favor of bridging the gap between art and science in order to achieve persisting and important improvements for the prosperity of humanity, culture, academia, and industry. - 3 - Art-Based Research in New Media Art On the Convergence of Art Practice, Scientific Inquiry, and Technological Innovation Overview (short) Introduction.......................................................................................... 6 Definitions............................................................................................. 11 History of Art-Science Intersections.......................................... 31 Art and Research................................................................................ 40 Art and Science/Technology collaborations.......................... 56 Discussion and Analysis of New Media Artworks................ 64 Summary / Conclusion..................................................................... 98 Appendix................................................................................................ 100 List of figures........................................................................................ 105 Bibliography......................................................................................... 109 - 4 - Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................... 6 Definitions...................................................................................................................... 11 What is Science?............................................................................................................................. 11 What is Technology?.................................................................................................................... 13 Science vs. Technology................................................................................................................ 14 What is Art?..................................................................................................................................... 16 New Media Art.......................................................................................................................... 18 Art historical precursors................................................................................................. 19 New media art genres...................................................................................................... 22 Approaches and themes.................................................................................................. 26 Collecting/preserving new media art........................................................................29 History of Art-Science Intersections...................................................................31 Paleolithic......................................................................................................................................... 31 Renaissance..................................................................................................................................... 33 Modern Art....................................................................................................................................... 35 Art and Research......................................................................................................... 40 Art-based research....................................................................................................................... 41 How are artists similar to or different from scientists?.................................................44 Characteristics of art that are useful for research...........................................................48 How does research function in artists' work?...................................................................49 How can artists and scientists cooperate with each other?.........................................50 Collaboration and creativity..................................................................................................... 51 Art and Science/Technology collaborations....................................................56 Discussion and Analysis of New Media Artworks..........................................64 Biology............................................................................................................................................... 65 Physical Sciences........................................................................................................................... 71 Kinetics & Robotics....................................................................................................................... 77 Mathematics / Algorithms......................................................................................................... 83 Information...................................................................................................................................... 89 Summary / Conclusion..............................................................................................98
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