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Embryonic Rnai Analysis in the Firebrat, Thermobia Domestica

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Embryonic Rnai Analysis in the Firebrat, Thermobia Domestica Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology 78, 99-105 (2009) Embryonic RNAi analysis in the firebrat, Thermobia domestica: Distal-less is required to form caudal filament Takahiro Ohde, Mika Masumoto, Toshinobu Yaginuma and Teruyuki Niimi＊ Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (Received March 9, 2009; Accepted April 15, 2009) Ametabolous insects are important for understanding the mechanism of insect evolution based on their phylo- genetic position. Thus, the development and application of an effective gene functional analysis using the RNA interference (RNAi) method is an important step in research on ametabolous insects. We tested RNAi utility in the firebrat, Thermobia domestica (Zygentoma, Lepismatidae) by focusing on the homeobox gene, Distal-less (Dll), based on its conserved sequence and obvious loss-of-function phenotype. Thermobia nymphs that were injected with Dll double-stranded RNA at an early embryonic stage displayed truncated appendages, and thus, we concluded that the RNAi method is useful for analyzing gene function in Thermobia. Remarkably, Dll RNAi in- duced truncation of the caudal appendage, cerci and the caudal non-appendage outgrowth, caudal filament. It is known that although these two caudal structures look similar, they have different origins. Our data suggests that these two types of outgrowths may be formed by similar developmental program, at least with respect to Dll, de- spite their different origins and that Dll even plays a role in a non-appendage structure. Keywords: embryonic RNAi, Thermobia domestica, Distal-less, cerci, caudal filament not only in model system, but also in non-model systems INTRODUCTION (Agrawal et al., 2003). Ametabolous insects show direct development to the We tested the utility of RNAi using dsRNA based on adult stage with almost no morphological changes. These the sequence of Distal-less (Dll) homolog from Thermo- insects are indispensable for understanding several of the bia. Dll encodes a transcription factor that includes a ho- most important aspects in development in insects, such as meodomain as a DNA-binding domain (Cohen et al., evolution of wing and metamorphosis. However, previous 1989) and has a surprisingly well-conserved sequence studies have concentrated on holometabolous or hemime- among arthropods (Panganiban et al., 1995; Prpic and tabolous insects based on the availability of well-estab- Tautz, 2003; Niimi et al., 2005). In Drosophila, Dll pro- lished genetic analysis tools. Since the genetic analysis in tein is required for the formation of ventral appendages, ametabolous insects may be key to understanding molecu- legs, antennae, mouthparts, genitalia, and analia (Cohen lar mechanism underlying insect evolution, gene function- and Jürgens, 1989; Gorfinkiel et al., 1997, 1999; Camp- al analysis tools in ametabolous insects are needed. bell and Tomlinson, 1998; Moreno and Morata, 1999). Here, we applied RNA interference (RNAi) as a gene This function of appendage formation has also been re- functional analysis tool in the ametabolous insect, the fir- ported in other insects and non-insect arthropods, such as ebrat, Thermobia domestica (Fig. 1A). RNAi is a post- the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Khila and Grbić, transcriptional gene silencing process that allows rapid 2007), the spider, Cupiennius saler (Schoppmeier and Da- analysis of unknown gene function (Agrawal et al., 2003). men, 2001), the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (An- In this process, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is degrad- gelini and Kaufman, 2004), the ladybird beetle, Harmonia ed into small RNAs of ~20 to 30 nucleotides and is fur- axyridis (Niimi et al., 2005), and the red flour beetle, Tri- ther unwound into single-stranded small RNAs. The target bolium castaneum (Beermann et al., 2001; Bucher et al., single-stranded RNA (guide strand) is loaded onto the nu- 2002; Suzuki et al., 2009). Since Dll loss-of-function phe- clease complex, designated RISC (RNA-induced silencing notype appears obvious truncations of the distal regions of complex), and then the RISC cleaves specific mRNA de- appendages, it is a good marker to examine the utility of pending on the sequence of the guide strand (Siomi and RNAi method. Corresponding to its function, Dll expres- Siomi, 2009). Since the first discovery of RNAi in Cae- sion in the distal end of limbs has been observed in a norhabditis elegans (Fire et al., 1998), this technique has wide range of organisms (Panganiban et al., 1995, 1997; been developed in various eukaryotic organisms and has Grenier et al., 1997). Remarkably, Dll expression in the been applied as a powerful reverse-genetic analysis tool caudal filament of Thermobia was reported by Rogers et al. (2002). In the caudal region of Thermobia, there are *To whom correspondence should be addressed. two types of outgrowth: cercus and caudal filament. Fax: +81-52-789-4036. Tel: +81-52-789-5504 Although these outgrowths have similar morphology Email: [email protected] (Fig. 1B), the developmental origin is different. The cau- 100 Ohde et al. that Dll is required to form both cerci and the caudal fila- ment. Further, this is an interesting example of two body parts, each with different origins that are formed by a similar developmental program, at least for a gene, Dll. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insects A colony of Thermobia domestica was maintained at 34 to 35°C and provided with water and an artificial cricket food (Rep-Cal). Eggs were collected from tissue paper placed in the cage and incubated at 37°C in a plastic case. Embryos were staged according to Woodland (1957). Cloning Total RNA was extracted from a whole body of Ther- mobia with TRIzol (Gibco BRL) according to the manu- facturer’s instructions. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from total RNA with a SMART PCR cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech). The Td-Dll cDNA fragment was amplified using the following degenerate primer set for Dll designed Fig. 1. (A) Thermobia domestica adult. (B) Higher magnifi- from highly conserved amino acid sequences found in D. cation image of the Thermobia caudal region. An, antenna; Ce, cercus; Cf, caudal filament; Mp, maxillary palp; St, stylus; melanogaster Dll (S47947), zebrafish Dlx-8 (U67846), T1-T3, thoracic legs. mouse Dlx-1 (U51000), and human Dlx-2 (U51003): Dll-1: 5′-ATGMGIAARCCIMGIACIATHTA-3′ dal filament is not an appendage structure while cerci are Dll-2: 5′-YTTISWICKICKRTTYTGRAACCA-3′ true appendages of the eleventh segment. The origin of (M=C+A, R=A+G, H=A+T+C, Y=C+T, S= the caudal filament is still controversial. One classical the- G + C, W = A + T, K = T + G, I = Inosine) ory is that the caudal filament is an elongation of the The PCR was performed using 2.5 μl of the 10-fold-dilut- eleventh abdominal tergum (Snodgrass, 1935). Alterna- ed first-strand cDNA, the designed primer pair, and Am- tively, it has also been proposed, from the studies of the pliTaq Gold (Perkin Elmer). bristletail (Machida, 1981) and the mayfly (Tojo and Machida, 1997), that the caudal filament is a structure that Sequencing and sequence analysis is independent from the eleventh segment. In a previous PCR products were subcloned into the EcoR V site of report, Dll expression was demonstrated in both cerci and the pBluescript KS+ vector (Stratagene). The nucleotide caudal filament (Rogers et al., 2002). Examining the simi- sequences of the PCR products and the flanking regions larities in the developmental program of two body parts around the restriction enzyme-digested fragments, which with different origins and similar morphology should be were inserted into the vectors, were confirmed using the instructive. dideoxy chain-termination method on an automated DNA In this study, we first cloned the Dll homolog from sequencer 3130 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Thermobia (Td-Dll). Then, we examined the expression Sequence analysis was carried out using a DNASIS pattern of Dll in embryos of Thermobia by antibody stain- system (Hitachi Software Engineering). Deduced amino ing. Dll showed similar expression patterns in both the acid sequences were aligned with ClustalW2. The cerci and the caudal filament. This result suggests the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession number for Td-Dll is similar function of Dll in these structures. To examine the AB489202. role of Td-Dll in Thermobia, we then performed an RNAi experiment by injecting Td-Dll dsRNA into an early em- Antibody staining and imaging bryo. Consequently, the nymphs treated with Td-Dll Thermobia embryos were dissected in ice-cold phos- dsRNA displayed a lack of distal region of appendages. phate-buffered saline (PBS; 137 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCl, Thus, we conclude that the RNAi method is valid to ana- 10.14 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.2), fixed with PLP (4% para- lyze gene function in Thermobia. Importantly, the caudal formaldehyde, 30 mM NaPO4, 10 mM NaIO4, and 75 mM filament of Td-Dll RNAi nymph exhibited a truncated lysine, pH 6.8) for 2 h on ice, and then washed 5 times in phenotype similar to that in the cerci. Our data indicate 100% methanol at room temperature and stored at −20°C Embryonic RNAi in Thermobia 101 until use. Working at 4°C, embryos were rehydrated in ered with Voltalef 10S oil (Elf Atochem). The embryos PBT (PBS, 0.3% Triton X-100), blocked in 2% PBTS were injected at either the anterior or posterior pole. In- (PBT, 2% BSA) for 6 h, and then incubated overnight in jected embryos were incubated in a moist chamber at 1:200 dilution of a rabbit polyclonal anti-Dll antibody (a 37°C. kind gift from G. Panganiban; generated against Drosoph- ila Dll) as a primary antibody. After 6 washes in PBT, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis embryos were incubated overnight in 1:300 dilution of Al- Hatched nymphs were fixed in 70% EtOH, dehydrated exa flour 488 conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Molecular in a graded ethyl alcohol series, and then transferred to Probes) as a secondary antibody.
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