DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Changing Media Technology on the Practice of Journalism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Changing Media Technology on the Practice of Journalism The impact of changing media technology on the practice of journalism. by Margaret Anne Knight A thesis submitted in fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Master of Philosophy etc) at the University of Central Lancashire October 2016 STUDENT DECLARATION FORM Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards Either *I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution Material submitted for another award Either *I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work The impact of changing media technology on the practice of journalism. The works presented here constitute an examination of the impact of new media technologies (focusing on social media) on the practice of journalism, with an emphasis on integrating empirical and sociological research. The use of a combination of content analysis, interviews and personal reflections and columns by journalists, case studies and observations, serves to verify and triangulate the evidence. The use of a comprehensive model to examine and analyse media products is a substantial contribution to the field of journalism studies. Previous studies that focused on new media technologies tended to either simply describe these technologies and their potential for change, or to analyse them purely in relationship to older technologies and processes, reducing both forms of practice to a tautological definition: each is that which the other is not. Taking a clear snapshot of the current landscape, and examining it without reference to specific technologies or past practices, the model allows for clear examination of relationships and practices, without being limited by the previous analyses. A number of key themes emerge from research: the tension between the potential of new technologies to expand and improve journalistic practice and output is countered by the fear that the technology will render journalists and their practices redundant. The impact of economic forces is also apparent in the research. The economic structures that underpin journalism were undergoing substantial changes as new media was introduced, and have undergone additional changes as a result of the social and usage changes that technology has wrought. Technology cannot be abstracted from society and economics, and this interrelationship is apparent in the development of the model of the new media ecology which we developed. The work expands on ideas of the first wave of sociological research into the practice of journalism, taking the methods and ideas and applying them to current environments. The iterative development of a model for the new media environments, and its application to empirical and observed research is a key contribution to the field. Abstract Table of contents Student declaration ...................................................................................................... i Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ii Response to external examiners’ comments ............................................................. iii Synoptic Commentary ................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction and context ..................................................................... 1 a. The development of new media technologies ............................. 3 b. Research responses to new media technologies .......................... 4 2. Technological determinism and taxonomical concerns ..................... 6 3. Professional responses to technological developments .................... 15 a. Social media and response by traditional news outlets. ............ 17 b. Public discourse on the impact of social media ........................ 19 c. Social media as news source ..................................................... 20 d. Social media in the newsroom: source and commentary .......... 22 4. Ambivalence and excitement ........................................................... 25 a. Verification, ethics and the laws of ownership ......................... 30 5. Methodological approaches .............................................................. 31 6. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 32 7. Works cited ....................................................................................... 33 Published works ....................................................................................................... 37 Blogging: a new medium, or a new form of an old one. .................................... 38 Blogging and Citizen Journalism. ...................................................................... 44 Beyond technological determinism: a model for understanding the new participatory networked news environment. (with C Cook) .............................. 65 The Origin Of Stories: How Journalists Find And Create News In An Age Of Social Media, Competition And Churnalism. ................................................... 70 Journalism as usual: The use of social media as a newsgathering tool in the coverage of the Iranian elections in 2009. ......................................................... 90 The revolution will be facebooked, broadcast and published. ........................ 105 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Introduction: Networked Journalism ........................................................................................................ 120 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Data Journalism and Crowdsourcing ................................................................................................. 136 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Citizen journalism and the public sphere ..................................................................................................... 156 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Collaborative journalism and user-generated content ............................................................................... 173 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Ethics and the code of conduct ............................................................................................................. 191 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Truth and verification . 206 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. Journalism and the law 219 Social Media for Journalists: Principles and Practice. News in a new media ecology ............................................................................................................. 233 Data journalism in the UK: a preliminary analysis of form and content.......... 265 Statement of co-authors of joint publications ........................................................ 285 Margaret Anne Knight PhD Submission The impact of changing media technology on the practice of journalism. The works presented here constitute an examination of the impact of new media technologies (focusing on social media) on the practice of journalism, with an emphasis on integrating empirical and sociological research. The use of a combination of content analysis, interviews and personal reflections and columns by journalists, case studies and observations, serves to verify and triangulate the evidence. The use of a comprehensive model to examine and analyse media products is a substantial contribution to the field of journalism studies. Previous studies that focused on new media technologies tended to either simply describe these technologies and their potential for change, or to analyse them purely in relationship to older technologies and processes, reducing both forms of practice to a tautological definition: each is that which the other is not. Taking a clear snapshot of the current landscape, and examining it without reference to specific technologies or past practices, the model allows for clear examination of relationships and practices, without being limited by the previous analyses. A number of key themes emerge from research: the tension between the potential of new technologies to expand and improve journalistic practice and output is countered by the fear that the technology will render journalists and their practices redundant. The impact of economic forces is also apparent in the research. The economic structures that underpin journalism were undergoing substantial changes as new media was introduced, and have undergone additional changes as a result of the social and usage changes that technology has wrought. Technology cannot be abstracted from society and economics, and this interrelationship is apparent in the development of the model of the new media ecology which we developed. The work expands on ideas of the first wave of sociological research into the practice of journalism, taking the methods and ideas and applying them to current environments. The iterative development of a model for the new media environments, and its application to empirical and observed research is a key contribution to the field. 1 of 289 Margaret Anne Knight PhD Submission The impact of changing media technology on the practice of journalism. The works presented here constitute an examination of the impact
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF (159.1
    ·9· CONCLUSION A Social News Media Network Conclusion Conclusion The first decades of the new millennium have seen further fundamental trans- formations of the practices and processes through which we generate and en- gage with the news, and online and social media have been central to these transformations to an extent that we could now speak of the thoroughly in- tegrated complex that includes conventional news organisations, alternative and citizen media outlets, professional and citizen journalists, industry and freelance newsmakers, dedicated social news curators and ordinary social me- dia users, as a social news media network. Social media have clearly been crucial drivers of these transformations. In the industry, “a ‘new’ dynamic of newsgathering, production and dissemi- nation is taking shape that affects journalistic practices” (Heinrich 2008: 3), while amongst news users “there is a growing demand for more open, accessi- ble and informative news media. People like journalism so much they are pre- pared to help create it themselves—for free” (Beckett 2010: 3). This has led to the central role that social media now play in the context of breaking news events, as we have seen in Chapter 3, and to the habitual, demotic everyday newssharing practices that are enabling social media to become an increas- ingly important source of news for a growing share of Internet users, which we examined in Chapter 4; it has also forced journalists to develop strategies Axel Bruns - 9781433133213 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/24/2021 03:42:45PM via free access 350 GATEWATCHING AND NEWS CURATION for engaging more directly with their readers and viewers by developing their personal social media presences, as outlined in Chapter 5, to an extent that would have been unthinkable during the first wave of citizen media; and it has led the news industry as a whole to confront social media as a tertiary space beyond its own imprints in which user engagement with the news must be an- ticipated, should be addressed, and can be measured, as shown in Chapter 6.
    [Show full text]
  • In Defense of Cyberterrorism: an Argument for Anticipating Cyber-Attacks
    IN DEFENSE OF CYBERTERRORISM: AN ARGUMENT FOR ANTICIPATING CYBER-ATTACKS Susan W. Brenner Marc D. Goodman The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States brought the notion of terrorism as a clear and present danger into the consciousness of the American people. In order to predict what might follow these shocking attacks, it is necessary to examine the ideologies and motives of their perpetrators, and the methodologies that terrorists utilize. The focus of this article is on how Al-Qa'ida and other Islamic fundamentalist groups can use cyberspace and technology to continue to wage war againstthe United States, its allies and its foreign interests. Contending that cyberspace will become an increasingly essential terrorist tool, the author examines four key issues surrounding cyberterrorism. The first is a survey of conventional methods of "physical" terrorism, and their inherent shortcomings. Next, a discussion of cyberspace reveals its potential advantages as a secure, borderless, anonymous, and structured delivery method for terrorism. Third, the author offers several cyberterrorism scenarios. Relating several examples of both actual and potential syntactic and semantic attacks, instigated individually or in combination, the author conveys their damagingpolitical and economic impact. Finally, the author addresses the inevitable inquiry into why cyberspace has not been used to its full potential by would-be terrorists. Separately considering foreign and domestic terrorists, it becomes evident that the aims of terrorists must shift from the gross infliction of panic, death and destruction to the crippling of key information systems before cyberattacks will take precedence over physical attacks. However, given that terrorist groups such as Al Qa'ida are highly intelligent, well-funded, and globally coordinated, the possibility of attacks via cyberspace should make America increasingly vigilant.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the International Place Branding Association (IPBA)
    Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the International Place Branding Association (IPBA) Hosted by the Destination Branding & Marketing Group (DBM-VI) Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao Macao S.A.R., China 5-7 December 2018 Leonardo (Don) A.N. Dioko, Phd. Editor Organized by: Sponsor and support: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL PLACE BRANDING AND 6TH DESTINATION BRANDING AND MARKETING CONFERENCES INSTITUTE FOR TOURISM STUDIES, MACAO, 5 TO 7 DECEMBER 2018 Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the International Place Branding Association (IPBA)— Hosted by the Destination Branding and Marketing Special Interest Group (DBM-VI) Editor: Leonardo (Don) A. N. Dioko Published December 2018 by the Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao © Copyright Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover photo courtesy of Mr. Window Leong. Macao SAR, China, December 2018 ISBN 978-99937-51-43-4 PAGE 2 OF 268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL PLACE BRANDING AND 6TH DESTINATION BRANDING AND MARKETING CONFERENCES INSTITUTE FOR TOURISM STUDIES, MACAO, 5 TO 7 DECEMBER 2018 Leonardo (Don) A.N. Dioko, Phd. Editor Welcome from the Chairman of the International Place Branding Association (IPBA) ...................................... 8 Dr. Robert Govers Welcome from your Host ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • | Oxford Literary Festival
    OXFORD literary Saturday 30 March to festival Sunday 7 April 2019 Kazuo Ishiguro Nobel Prize Winner Dr Mary Robinson Robert Harris Darcey Bussell Mary Beard Ranulph Fiennes Lucy Worsley Ben Okri Michael Morpurgo Jo Brand Ma Jian Joanne Harris Venki Ramakrishnan Val McDermid Simon Schama Nobel Prize Winner pocket guide Box Office 0333 666 3366 • www.oxfordliteraryfestival.org Welcome to your pocket guide to the 2019 Ft Weekend oxFord literary Festival Tickets Tickets can be booked up to one hour before the event. Online: www.oxfordliteraryfestival.org In person: Oxford Visitor Information Centre, Broad Street, Oxford, seven days a week.* Telephone box office: 0333 666 3366* Festival box office: The box office in the Blackwell’s marquee will be open during the festival. Immediately before events: Last-minute tickets are available for purchase from the festival box office in the marquee in the hour leading up to each event. You are strongly advised to book in advance as the box office can get busy in the period before events. * An agents’ booking fee of £1.75 will be added to all sales at the visitor information centre and through the telephone box office. This pocket guide was correct at the time of going to press. Venues are sometimes subject to change, and more events will be added to the programme. For all the latest times and venues, check our website at www.oxfordliteraryfestival.org General enquiries: 07444 318986 Email: [email protected] Ticket enquiries: [email protected] colour denotes children’s and young people’s events Blackwell’s bookshop marquee The festival marquee is located next to the Sheldonian Theatre.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidizing the News? Organizational Press Releases' Influence on News Media's Agenda and Content Boumans, J
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Subsidizing the news? Organizational press releases' influence on news media's agenda and content Boumans, J. DOI 10.1080/1461670X.2017.1338154 Publication date 2018 Document Version Final published version Published in Journalism Studies License CC BY-NC-ND Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Boumans, J. (2018). Subsidizing the news? Organizational press releases' influence on news media's agenda and content. Journalism Studies, 19(15), 2264-2282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1338154 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 SUBSIDIZING THE NEWS? Organizational press releases’ influence on news media’s agenda and content Jelle Boumans The relation between organizational press releases and newspaper content has generated consider- able attention.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts
    American Political Science Review (2017) 111, 3, 484–501 doi:10.1017/S0003055417000144 c American Political Science Association 2017 How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument GARY KING Harvard University JENNIFER PAN Stanford University MARGARET E. ROBERTS University of California, San Diego he Chinese government has long been suspected of hiring as many as 2 million people to surrep- titiously insert huge numbers of pseudonymous and other deceptive writings into the stream of T real social media posts, as if they were the genuine opinions of ordinary people. Many academics, and most journalists and activists, claim that these so-called 50c party posts vociferously argue for the government’s side in political and policy debates. As we show, this is also true of most posts openly accused on social media of being 50c. Yet almost no systematic empirical evidence exists for this claim https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000144 . or, more importantly, for the Chinese regime’s strategic objective in pursuing this activity. In the first large-scale empirical analysis of this operation, we show how to identify the secretive authors of these posts, the posts written by them, and their content. We estimate that the government fabricates and posts about 448 million social media comments a year. In contrast to prior claims, we show that the Chinese regime’s strategy is to avoid arguing with skeptics of the party and the government, and to not even discuss controversial issues. We show that the goal of this massive secretive operation is instead to distract the public and change the subject, as most of these posts involve cheerleading for China, the revolutionary history of the Communist Party, or other symbols of the regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Journalism Is a Groundbreaking Transmissions
    Table of contents introduction Journalism has undergone a major A case in point is breaking news. When transformation and benefited as a a natural disaster or a major accident result of multiple technological happens it traditionally required innovations over the last ten years. substantial resources, including the This advancement demands that deployment of heavy and expensive traditional journalism adapts to equipment to report live. This is true of constant change so media can meet transporting a crew to Pakistan´s audience expectations, specifically in northern mountainous areas to report terms of credibility and timing. on an earthquake, but is also true of reporting the refugee crisis in Europe. Among these technological develop- Another example is covering war, ments, the emergence of smart- where journalists are often targeted phones, along with digital technology for reporting on demonstrations or and Wi-Fi, has deeply changed—and restricted from accessing conflict continues to change—journalism. Not zones. only has the smartphone become a crucial device for news consumption, With smartphones in their back but it also provides a pocket-sized pockets, journalists no longer have to media hub for journalists. worry about setting up cables, connec- tions, large cameras or satellite Mobile journalism is a groundbreaking transmissions. They can go almost way of doing journalism. Armed with unnoticed. only a smartphone, journalists are empowered to cover almost any story Mobile journalism has additional in a timely and safer manner. One of advantages, aside from increased the most notable advantages of mobility and access. The development mobile journalism is that it enables the of highly sophisticated cameras, apps journalist to overcome frequent and add-on equipment allows journal- challenges and barriers, often ists to explore their creativity and use strengthening freedom of speech and their smartphones not only in crisis or access to information.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Systems in Great Power Competition with China
    STRATEGIC STUDIES QUARTERLY - PERSPECTIVE Decide, Disrupt, Destroy: Information Systems in Great Power Competition with China AINIKKI RIIKONEN Abstract Technologies for creating and distributing knowledge have impacted international politics and conflict for centuries, and today the infrastructure for communicating knowledge has expanded. These technologies, along with attempts to exploit their vulnerabilities, will shape twenty-first- century great power competition between the US and China. Likewise, great power competition will shape the way China develops and uses these technologies across the whole spectrum of competition to make decisions, disrupt the operational environment, and destroy adversary capabilities. ***** he 2018 US National Defense Strategy (NDS) cites Russia and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as “revisionist powers” that “want to shape a world consistent with their authoritarian model— gaining veto authority over other nations’ economic, diplomatic, and secu- T 1 rity decisions.” It describes these countries as competitors seeking to use “other areas of competition short of open warfare to achieve their [au- thoritarian] ends” and to “optimize their targeting of our battle networks and operational concepts.”2 The NDS assesses that competition will occur along the entire spectrum of statecraft from peace to open conflict and that Russia and the PRC will align their foreign policies with their models of governance. If this assessment is correct, and if technology plays a sig- nificant role in international politics, then technology will affect the whole spectrum of great power competition and conflict. Information architec- ture—the structures of technology that collect and relay information worldwide—is innately connected to power projection. The PRC has been innovating in this area, and its expanded information capabilities—and risks to US capabilities—will shape competition in the twenty- first cen- tury.
    [Show full text]
  • CNN Communications Press Contacts Press
    CNN Communications Press Contacts Allison Gollust, EVP, & Chief Marketing Officer, CNN Worldwide [email protected] ___________________________________ CNN/U.S. Communications Barbara Levin, Vice President ([email protected]; @ blevinCNN) CNN Digital Worldwide, Great Big Story & Beme News Communications Matt Dornic, Vice President ([email protected], @mdornic) HLN Communications Alison Rudnick, Vice President ([email protected], @arudnickHLN) ___________________________________ Press Representatives (alphabetical order): Heather Brown, Senior Press Manager ([email protected], @hlaurenbrown) CNN Original Series: The History of Comedy, United Shades of America with W. Kamau Bell, This is Life with Lisa Ling, The Nineties, Declassified: Untold Stories of American Spies, Finding Jesus, The Radical Story of Patty Hearst Blair Cofield, Publicist ([email protected], @ blaircofield) CNN Newsroom with Fredricka Whitfield New Day Weekend with Christi Paul and Victor Blackwell Smerconish CNN Newsroom Weekend with Ana Cabrera CNN Atlanta, Miami and Dallas Bureaus and correspondents Breaking News Lauren Cone, Senior Press Manager ([email protected], @lconeCNN) CNN International programming and anchors CNNI correspondents CNN Newsroom with Isha Sesay and John Vause Richard Quest Jennifer Dargan, Director ([email protected]) CNN Films and CNN Films Presents Fareed Zakaria GPS Pam Gomez, Manager ([email protected], @pamelamgomez) Erin Burnett Outfront CNN Newsroom with Brooke Baldwin Poppy
    [Show full text]
  • 2014-2015 Impact Report
    IMPACT REPORT 2014-2015 INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S MEDIA FOUNDATION ABOUT THE IWMF Our mission is to unleash the potential of women journalists as champions of press freedom to transform the global news media. Our vision is for women journalists worldwide to be fully supported, protected, recognized and rewarded for their vital contributions at all levels of the news media. As a result, consumers will increase their demand for news with a diversity of voices, stories and perspectives as a cornerstone of democracy and free expression. Photo: IWMF Fellow Sonia Paul Reporting in Uganda 2 IWMF IMPACT REPORT 2014/2015 INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S MEDIA FOUNDATION IWMF BOARD OF DIRECTORS Linda Mason, Co-Chair CBS News (retired) Dear Friends, Alexandra Trower, Co-Chair We are honored to lead the IWMF Board of Directors during this amazing period of growth and renewal for our The Estée Lauder Companies, Inc. Cindi Leive, Co-Vice Chair organization. This expansion is occurring at a time when journalists, under fire and threats in many parts of the Glamour world, need us most. We’re helping in myriad ways, including providing security training for reporting in conflict Bryan Monroe, Co-Vice Chair zones, conducting multifaceted initiatives in Africa and Latin America, and funding individual reporting projects Temple University that are being communicated through the full spectrum of media. Eric Harris, Treasurer Cheddar We couldn’t be more proud of how the IWMF has prioritized smart and strategic growth to maximize our award George A. Lehner, Legal Counsel and fellowship opportunities for women journalists. Through training, support, and opportunities like the Courage Pepper Hamilton LLP in Journalism Awards, the IWMF celebrates the perseverance and commitment of female journalists worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Journalism in the Era of Mobile Technology: the Changing Pattern of News Production and the Thriving Culture of Fake News in Pakistan and Ghana
    Sadia Jamil, Gifty Appiah-Adjei Journalism in the era of mobile technology: the changing pattern of news production and the thriving culture of fake news in Pakistan and Ghana Sadia Jamil1 University of Queensland, Australia Gifty Appiah-Adjei University of Education, Winneba, Ghana DOI: 10.30547/worldofmedia.3.2019.2 Abstract The advent of new technologies has resulted in the rise of mobile journalism around the globe. Mobile devices have reformed the newsroom environments by introducing new means to connect with the audience and to communicate with other journalists within the same place. Many traditional media organizations already produce news content for mobile web-sites and apps in proportion to cross-media strategies, reflecting structural changes in the journalism industry and transformation in the process of news production in many countries and although coming from different cultural traditions and geographical locations, Pakistan and Ghana are no exceptions. However, there are concerns about the potential role of mobile journalism in fostering the culture of fake news in both countries. Thus, using the media convergence and social responsibility theories, this study aims to analyse how mobile journalism is altering the news production process and fostering the trend of fake news in Pakistan and Ghana. To accomplish this aim, this study uses the qualitative methods of document review and in-depth interviews and offers a thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Keywords Mobile journalism, fake news, media convergence, social responsibility, Pakistan’s and Ghana’s news media. 1 Corresponding author: Sadia Jamil, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072, Australia. Email: [email protected] 42 Journalism in the era of mobile technology: The changing pattern of news production and the thriving culture of fake news in Pakistan and Ghana Introduction Technology has always been at the forefront of newsgathering and the journalistic process.
    [Show full text]
  • Fora 'Balanced
    FORA 'BALANCED .......University of Edinburgh,-Oid College South Bridge, Edinburgh EHS 9YL VIEW ·· Tel: 031-6671011 ext 4308 18 November-16 December GET ALBERT IRVIN Paintings 1959-1989 Tues-Sat 10 am-5 pm Admission Free Subsidised by the Scottish Arts Council DAILY Glasgow Herald Student Newp~aper of the Year y 16thnovem 25p r_ MURIELGRA the Rector THESHAMEN speaks synergyand pages 10-11 ecstasy page12 - u ars by Neil Rafferty scotland as an active member-' _As a member of the Scottish and state in the EEC: "We could· Nationalists renowned for attack­ JeffSinton shape the agenda of the commun­ ing all of Scotland's Tories, espe­ ity by holding regular summits in cially Malcolm Rifkind, the Edinburgh," he said. former Labour MP had to attack iiM SILLARS, Scottish the Scottish Secretary. Nationalist MP for Glasgow­ "Not only would Scottish rep-· "He is a governor-general," Govan, declared on Friday resentation in Brussels double," who "does not represent the Scot­ that the West must "extend he argued, "but we would have tish people," and if independence Commissioners in our own right.':.._ the hand of friendship and • were ever achieved Thatcherism dialogue" to Eastern Europe "would be marginalised forever -"with no strings attached." The economic and industrial and the ideas of the Adam Smith benefits of membership, how­ Institute relegated to the Dandy Speaking at the William ever, were subject to vague politi­ and the Beano." Robertson Building, Sillars said cal rules. Citing the cases of' Ravenscraig and Gartcosh steel­ Mr Sillars, invited to speak at that the past fortnight of events in the University by EU Scottish East Germany would not lead to works, the member for Govan claimed that the EEC would not Nationalists, managed to stay for the threat of a re-unified Ger­ some questions by_ the audience.
    [Show full text]