Census 2011 Workplace Zones

Examples of Workplace Population Data

September 2014

Examples of Workplace Zone Analysis in Hampshire

The following report provides a flavour of the workplace statistics and spatial distributions from mapping the data. A list of the 2011 Census workplace population statistics can be found at the end of the report. This report is one of several documents and accompanying maps.

Workplace Zones: Number and Estimated Population

Table 1: The Number of Workplace Zones (WZ) and Output Areas in Hampshire

Number of Total WZ Total OA 2011 Workplace Resident Workplace Number Population Population Area Zones 2011 OAs* (16-74 yrs) (16-74yrs) Hampshire (County Area) 1,284 4,254 620,324 954,975 Basingstoke and Deane 179 556 84,821 123,243 East Hampshire 111 370 48,214 83,522 Eastleigh 120 403 64,219 91,582 Fareham 105 357 51,004 81,198 Gosport 57 272 26,652 59,499 Hart 83 282 40,079 66,087 Havant 93 387 46,667 86,247 New Forest 179 592 75,620 124,798 Rushmoor 90 301 49,880 69,652 Test Valley 129 370 57,602 84,652 Winchester 138 364 75,566 84,495 Portsmouth 196 650 112,852 153,705 Southampton 199 766 109,456 180,201 Hampshire Economic Area 1,679 5,670 842,632 1,288,881 Workplace Population (Table WP102EW), Output Area (Table KS102EW: aggregation of OA populations 16-74).*Exact-Fit 2011 OA-to-LAD lookup

1.1 The Hampshire Economic Area has 1,679 worker based workplace zones as opposed to 5,670 resident based Output Areas (Table 1). This gives a ratio of Output Areas to Workplace Zones of 3.4:1; the same as the national ratio.

1.2 The Hampshire (County Area) has 1,284 workplace zones and 4,254 Output Areas with a ratio of Output Areas to Workplace Zones of 3.3:1.

1.3 The two cities have similar numbers of workplace zones at 196 and 199 respectively, while at the local authority district level workplace zones range from 57 in Gosport to 179 in Basingstoke and Deane. Most of these zones will be in the urban centres or encompassing industrial and business parks on the edge of town. For example, of the 179 workplace zones in Basingstoke and Deane, approximately 118 can be attributed to Basingstoke Town.

1.4 The workplace population in the Hampshire Economic Area numbered 842,632 workers. Of these, 620,324 work in the Hampshire (County Area), 112,852 in Portsmouth and 109,456 in Southampton. The two cities have similar workplace populations, but there is greater variation at district level. It should be noted that these figures are a snapshot of workers employed in the week preceding the 2011 Census. This was a period of weaker employment growth when compared to more recent trends. As such, overall worker numbers are likely to have risen on 2011 levels.

2. Mapping Spatial Distributions across the Hampshire Economic Area

2.1. In the cities and in urban areas polygons or choropleth maps (areas with shaded colours) might be preferable, while at the whole Hampshire level the population Weighted centroids remove any visual impacts caused by larger workplace zones in rural areas with fewer workers.

Map 1: Population Centroid Weighted map of Workplace Zone Population Density

2.2 Map 1 quintiles (based on Hampshire 20% bands)) in this report uses the workplace population Weighted centroids (points). Map 1 shows distinct clusters of workplace zones that demarcate worker concentrations, both in the major employment centres such as Basingstoke, Portsmouth and Southampton, and in the smaller market towns e.g. Andover, Lymington and Petersfield. For the pre-dominantly rural Hampshire employment is fairly homogenous as low density. In contrast, the urban south Hampshire broadly following the M27 corridor represents distinct clusters of concentrated employment, as does the upper reaches of the M3 in north Hampshire from Basingstoke to Farnborough.

2.3 Maps 2a and 2b highlight two different approaches for visualising employment patterns, in this case, patterns of average distance being travelled by workers in Hampshire. In Map 2a the larger rural workplace zones have a disproportionate ‘impact’ visual impact. Sparser settlements and dispersed employment opportunities will naturally mean workers commuting to, or within, rural areas incurring higher average distances to their place of work. In some cases this will be through necessity, with commuters travelling from more affordable housing in urban areas. There are also small clusters of workplace zones in city centres with higher paid professionals commuting in from outside.

Map 2a: Choropleth Map of Average Distance Travelled to Work

Map 2b: Population Centroid Weighted map of Average Distance Travelled to Work

Map 3a: Main Method of Travel to Work (Census 2001 methodology): By Car

2.4 The percentages of workers travelling by car to their place of work are lower in urban centres where other options are available e.g. public transport, walking or cycling. In rural areas with fewer alternatives car usage will be higher. Likewise, employment centres with easy access to major road infrastructure also attracts higher percentages of workers commuting by car.

Map 3b: Main Method of Travel to Work (Census 2001 methodology): Work Mostly from Home

2.5 Working from home has a strong correlation with the self-employed, whether as professionals or in skilled trades such as builders. The distribution is spread across Hampshire, but higher percentages are more evident in isolated rural areas, and less so in city and larger town centres. 5

Map 3c: Main Method of Travel to Work (Census 2001 methodology): Public Transport (Bus & Rail)

2.6 The pattern of public transport reflects the availability of buses and trains in or connecting to employment centres, with low percentages in sparser rural areas.

Map 3d: Main Method of Travel to Work (Census 2001 methodology): Walk or Cycle

2.7 Walking and cycling have similar distributions to public transport, although there is a stronger presence in the smaller market towns with local employment opportunities.

Map 4a1 Industry Percentage (Quantiles) of Total Workplace Zone Population in Finance & Insurance

Map 4a2 Industry Percentage (Nat. Breaks) of Total Workplace Zone Population in Finance & Insurance

2.8 Maps 4a1 and 4a2 show the same data, but are cut using Natural Breaks and Quantiles (as used in the previous maps). Quantiles, or quintiles (five equal bands) are less effective given the large jump in percentages from the 4th to 5th quintile; the 5th quintile ranges from 3% to 92%. Natural Breaks slice the data into more logical bands, differentiating between gaps in the data distribution and provide a more useful distribution i.e. locating concentrations. These can be found in Southampton City centre, Eastleigh (insurance companies), Basingstoke and Farnborough.

Map 4b1: Industry Percentage (Natural Breaks) of the Total Workplace Zone Population in Accommodation & Food Services

Map 4b2: Percentage (Natural Breaks) of the Total Workplace Zone Population in Accommodation & Food Services –Population centroid Weighted

2.9 Maps 4b1 and 4b2 use Natural Breaks using both polygons and population Weighted centroids. In the first map the larger workplace zones in rural New Forest visually over emphasize accommodation and food concentrations. The second map shows a better approximation to the actual locations in for example Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst. Likewise, the Southsea area of Portsmouth is clearly visible.

Map 4c: Industry Percentage (Natural Breaks) of the Total Workplace Zone Population in Manufacturing

2.10 Manufacturing hot spots exist in Gosport, Havant and Portsmouth in the south, while the two’ industrial’ parks in Andover (Portway and Walworth) also show up clearly. In Basingstoke the industrial parks stand out, for example Viables Industrial Estate to the south, and the industrial estates in the North Town area of Aldershot in Rushmoor.

Map 4d: Industry Percentage (Natural Breaks) of the Total Workplace Zone Population in Information and Communications

2.11 The distribution of Information and Communication workers is skewed to north Hampshire, with notable concentrations in Basingstoke, Fleet and Farnborough. There are also pockets elsewhere e.g. IBM at Hursley (Winchester). 9

Map 4e: Industry Percentage (Natural Breaks) of the Total Workplace Zone Population in Public Administration and Defence

2.12 The distribution of Public administration is very precise, reflecting civic centre locations. More marked are defence activities with Aldershot (Army) and Portsmouth (Navy) both stand out.

Map 4f: Industry Percentage of Total Workplace Zone Population in Education –Population centroid Weighted

2.13 Education is more widespread than public administration as it reflects the location of schools and colleges across Hampshire. Likewise, there are darker dots where the University of Southampton and Portsmouth both have campuses.

Map 5a: Spatial Distribution of Workers Highest Qualification: Level 4 + (Degree and higher)

Map 5b Spatial Distribution of Workers Highest Qualification: No Qualification

2.14 It is important to remember that the clusters represent were people work, not where they live, and so will reflect local industry. Winchester has a notable cluster of highly qualified workers, with 47% of the workforce whose highest qualification is Level 4 plus (degree educated). The strong presence of public sector, health and education helps to explain this cluster.

2.15 The distribution of workers with no qualifications will reflect both local industries and clusters in neighbourhoods associated with lower academic achievement and skills. These groups are less likely to commute, so some of the darker dots will correspond to concentrations of more elementary manufacturing activities. 11

3. Comparing Aggregated Workplace Zones: Examples of Employment Centres

3.1 Using the workplace zone it is possible to build up a picture of employment centres. For example, the aggregation of workplace zones could cover just the town centre or the town itself, although defining the exact extent of the town will involve a degree of subjectivity and most likely a compromise to get a best fit. The following examples of employment centres were selected on the basis of broadly being the largest employment centres in each of the eleven local authority districts. They vary in size from just under 9,000 in Petersfield to roughly 62,500 in Basingstoke (Table 2).

Table 2: Employment Centres (Aggregated Workplace Zones)

City/Town Workplace Number of Population* Workplace Zones Basingstoke Town 62,528 118 Winchester City 31,600 55 Farnborough 28,453 49 Eastleigh 24,998 40 Andover 24,766 53 Havant Town 23,426 42 Fareham Town 18,806 45 Fleet 12,768 31 Totton 12,061 26 Gosport Town 9,415 23 Petersfield 8,665 18 *Aggregation of Workplace Zones

Figure 1: Workplace Zone Population by Gender

Basingstoke Town 52.8 47.2

Winchester City 44.3 55.7

Farnborough 57.7 42.3

Eastleigh 54.5 45.5

Andover 51.9 48.1

Havant Town 53.0 47.0

Fareham Town 50.5 49.5

Fleet 49.0 51.0

Totton 58.0 42.0

Gosport Town 45.8 54.2

Petersfield 47.3 52.7

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Males Females

3.2 Winchester has the highest proportion of female workers at 55.7%, and Totton and Farnborough the lowest at 42.0% and 42.3% respectively (Figure 1). The distribution by gender will be partly explained by the industry sector in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Workplace Zone Population by Industry

A, B, D & E Primary & Utiltities Basingstoke Town 10.7 20.8 9.5 10.5

C Manufacturing Winchester City 13.3 17.4 13.3 18.6 F Construction

Farnborough 8.6 15.1 10.5 11.1 10.3 G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles H Transport and storage Eastleigh 8.0 19.2 11.4 10.5 I Accommodation and food service activities

Andover 14.4 20.4 8.3 9.3 8.5 J Information and communication

Havant Town 9.2 14.5 9.2 17.4 9.2 K Financial and insurance activities

L Real estate activities Fareham Town 8.9 20.6 10.3 11.9 M Professional, scientific and technical activities

Fleet 15.7 15.1 9.0 9.5 N Administrative and support service activities

O Public administration and defence; compulsory Totton 10.3 14.5 20.6 10.4 9.0 social security P Education Gosport Town 19.6 9.3 15.6 Q Human health and social work activities

Petersfield 11.4 20.6 8.3 11.4 R, S & T Arts, entertaiment, recreation and activities of households

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

3.3 In terms of worker percentages (Figure 2) the retail and wholesale sector is the largest nationally, and while it represents the largest percentage share across 10 of the 11 towns, it is lower than Public administration and Health in Winchester, which partly explains the higher proportion of female workers in Figure 1. Manufacturing has a presence in all 11 towns, but is stronger in Havant, Andover and Petersfield. In north Hampshire, Information and Communication are important employers, and in Fleet, this is almost the largest sector employer. Totton has a strong presence in Construction, and as a male dominated sector this will have contributed to the lower percentage of female workers in the town.

3.4 Around one in four workers was part-time in Basingstoke, Eastleigh and Farnborough (Figure 3). In contrast only a third of workers are part-time in Winchester, while 37.4% of workers in Gosport were part-time. Both Winchester and Gosport have a high proportion of female workers. Data and research tend to show females are more likely to work part-time than their male colleagues.

3.5 One in five workers in Fleet is self-employed, twice the number of workers in Basingstoke and Eastleigh (Figure 4). Fleet has a strong presence in ICT and Communications where high tech jobs facilitate home-working, while in Totton this is likely to be construction (builders). Higher levels of employees in the Basingstoke and Eastleigh might be correlated to lower part-time figures.

Figure 3: Workplace Zone Population by Full and Part-time

Basingstoke Town 76.3 23.7

Winchester City 66.7 33.3

Farnborough 75.9 24.1

Eastleigh 74.2 25.8

Andover 73.6 26.4

Havant Town 71.9 28.1

Fareham Town 67.3 32.7

Fleet 67.6 32.4

Totton 70.3 29.7

Gosport Town 62.6 37.4

Petersfield 67.6 32.4

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Full-time: Total Part-time: Total

Figure 4: Workplace Zone Population by Employment Status

Basingstoke Town 86.6 9.7 3.7

Winchester City 83.4 9.8 6.8

Farnborough 84.3 12.0 3.8

Eastleigh 88.7 8.2 3.1

Andover 85.2 11.7 3.1

Havant Town 85.0 11.4 3.6

Fareham Town 82.0 13.5 4.6

Fleet 75.8 20.0 4.2

Totton 81.1 15.7 3.2

Gosport Town 81.2 15.3 3.6

Petersfield 79.8 15.3 4.8

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Employee Self-employed Full time student

Figure 5: Workplace Zone Population by Distance Travelled to Work

Basingstoke Town 18.9 23.8 9.4 8.4 9.7 6.36.07.5 Less than 2km

Winchester City 19.0 10.3 9.1 27.3 11.1 8.1 2km to less than 5km Farnborough 14.8 20.1 17.1 9.7 9.6 5km to less than 10km Eastleigh 15.2 19.4 25.2 13.2 10km to less than 20km Andover 28.7 18.8 10.0 10.0 8.1 20km to less than 30km Havant Town 17.0 21.4 26.4 12.4 30km to less than 40km Fareham Town 15.8 21.3 24.9 14.6 8.9 40km to less than 60km Fleet 16.5 12.9 18.6 8.9 19.3 60km and over Totton 18.5 14.8 17.3 16.1 10.7 Work mainly at or from Gosport Town 32.8 26.5 11.9 8.9 home Petersfield 21.4 9.2 27.1 14.6 10.2 No fixed place

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 6: Workplace Zone Population by Main Method of Travel to Work (2001 method)

Basingstoke Town 7.5 65.5 10.0 Work mainly at or from home Winchester City 8.1 56.0 15.7 Underground, metro, light rail or tram Farnborough 9.6 68.4 6.9 Train

Eastleigh 4.3 70.2 8.9 Bus, minibus or coach Andover 8.1 63.4 13.5 Taxi Havant Town 5.6 65.1 8.0 Motorcycle, scooter or Fareham Town 8.9 62.9 9.2 moped Driving a car or van Fleet 19.3 60.4 8.6 Passenger in a car or van Totton 10.7 67.0 7.3 Bicycle Gosport Town 8.9 51.7 15.4 On foot Petersfield 10.2 61.3 12.5 Other method of travel to 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% work

3.6 With exceptions of Winchester and Petersfield, the majority of workers travel less than 10km to their place of work (Figure 5). Just over one in four workers Winchester and Petersfield travel between 10km and less than 20km to work. From Census origin-destination statistics there is significant movement northwards that would fall within this distance based category, with large scale commuting from Southampton and Eastleigh to Winchester, while the same is true for numbers of Havant workers travelling north to Petersfield. In terms of long distance commuting,

Just over 1 in 10 Basingstoke workers will travel 40km or more, with over one million km travelled in total by the Basingstoke workforce, far more than any of the other ten centres. In contrast to Basingstoke, the total distance travelled by Gosport workers was 50,000km. Previously mentioned, almost one in five Fleet workers work mostly from home with a strong correlation between working from home and being self-employed.

3.7 The majority of workers travel by car (Figure 6), although this was only just so in Gosport (51.7%) and in Winchester (56%). Eastleigh workers have the highest car usage at 70.2%, perhaps reflecting easy access from the M3 and M27. Twice as many Gosport and Winchester workers walk to their place of work than workers in Farnborough and in Totton.

Figure 7: Workplace Zone Population Highest Qualification

Basingstoke Town 7.5 15.3 17.5 15.0 36.5 No qualifications Winchester City 5.510.3 15.3 16.0 47.2

Farnborough 6.9 13.9 15.7 13.9 41.4 Level 1 qualifications

Eastleigh 8.1 16.3 18.3 15.6 33.3 Level 2 qualifications Andover 9.7 17.8 20.1 16.1 27.1

Havant Town 11.9 16.0 19.1 16.1 29.8 Apprenticeship

Fareham Town 8.9 16.6 20.2 16.7 28.8 Level 3 qualifications Fleet 6.1 13.6 17.5 15.3 40.0

Totton 10.9 18.6 19.5 16.5 24.0 Level 4 qualifications and above Gosport Town 11.7 18.0 21.2 15.6 25.7 Other qualifications Petersfield 9.4 15.2 19.5 15.8 32.8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

3.8 High public sector concentration of workers in local government, education and health in Winchester help to explain the high percentage of workers with a Level 4 plus qualification, with almost half of workers (47.2%) qualified to degree or equivalent and higher (Figure 7). Likewise, centres with larger proportions of workers in Information and Communications, such as in Farnborough (41.4%) and Fleet (40.0%) have larger proportions of higher qualified workers. In contrast, towns with a larger manufacturing or construction worker base tend to see more workers with no qualifications, although other factors such as age of workers will influence qualification levels.

3.9 The type of employment and qualification levels will influence the distribution of approximate social grades (Figure 8), with more ABs (managers, professionals) in centres with highly qualified workers, and also a greater propensity to commute. The opposite holds true for workers classed as DE (semi and unskilled).

Figure 8: Workplace Zone Population Approximate Social Grade

AB Higher and Basingstoke Town 31.9 31.5 20.6 16.1 intermediate Winchester City 35.3 35.0 16.5 13.2 managerial/administrative/ professional occupations Farnborough 36.7 29.7 21.2 12.4 C1 Supervisory, clerical and Eastleigh 27.4 31.6 24.1 16.8 junior managerial/administrative/ Andover 23.8 32.8 24.5 18.9 professional occupations Havant Town 24.7 30.4 24.2 20.7 C2 Skilled manual Fareham Town 24.3 31.6 25.5 18.5 occupations

Fleet 39.7 30.3 19.0 11.0

Totton 20.5 28.5 30.2 20.9 DE Semi-skilled and Gosport Town 18.8 32.3 27.0 21.9 unskilled manual occupations; unemployed Petersfield 28.7 29.7 23.2 18.4 and lowest grade occupations 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 9: Workplace Zone Population, Tenure

Basingstoke Town 70.6 12.5 14.8

Winchester City 67.0 12.3 18.5 Owned (mortgage or owned outright) Farnborough 74.0 8.2 15.7

Eastleigh 71.1 10.3 16.7 Shared ownership (part owned and part rented) Andover 67.2 13.3 17.6

Havant Town 70.3 14.1 14.2 Social rented

Fareham Town 74.0 9.1 15.3

Fleet 77.0 6.5 14.5 Private rented

Totton 73.2 10.6 14.8

Gosport Town 70.6 10.8 16.6 Living rent free

Petersfield 69.6 11.8 16.9

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

3.10 Workers in Winchester are least likely to be a home owner, whether owned outright or with a mortgage (Figure 9). This probably reflects higher property prices and also large student population renting. Winchester also has the highest proportion of workers who rent privately. Home owners are more likely to work in Fleet – one in five works from home. Workers in social rented properties are more likely to be found in employment in Havant and Andover.

Appendix: List of 2011 Census - Workplace Population variables

WP101EW - Population (Workplace population) WP102EW - Population density (Workplace population) WP1101EW - Sex by single year of age (Workplace population) WP201EW - Ethnic group (Workplace population) WP203EW - Country of birth (Workplace population)

WP204EW - Main language (Workplace population) WP206WA - Welsh language skills (Workplace population) WP207WA - Welsh language skills (detailed) (Workplace population) WP210EW - Religion (Workplace population) WP212EW - Passports held (detailed) (Workplace population)

WP302EW - General Health (Workplace population) WP403EW - Tenure - People (Workplace population) WP501EW - Highest level of qualification (Workplace population) WP601EW - Employment Status (Workplace population) WP604EW - Hours worked (Workplace population)

WP605EW - Industry (Workplace population) WP606EW - Occupation (Minor groups) (Workplace population) WP607EW - NS-SeC (Workplace population) WP6110EW - Industry by age (Workplace population) WP6112EW - Occupation by age (Workplace population)

WP613EW - Approximated social grade (Workplace population) WP6501EW - Occupation by highest level of qualification (Workplace population) WP6503EW - Industry by highest level of qualification (Workplace population) WP6604EW - Occupation by industry (Workplace population) WP702EW - Distance travelled to work (Workplace population) WP703EW - Method of travel to work (2001 specification) (Workplace population)

WP7101EW - Method of travel to work by age (Workplace population) WP7102EW - Distance travelled to work by age (Workplace population) WP7103EW - Workplace and usual residence by method of travel to work (2001 specification) (Workplace pop) WP7606EW - Distance travelled to work by industry (Workplace population) WP7607EW - Distance travelled to work by occupation (Workplace population)

WP7701EW - Method of travel to work (2001 specification) by distance travelled to work (Workplace population)

WP803EW - Length of residence in the UK (Workplace population) Link to NOMIS and variables http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?theme=26&subgrp=2011+Census+%2D+Work place+Population 18