Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19041-2 — Eurasian

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19041-2 — Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Edited by Hyun Jin Kim , Frederik Juliaan Vervaet , Selim Ferruh Adalı Index More Information

318

Index

Abdi- Milkūti, 68 Allberry, C., 186 Abdoullaev, K.A., 301 allies, 24 , 70 , 86 , 96 , 101 , 207 Abramova, M.P., 228 Alps, 231 , 243 Abundant Dew of the Spring- and-Autumn Altai, 251 Annals, 127 – 8 Alyattes, 74 acculturation, 8 – 9 Amaravati, 266 Achaemenids, 9 , 192 , 276 , 286 , 297 , 304 , 317 Amartuvshin, C., 304 capitals, 305 ambassadors, Roman, 19 – 21 ad metallum , 135 , 144 , 146 Ambrones, 99 , 100 administration, 38 , 52 , 53 , 161 , 305 – 6 Amirabad culture, 279t. 11.1 administrative hierarchy, 19 , 64 Ammianus Marcellinus, 16 – 17 , 190 Afghanistan, 179 , 227 , 251 , 257 , 259 , Amu Darya delta, 275 – 6 , 278 262 – 3 , 265 – 6 amulets, 187 , 222 , 232 , 236 Afranius, L., 104 Analects, 111 , 124 , 161 Afrasiab, 299 – 301 ; see also Samarkand Anastasius, Emperor, 177 Afrighid period, 279t. 11.1 , 296 Anatolia, 60 – 1 , 62 – 3 , 64 – 5 , 67 , 69 – 76 , 261 a t erlife, 138 , 236 , 267 Central, 63 , 64 – 7 , 72 , 75 Agamemnon, 104 Eastern, 65 – 6 , 74 Agathocles, 267 Western, 70 agrarian slavery, 139 – 41 ancestors, 51 , 92 , 154 , 255 agriculture, 124 , 139 , 142 , 296 , 306 ancient DNA, 213 , 221 irrigation, 37 , 278 , 288 An Lushan rebellion, 36 , 42 , 45 – 6 , 47 agro- pastoral settlement systems, antelopes, 265 275 , 294 – 7 , 298 , 306 Antimachos I, 261 Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, 104 Antioch, 164 – 6 A šeri, 71 Anxi, 193 , 255 Ai Khanum, 262 – 5 A n Yu a n s h o u , 4 6 Akatziri, 19 – 21 Aphrodite, 167 , 170 , 171 Akchakhan- kala, 275 , 279t. 11.1, 280 – 9 , Apollo, 260 294 , 305 , 306 Apollodotos II, 254 extra- mural settlement, 288 – 9 Appian, 103 – 5 , 140 site plan, 281f. 11.1 A q u i t a i n e , 2 5 – 6 Upper Enclosure, 287 – 8 Arabs, 181 – 2 , 207 – 10 Alans, 5 , 9 , 25 – 6 , 205 – 45 Arachosia, 255 , 299 burial grounds in northern Caucasus, 228 – 42 Aragvi River, 207 – 8 Caucasian, 205 Aral Sea, 278 , 298 cultures and traditions Aramaic, 174 – 5 , 178 , 183 , 190 , ethnicities and identities, 211 – 13 192 , 195 European, 205 ideograms, 192 – 3 pottery, 240–1 Ararat, 62 Alban Mount, 94 Arausio, 99 , 102 Alexander the Great, 154 – 5 , 165 , 251 , 261 , 266 archaeological culture, 212 , 278 Alexandria, 164 – 6 , 168 Archebios, 254 Alexandrian scholars, 157 , 165 archers, 49 , 73 318 alfalfa, 42 Ardoxsho, 264

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19041-2 — Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Edited by Hyun Jin Kim , Frederik Juliaan Vervaet , Selim Ferruh Adalı Index More Information

319

Index 319

Area 10 complex, 283 , 286 – 8 ; see also Bactrian language, 184 , 253 Akchakhan-kala Baker Brite, E., 296 Argišti II, 66 Ban Gu, 122 Ariadne, 267 Bangfeng, 160 Ariovistus, 101 Bao Xuan, 126 Aristarchus of Samothrace, 164 barley, 98 aristocracy, 22 , 85 , 90 , 110 , 112 , 130 chrysanthemum, 42 honour, 87 , 315 Bartatua, 63 , 69 senatorial, 6 , 86 , 107 Basich, 21 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 164 , 165 Bastam, 66 Aristotle, 165 battles, 34 , 96 , 98 – 100 , 104 – 5 , 111 , 113 , 123 , armies, 34 , 36 , 45 , 95 , 97 , 99 – 100 , 102 – 5 , 165 , 167 106 , 115 – 16 Bavaria, 26 art Bazar- kala, 289 – 93 Buddhist, 259 , 264 , 266 beads, 224 – 5 , 234 Classical, 267 Begram, 259 , 265 Eurasian nomadic, 70 beliefs, 129 , 189 , 211 , 236 Gandhāran, 253 , 259 , 262 , 264 Bennett, C., 253 Hellenistic, 260 – 2 , 267 B e r i k , 2 0 – 1 Tang court, 48 Bernard, P., 263 artefact scatters, 287 – 8 Beslan burial grounds, 229 artefact types, 212 , 224 – 7 , 232 – 6 , 244 Bimaran, 257 Artemis, 260 Binzhou, 54t. 2.3 Arwad, 71 Bithynia, 91 assessment, expedient, 114 – 15 Black Sea, 64 , 205 , 232 Assurbanipal, 63 , 64 , 68 – 71 , 72 – 4 Bleda, 20 Aššur- etel- ilani, 74 Bo grooms, 52 – 3 Assyria, 6 , 60 – 76 , 133 , 313 Bodhisattvas, 264 , 266 allies, 69 , 73 bone chemistry, 230 geopolitical changes, 65 – 75 bones, 221 – 2 , 236 , 244 , 266 territory, 68 , 72 long, 218 – 21 , 242 Assyrian texts, 60 , 65 , 68 bottles, glass, 225 , 237f. 9.11 , 242 , 244 Asyut, 187 Boucharlat, R., 304 – 5 Athena, 167 , 260 – 1 bowls, 236 , 254 Athena Alkidemos, 261 bride price, 47 Athens, 156 , 165 , 168 brides, 169 – 70 Attila, 19 – 21 , 24 , 234 Bronze Age, 207 , 215 , 275 , 306 Auchatae, 64 brothers, 18 , 20 , 24 , 71 , 118 , 162 Augurs, 86 , 93 buckles, 223, 225 , 244 Augustine, 176 , 182 Buddha, 195 , 257 , 262 , 264 , 265 Augustus, 107 , 256 ; see also Octavianus Buddhism, 178 , 181 , 184 , 193 – 5 , 257 , 258 – 60 , Austrasia, 25 264 , 268 Austria, 222 Buddhist art, 259 , 264 , 266 Avars, 23 Bügü, Khan, 182 avengers, 125 – 8 , 129 – 30 Bukhara, 194 Axumites, 174 Bulgars, 20 , 22 , 23 Ayaz- kala, 279t. 11.1, 289 – 96 Buner, 254 Azes era, 253 bureaucracy, 7 , 18 , 64 , 130 Azes I, 254 – 5 and honour, 116 – 25 Azes II, 255 Burgundy, 25 burials, 125 , 213 – 18 , 225 – 7 , 229 – 30 , 232 , B a b y l o n i a , 6 5 – 6 , 7 1 , 7 2 – 4 236 – 42 , 302 ; see also cemeteries ; Bactria, 179 , 251 – 3 , 256 , 260 , 263 tombs Graeco- Bactrian kingdom, 9 , 251 , 261 , Beslan, 229 263 – 5 , 286 , 316 catacomb, 229

320

320 Index

burials (cont.) Chararic, 24 earthen pit, 225 – 7 , 243 Charaton, 19 horse, 229 , 232 , 239f. 9.13 Charibert II, 26 Hunnic, 234 Charlemagne, 26 pit and jar, 230 chattel slavery, 144 , 147 Byzantium, 164 , 165 , 210 Chegem, 229 Chen Zhi, 158 Caepio, Q. Servilius, 100 , 102 chief herdsmen, 38 – 9 Caesar, Iulius, 90 – 1 , 101 – 2 , 103 – 5 chief ministers, 37 , 42 , 45 , 49 – 51 Caesar Octavianus, see Octavianus Childeric, 24 Cambrai, 24 children, 121 – 2 , 134 – 6 camels, 37 , 285 – 6 , 292t. 11.2 , 295 – 6 China, 2 – 6 , 7 – 8 , 135 – 7 , 174 – 5 , 180 – 2 , 184 , canals, 288 – 9 , 295 , 298 , 306 193 – 4 , 195 – 6 , 313 – 16 water supply, 275 , 288 – 9 , 294 early, 1 – 2 , 110 , 133 – 6 , 139 , 142 – 4 , 146 – 7 Cannae, 93 forced labor, see forced labor Canon of Songs, see Shi Jing and Rome, 174 , 196 , 314 Cao Tuoniao, 52 slavery, 138 capitals, 9 , 37 , 40 , 65 , 67 , 259 , 260 , 301 , 304 – 5 S u i , 4 2 nomad, 301 , 305 – 6 Tang, 8 , 180 – 1 , 316 political, 275 , 303 – 5 China- Inner Asia borderlands, 34 – 7 , 47 , 53 Capitoline Hill, 94 , 105 Chinese, 5 , 7 , 37 , 42 , 52 – 3 , 181 – 3 , 184 – 5 , Cappadocia, 63 193 – 6 , 315 captives, war, 135 – 6 , 143 , 145 Chinese annals, 251 , 255 , 301 Caracalla, Emperor, 196 Chinese slaves, 141 Carbo, Cn. Papirius, 100 Chirik- rabat culture, 298 – 9 careers, 21 , 49 – 50 , 93 – 4 , 123 Chlotar I, II, 26 Carolingians, 23 , 26 Chorasmia, 275 Carpathian basin, 231 Chotcho, 182 Carthage, 176 Christianity, 28 , 176 , 178 , 182 , 190 – 1 , 214 – 15 Caspian, 183 , 205 , 230 chrysanthemum barley, 42 Cassius Dio, 102 Chuyue, 47 catacombs, 229 , 231 , 242 Cicero, 88 T- shaped, 230 Cilicia, 63 , 66 , 68 , 72 cataphracti, 261 – 2 Plain, 65 , 68 C a t i a r i , 6 4 Rough, 63 , 68 , 71 – 2 Cato, M. Porcius, 104 Cilician Gates, 68 cattle, 37 , 46 , 54t. 2.3 , 139 , 299 – 301 Cimbri, 99 , 102 Caucasian Alans, see A l a n s Cimmerians, 5 , 60 – 73 , 75 – 6 , 314 Caucasus, 9 , 60 , 205 – 10 , 227 , 230 , 232 , 236 , Anatolian, 63 243 – 4 , 316 city- lords, 64 northern, 206 – 8 , 225 – 6 , 228 – 42 , 244 horse- archers, 75 southern, 205 – 45 kings, 63 , 65 , 70 cemeteries, 207 , 221 , 227 , 229 , 232 , 242 – 3 , 303 ; as nomadic power, 61 – 5 see also burials cist tombs, stone, 215 – 21 , 225 – 8 , 238f. Central Anatolia, 63 , 64 – 7 , 72 , 75 9.12 , 243 – 4 Central Asia, 51 , 60 , 177 , 178 – 9 , 181 – 2 , 184 , civil service, 176 193 , 195 , 243 civil wars, 42 , 50 , 74 , 86 , 101 , 103 – 5 , 129 , 140 enclosure sites, 299 – 301 Claudius, Emperor, 93 centurions, 98 , 101 , 178 clay sarcophagi, 215 – 17 , 238f. 9.12 ceramic tiles, 216 , 218 C l o v i s , 2 4 – 5 ceremonies, 94 , 285 – 7 , 306 CMC (Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis ), 187 Chang, C., 277 coins, 74 , 236 , 251 , 255 – 61 Chang’an, 40 , 46 , 145 , 174 , 181 Indo- Greek, 264 , 267 Changyang shi, 41t. 2.1 of Kujula Kadphises, 265 Chanyu, see Shanyu (Chanyu) obverses, 256 , 261 , 267

321

Index 321

posthumous Hermaios, 255 Dagestan, 230 , 243 reverses, 256 , 261 , 267 Dagobert I, 26 of Soter Megas, 257 Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP), 187 Collatinus, L. Tarquinius, 90 dams, 145 columned hall, 283 – 4 Danube, 20 command structure, 19 , 22 daughters, 88 – 90 , 141 , 167 commanders, 64 , 70 , 91 , 95 – 7 , 104 , 115 Decemvirs, 90 multi- lingual, 190 Demetrios I, 261 , 265 supreme, 105 , 106 Demetrius of Phalerum, 156 commanders- in- chief, 91 , 101 , 104 – 5 Dengizich, 20 common people, 44 , 112 – 13 , 117 – 20 , desert, 275 , 298 124 , 139 – 40 development, economic, 8 , 134 , 144 , 147 – 8 common soldiers, 115 – 16 devotion, 121 – 2 , 125 , 129 , 258 companions, 266 – 7 dignity, 85 , 88 , 105 Compendium of the Doctrine of Mani , 180 , Dīnāwarīya , 179 , 195 185 , 194 Diocletian, 26 , 175 , 190 , 195 condemned criminals, 134 – 6 Diodotos, 261 Confucian classics, 50 , 161 – 2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 87 Confucians, 119 , 125 , 161 – 2 Dionysos, 260 , 266 – 8 Confucius, 112 , 115 , 153 , 154 , 162 Discovery Project Outstanding Award, 194 conscripts, 144 – 6 , 147 disgrace, 98 , 102 , 117 , 119 , 127 , 128 – 9 Constantine, Emperor 176 , 190 ditches, 98 , 100 , 280 , 287 , 302 Constantinople, 21 , 165 DNA, ancient, 213 , 221 consuls, 91 , 96 – 7 , 102 , 106 Dobson, W.A.C.H., 158 consulships, 89 , 92 – 3 , 100 Dong Zhongshu, 124 , 127 – 8 control, 17 , 66 , 68 , 74 , 75 , 253 , 263 , 304 , 306 DOP (Dakhleh Oasis Project), 187 convict labor, 144 , 145 – 7 dromos , 229 , 231 , 239f. 9.13 convicts, 6 , 7 , 134 – 5 , 137 , 144 – 8 , 315 Drusus Iulius Caesar, 92 – 3 copper, 234 , 258 , 288 dualism, 20 , 25 , 191 Coptic, 185 – 7 , 189 – 91 Duke of Zhou, 162 Corbulo, Dn. Domitius, 92 – 3 Dunhuang, 184 Corinthian capitals, 264 duty, 97 , 101 , 113 , 120 , 123 , 126 – 7 , 129 , 138 corrals, 39 , 288 , 294 dynastic principle, 23 – 4 corridors, 263 , 283 , 286 – 7 dynastic state, 24 – 6 , 27 corruption, 36 , 44 – 5 Dyrrachium, 102 , 103 – 4 Cossus, Cornelius, 106 Court of Imperial Stud, 37 – 8 , 42 – 3 , early China, 1 – 2 , 110 , 133 – 6 , 139 , 142 – 4 , 146 – 7 4 4 – 5 , 4 8 – 5 2 earthen pits, 210 , 215 – 18 , 225 – 7 , 238f. 9.12, 243 crat production, 296 , 302 – 3 East Turkestan, 177 , 179 , 181 – 2 cranial modii cation, 223f. 9.6, 231 – 2 , 243 Eastern Anatolia, 65 – 6 , 74 Crassus Eastern Han, 115 , 122 , 126 – 7 , 130 , 140 – 1 , 146 , Ap. Claudius, 90 153 , 161 – 3 M. Licinius, 105 – 6 Eastern Turkestan, 182 Marcus, 196 Ecbatana, 73 Crates of Mallos, 164 , 165 economic development, 8 , 134 , 144 Crimea, 205 and State power, 147 – 8 criminals, 115 , 134 – 6 E d e c o , 2 0 – 1 cultural capital, 8 , 155 , 165 edicts, 43 – 5 , 176 , 180 , 182 cultural legacies, 1 , 8 – 9 , 151 , 313 , 315 – 16 I m p e r i a l , 4 4 – 6 culture, material, 8 , 212 , 228 , 230 , 236 , 242 , education, 116 , 162 251 , 286 Egiin Gol, 302 cultures, living, 211 – 12 , 243 Egypt, 64 , 65 , 69 – 70 , 72 , 144 , 156 Cyaxares, 70 , 72 – 4 Manichaeism, 182 – 90 Cybistra, 63 , 68 – 9 New Kingdom, 133 Cyrus I, II, 75 Roman, 185 , 191 – 2

322

322 Index

Elam/ Elamites, 65 – 6 , 69 , 71 , 75 fear, 88 , 97 , 99 – 101 , 111 , 167 , 176 , 236 elites, 6 , 7 – 8 , 129 , 231 , 232 , 284 – 7 , 301 , Fenghuangshan, 138 303 , 306 Fescenninus, C., 91 Kangju, 301 i bulae, 224 – 5 , 227 , 232 power, 7 , 315 Fidus, Cornelius, 93 privilege, 7 , 143 i efs, 20 , 23 , 24 – 7 Roman, 87 , 143 First Punic War, 94 ruling, 9 , 276 , 278 , 280 , 288 , 298 , 301 , 304 – 6 l uidity, of texts, 153 , 155 , 157 , 171 Uighur, 51 foals, 35 , 39 Ellac, 19 – 21 fodder, 2 , 34 , 40 – 1 , 45 , 145 Ellipi, 66 forced labor, 7 , 133 – 5 , 144 – 6 , 148 Emmedzur, 21 foreign names, 52 , 196 enclosure sites, 275 , 280 , 283 , 289 – 94 , 298 , 303 foreign religions, 180 , 190 , 191 , 195 f o r t i i ed, 275 – 6 , 278 , 292t. 11.2, 294 , 296 , f o r t i i cation walls, 280 , 286 – 8 , 299 – 301 299 , 302 , 307 f o r t i i cations, 99 , 280 , 299 Khorezmian, 278 , 289 – 94 , 301 , 305 f o r t i i ed enclosures, 275 – 6 , 278 , 287 , 292t. large, 275 , 278 , 289 , 297 , 299 , 306 11.2 , 294 , 296 , 299 – 302 , 304 , 305 – 7 as political capitals, 303 – 5 f o r t i i ed sites, 275 – 6 , 278 , 288 , 292t. 11.2 , enclosures, 280 – 3 , 287 – 9 , 294 , 301 – 2 294 – 6 , 298 – 304 , 307 empty, 287 four horns kings, 15 f o r t i i ed, 275 – 6 , 278 , 287 , 292t. 11.2, 294 , Fozu tongji, 179 296 , 299 – 302 , 304 , 305 – 7 Franks, 15 , 23 – 8 , 313 Kitan, 305 Carolingian, 23 primary, 280 , 289 – 93 , 297 Merovingian, 23 , 28 – 9 Xiongnu, 303 , 305 Ripuarian, 24 enslavement, 134 – 6 fuduodan, 179 – 80 of foreign enemies, 135 Fujian, 195 mass, 135 Fulvius, Aulus, 88 epics, 156 – 7 , 163 , 165 Fussman, G., 253 , 257 equines, see horses Ernakh, 20 Gadd Chronicle, 74 Esarhaddon, 63 , 66 – 7 , 69 GAIA (Georgian- Australian Investigations in t i m e o f , 6 1 – 2 , 6 7 – 9 Archaeology), 213 , 217f. 9.3 , 221 , 228 Estrangela Syriac, 183 , 192 Gallaecia, 25 ethics, 125 , 161 Gallo- Romans, 28 ethnicities, 52 , 61 , 211 – 12 , 243 Gallus, C. Sulpicius, 89 Euthydemos, 261 , 266 Gamir (Cimmeria), 62 – 3 executions, 7 , 98 , 114 , 117 , 128 – 30 Gamirk (Cappadocia), 63 exile, 44 , 176 , 181 Gandhāra, 253 – 6 , 259 – 60 , 262 , 266 – 7 expedient assessment, 114 – 15 arrival of Kushans, 255 – 8 extra- mural settlement, 290–1 , 228–9 Greek architecture and plastic and glyptic art in greater Gandhāra, 262 – 4 Fabius (Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus), 93 – 6 Hellenistic art, 260 – 2 Falk, H., 253 , 254 Gandhāran art, 253 , 259 , 260 – 2 , 264 , 268 fame, 88 , 170 , 181 Gansu, 41t. 2.1 , 51 , 54t. 2.3 familia Caesaris, 147 Gaozong (Tang Emperor), 43 , 46 families, 7 , 121 – 4 , 130 , 232 , 236 , 243 Gardez- Ghazni, 256 Roman, 6 , 85 , 87 garnets, 227 , 232 royal, 20 – 3 , 26 , 27 gender, 2 , 225 , 232 , 243 farmers, 40 , 171 , 228 , 231 Georgia, 207 , 214 farms, 41 , 88 , 139 Germanic confederacies, 22 Farsnameh, 175 Getica, 20 fathers, 48 – 9 , 51 , 88 , 90 , 97 , 123 – 4 , 127 , g i t s, 19 , 71 , 96 – 7 , 121 , 136 , 139 , 142 , 261 170 , 254 Gimir, 62 Faustus, 176 glass bottles, 225 , 237f. 9.11 , 242 , 244

323

Index 323

glory, 93 , 95 , 99 , 119 heaven, 34 , 118 , 124 , 126 , 169 gold, 96 , 178 , 232 , 258 , 261 , 284 Hebei, 41t. 2.1 , 50 gold coins Hebrew, 183 Kushan, 256 Hector, 154 of Vima Kadphises, 258 Hedong, 41t. 2.1 , 51 , 56t. 2.3 Gondophares, 255 , 256 heirs Gongyang (commentary), 125 , 127 – 8 legitimate, 258 Gordion, 66 – 7 royal, 23 , 27 Gorgoneion, 261 Helen of Troy, 166 – 7 governance, 9 , 26 , 28 , 314 , 317 Heliocles, 253 , 256 governesses, 168 – 70 Helios, 215 , 260 Graeco- Bactrian kingdom, 9 , 251 , 261 , 263 – 5 , Hellenistic art, 260 – 2 , 267 286 , 316 Hellenistic period, 164 , 263 , 306 grain, 34 , 40 , 43 , 45 , 142 Hephthalites, 180 , 260 Granius Licinianus, 102 Heracles, 260 – 1 , 263 , 264 – 7 grasslands, 34 , 36 , 37 , 49 , 53 herds grave goods, 224 , 229 , 244 breeding, 42 , 45 – 6 graves, 214 , 215 – 21 , 222 , 230 , 232 , 236 – 42 , 243 – sizes, 36 , 42 – 4 , 45 – 7 4 ; see also burials ; cemeteries ; tombs herdsmen Great Tradition of the Book of Documents , 113 chief, 38 – 9 Greco- Indians, 9 , 316 ; see also Indo- Greeks Hermaios, 254 , 256 Greece, 2 – 4 , 8 , 103 , 133 , 156 , 164 , 175 , Hermes, 260 , 263 313 , 316 Herodotus, 60 – 2 , 63 – 5 , 69 , 73 – 5 , 159 Greece- Rome, 2 – 4 , 8 , 313 Hexi, 51 – 2 Greeks, 163 , 165 , 186 – 8 , 189 – 91 , 251 – 4 , 255 , ranches, 47 259 , 261 , 263 – 6 hierarchies, 19 , 20 – 2 , 24 , 28 , 92 , 119 interaction with Indian H i l a k k u , 7 1 Buddhist and Hindu iconography, 264 – 7 Hindu iconography, 264 , 268 grooms, 38 , 52 – 3 Hindu Kush, 253 – 4 , 256 Guannei, 41t. 2.1 , 54–6t. 2.3 Hinduism, 260 Gudu marquesses, 18 , 20 – 2 Hippostratos, 254 Guofeng, 160 hoards, 185 , 236 , 256 – 7 G u r d î , 6 7 , 6 9 Homeric epic, 8 , 153 – 7 , 158 , 159 – 60 , 163 – 6 , Guria, 62 171 , 316 Guriania, 62 dating, 155 – 7 Gyges, King, 71 Honeychurch, W., 304 honour, 6 – 7 , 87 – 94 , 96 – 7 , 100 – 4 , 105 – 6 , 110 – Hakenbeck, S., 212 , 243 11 , 112 – 19 , 124 – 5 , 127 – 30 halls, 117 aristocratic, 87 , 315 columned, 283 – 4 complexes, 315 Han, 7 , 113 , 124 , 127 , 130 , 146 , 160 , 193 , 314 e l i t e , 7 bureaucracy and honour, 116 – 25 and Han bureacracy, 116 – 25 Eastern, 115 , 122 , 126 – 7 , 130 , 140 – 1 , 146 , in Han China, 110 – 30 153 , 161 – 3 historic, 94 honour positions of, 21 and shame, 110 – 30 in Roman family, 87 – 91 and violence, 125 – 8 in Roman military, 96 – 106 Han Wudi, 137 , 140 , 161 – 3 in Roman Republic, 85 – 107 Han Ying, 128 in Roman Senate, 92 – 5 Hannibal, 95 and shame, 6 – 7 , 85 – 107 , 110 – 11 , 114 – 16 , Haripur, 262 129 – 30 , 314 – 15 Hariti, 264 and violence, 125 – 8 Harzalle, 64 horse- archers, Cimmerian, 75 Hasding Vandals, 25 horses, 34 – 53 , 231 – 2 , 285 – 6 , 292t. 11.2 , 295 – 6 hay, 40 , 45 administration, 36 , 44 , 48 – 9

324

324 Index

horses (cont.) steppes, 3 , 8 – 9 , 316 b r e e d i n g , 3 5 – 6 , 3 8 – 9 Inner Mongolia, 36 breeding herds, 42 , 45 – 6 innovations, 27 , 116 , 234 , 263 breeding herds, 42 , 45 – 6 integrity, moral, 127 – 8 , 130 breeding programs, 35 , 39 , 46 interconnectivity, 4 , 8 , 15 , 29 burials, 229 , 232 , 239f. 9.13 invasions, 4 , 15 , 64 , 72 , 253 , 260 Court of Imperial Stud, 37 – 8 , 42 – 3 , Hunnic, 5 , 232 , 243 4 4 – 5 , 4 8 – 5 2 Scythian, 5 , 73 domestication, 34 Iran, 3 – 4 , 8 – 9 , 15 , 66 , 69 – 70 , 73 , 74 – 6 , herd sizes, 36 , 42 – 4 , 46 – 7 180 , 317 ; see also P e r s i a p e r s o n n e l , 4 7 – 5 3 Achaemenid, 9 , 276 , 297 power, 5 , 34 , 36 eastern, 194 ranches, see ranches northeastern, 192 specialists, 52 – 3 Sasanian, 8 , 15 , 21 , 175 , 181 , 205 , system, 48 – 9 , 50 , 56t. 2.3 210 , 316 trade, 36 , 70 south- western, 65 – 6 , 71 trappings, 96 , 225 western, 62 – 3 , 64 – 8 , 73 – 4 , 75 Hou Hanshu , 255 , 257 Iranian, 175 , 193 , 215 , 255 , 315 Huandi, 193 Middle, 177 , 183 – 4 , 196 Hubei, 138 Iraq, 74 , 190 ubuškia, 61 , 68 northern, 65 , 70 Huizhou, 55 Iron Age, 230 – 1 , 244 , 277 , 279t. 11.1 Hunnic burials, 234 Early, 213 , 279t. 11.1 Hunnic Empire, 16 – 17 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 28 Late, 230 , 276 Hunnic invasions, 5 , 232 , 243 iron production, 141 – 2 , 288 Huns, 4 – 5 , 9 , 15 – 17 , 19 – 26 , 64 , 205 , 260 , irrigation agriculture, 278 , 288 314 , 316 Išgigulū , 6 1 , 6 6 of Europe, 5 , 16 Islam, 179 , 181 Huvishka, 259 Ismant al- Kharab, 187 Huyan, 22 Išpakāya, 63 , 68 hymns, 154 , 188 , 195 – 6 Italy, 26 , 28 , 93 , 95 , 99 – 100 , 103 , 142 Hymn- scroll, 185 , 194 southern, 95 itinerant royal courts, 9 , 305 , 317 ideograms, Aramaic, 192 – 3 Ivolga, 300f. 11.9 , 302 – 3 , 305 ideology, 28 , 148 , 161 Iliad , 154 , 155 – 6 , 157 , 159 , 163 – 4 , 166 – 7 , J a l a n d h a r , 2 5 9 170 , 171 ; see also Homeric epic Janko, R., 155 imperial Rome, see Rome, Empire Jelalabad, 251 Imperial Stud, Court of, 37 – 8 , 42 – 3 , Jeremiah, 62 4 4 – 5 , 4 8 – 5 2 jewellery, 232 – 4 , 243 imperial texts, 8 , 153 – 71 Jews, 214 incentive structures for slave labor, Jia Yi, 117 – 19 , 124 , 129 142 – 3 Jian, Ashina, 51 India, 9 , 15 , 251 – 3 , 255 , 257 – 60 , 264 – 6 , 268 , Jibin, 255 313 , 317 Jing, 48 North, 259 Jingzhou, 54t. 2.3 Scythians and Parthians, 254 – 5 Julian, Emperor, 176 Indo- Greeks, 251 , 254 ; see also Greco- Indians Julian calendar, 103 coins, 264 , 267 Jupiter Feretrius, 94 , 105 – 6 Indo- Parthians, 9 , 254 , 316 Justinian, Emperor, 177 Indo- Sassanians, 260 juveniles, 39 , 42 , 218 – 21 Indo- Scythians, 9 , 254 , 316 Inner Asia, 3 , 5 , 23 , 25 , 26 – 7 , 29 , 34 , KAAE project, 280 , 283 – 6 36 , 313 – 14 Kabul, 255 – 7 empires, 4 – 5 , 9 , 15 , 17 – 18 , 25 – 9 , 34 – 5 , 251 , valley, 260 313 – 14 , 315 – 17 Kala- i Zakhoki Maron, 301 , 305

325

Index 325

Kalaly- gyr 1, 279t. 11.1, 289 – 93 , 305 Kouridachus, 19 Kalaly- gyr 2, 293t. 11.2 Kuban River, 206 Kandahar, 263 , 299 kudzu , 168 – 9 , 170 – 1 Kangiui, 279t. 11.1 Kuiusai, 279t. 11.1 Kangju, 9 , 301 , 305 , 317 Kujula Kadphises, 255 – 8 , 265 Kanishka I, 253 , 255 , 258 – 9 coins, 265 Kanji, 192 Kuliab, 263 Karakalpaks, 306 Kunya- uaz, 279t. 11.1 Kara- tepe 1, 279t. 11.1 , 296 Kura River, 207 Kashmir, 255 , 259 kurgans, 230 , 243 , 251 , 299 K a š t a r i t i , 6 9 Kurgashin- kala, 293 , 294 Kazakhstan, 298 Kuriltai, 28 Kazakly- yatkan, 275 Kursich, 21 Kellis, 187 , 189 – 91 Kushan dynasty, 255 – 6 , 258 Kephalaia of the Teacher, h e, 185 Kushan Empire, 194 , 251 , 255 – 6 , 258 Kephalaia of the Wisdom of my Lord Mani, rise and fall, 258 – 60 h e, 185 Kushan gold coins, 256 Kerkenes, 72 , 75 Kushan kings, 253 , 257 , 259 , 265 Khalchayan, 251 Kushan throne, 258 Khan Bügü, 182 Kushans, 9 , 179 , 251 – 3 , 256 – 7 , 260 , 264 , 278 – Kharkhorum, 303 80 , 313 , 316 Kharosthi, 255 arrival in Gandhāra, 255 – 8 Khazars, 175 Kutrigurs, 20 Khorezm, 275 , 278 – 80 , 285 , 294 , 297 – 9 , Kuyuk- kala, 279t. 11.1 304 – 5 , 306 Akchakhan- kala, see Akchakhan- kala l a b o r Area 10 complex, 283 – 7 , 288 convict, 144 , 145 – 7 empty enclosures, 287 forced, 7 , 133 – 5 , 144 , 146 , 147 – 8 enclosure sites, 278 , 289 – 95 , 301 , 305 penal, 144 oasis enclosure sites, 275 , 278 – 80 , 294 s l a v e , see slave labor settlement patterns, 276 , 294 – 7 , 305 Lai Junchen, 44 Kidarites, 260 Lan, 22 kin, 121 , 125 – 6 , 134 – 6 land, 41 – 2 , 45 , 61 – 2 , 139 – 40 , 174 – 5 , 177 , 182 , king of kings, 104 188 , 192 kings land- bridge, 9 , 316 Assyrian, 67 Lanzhou, 56t. 2.3 Cimmerian, 63 , 65 , 70 Lánzhou, 54t. 2.3 Greek, 253 Lanzhou shi, 41t. 2.1 Hunnic, 21 Latacz, 156 Kushan, 253 , 257 , 259 , 265 Latin, 27 , 183 , 191 , 251 s u p r e m e , 6 3 – 4 laws, 39 , 88 , 117 , 119 , 126 – 7 , 178 , 256 Urartian, 66 Le Coq, A. von, 184 vassal, 137 Legalism, 161 W e n y u t i , 1 8 legends, 90 , 177 , 191 , 257 Zhanjiang, 18 legitimate heirs, 258 Kings of the Let and Right, 18 , 21 Leo, Pope, 177 Kislovodsk, 229 – 30 Letters of Mani, 185 Kitan, 303 , 305 lex Iulia de iure magistratuum, 106 Kiuzely- gyr, 279t. 11.1 , 289 – 93 , 301 Li Lingwen, 51 Klin- Yar, 230 – 1 , 239f. 9.13 , 242 L i S h i j i , 5 0 knowledge, 3 , 45 , 49 , 61 , 164 , 187 , Liao dynasty, 35 280 , 288 libraries, 164 – 5 , 182 , 185 Koguryŏ, 49 Life of Pompeius, 104 Koi- krylgan- kala, 279t. 11.1 lingua franca, 184 , 191 , 194 , 196 Kong Yingda, 162 , 170 lion skin, 265 – 6 Kongzi Shilun , 160 , 168 , 170 Liu Wuzhou, 49

326

326 Index

Liu Xiang, 116 , 120 , 128 , 162 Mar Ammō, 177 , 179 livestock, 19 , 42 , 46 – 7 , 52 , 306 Mãr Shãd Ohrmezd, 179 living cultures, 211 – 12 , 243 Mara, 262 L i v y , 8 9 – 9 9 Marcellus (M. Claudius Marcellus), 93 – 6 , 106 local oi cials, 44 , 51 , 126 , 130 mares, 35 , 39 , 43 local pasture, 40 – 1 Marius (C. Marius), 91 , 99 – 100 , 103 logades , 2 0 – 2 markets, 44 , 117 , 143 , 147 long bones, 218 – 21 , 242 marquesses, Gudu, 18 , 20 – 2 long- haired kings, 24 marriage, 22 , 47 , 51 , 169 – 70 , 232 L o n g y o u , 4 1 – 4 , 4 7 – 8 , 5 2 – 3 masks, 192 – 3 Louis (son of Charlemagne), 26 mass enslavement, 135 loyalty, 28 , 115 – 16 , 129 Mas‘udi, 207 Lu, 161 , 162 material culture, 8 , 212 , 228 , 230 , 236 , 242 , Lucretia, 90 251 , 286 Luo Jiangwen, 159 Mathura, 254 , 258 – 9 , 266 Luoyang, 40 , 46 , 193 Maues, 254 Luristan, 66 Mecennius, Egnatius, 89 Lusitania, 25 Medes, 69 – 73 , 75 Lusius, C., 91 Media, 60 , 62 , 69 – 70 , 73 Lutatius Catulus, Q., 103 Median city- states, 66 , 68 – 9 Lvovskii Pervi, 230 Median Empire, 314 Lydia/ Lydians, 63 , 64 , 70 – 3 , 74 – 5 Medinet Madi, 185 – 7 , 189 – 91 Lygdamis, see T u g d a m m e Mediterranean, 3 – 4 , 87 , 142 , 313 , 316 Lysias, 261 M e l a r ṭua, 66 Melid, 67 – 8 Ma Junmin, 35 memorials, 119 , 122 , 126 Macedonia, 105 , 164 – 5 , 261 Menander (Indo-Greek king), 261 Madyes, 64 , 69 , 72 , 73 – 4 , 75 Mencius, 111 – 13 , 120 , 124 Maenchen- Helfen, J.O., 16 Menelaus, 166 magistrates, 85 merchants, 118 , 124 , 139 , 141 Magnesia, 261 Iranian, 181 Mahāpāla- Suśpala, 254 semi- literate, 193 Mallius Maximus, 102 – 3 Sogdian, 179 , 180 , 193 Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, 106 Merovingian dynasty, 23 – 4 , 26 Mamercus Scaurus, 92 Merovingian Franks, 23 , 28 – 9 Manchuria, 49 Merovingians, 23 , 25 , 27 – 8 Manek Rai Dheri, 262 Messiah, 174 Mangyr- kala, 279t. 11.1 Messianus, 176 Mani, 174 – 5 , 177 , 180 , 182 , 185 – 8 , 189 – 90 , Midas, 63 , 66 191 – 2 , 194 middle Ganges valley, 255 , 259 religion of, see Manichaeism Middle Iranian, 177 , 183 – 4 , 196 Manichaean communities, 179 , 187 , 190 – 1 , Middle Persian (MP), 177 – 8 , 180 , 183 , 190 , 192 , 195 192 – 3 , 194 Manichaean scholarship, 186 , 188 migrations, 60 , 210 , 212 – 13 , 231 , 314 Manichaean texts, 177 , 179 , 182 , 183 – 5 , 187 – 8 , military defeats, 113 , 114 , 118 , 129 189 – 91 , 192 – 3 , 196 military service, 129 , 140 in Chinese, 184 – 5 military treatises, 114 – 15 transmission, 194 – 5 military tribunes, 91 , 101 , 106 Manichaeism, 8 , 174 – 96 military weakness, 47 Central Asia and Egypt, 182 – 90 ministers, 19 , 50 , 116 , 117 – 18 , 125 , 127 crossing boundaries, 190 – 6 chief, 37 , 42 , 45 , 49 , 51 eastward expansion, 177 – 82 prime, 19 mission in Roman Empire, 175 – 7 vice, 37 , 43 , 50 – 1 Mannaea, 62 , 66 , 68 – 71 , 73 mirrors, 232 , 234 – 42 Mao (school), 155 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 169 – 71 mobile societies, 298 , 305

327

Index 327

mobile states, 9 , 276 , 317 old Zhou, 117 , 124 mobility, 143 , 276 – 8 , 295 – 7 , 302 , 305 pre- imperial, 7 , 129 and gradations of nomadism, 276 – 8 senatorial, 85 social, 232 nomad capitals, 301 , 305 – 6 mobilization, 19 , 41 , 145 , 148 nomad polities, 17 modii cation, cranial, 223f. 9.6, 231 – 2 , 243 nomadic states, 61 , 65 , 73 , 75 Moesia, 105 nomadism, gradations of, 276 – 8 Mogao Caves, 184 nomads, 9 , 17 , 62 , 118 , 228 , 256 , 317 Mongolia, 5 , 23 , 36 , 298 nomarchs, 64 I n n e r , 3 6 non- nucleated settlement strategies, 275 , Mongolian states 276 , 304 settlement patterns, 303 North Africa, 177 Mongolian steppe, 302 – 3 North Caucasus, 228 – 9 , 234 – 9 monumental buildings, 283 , 293t. 11.2 North China, 34 , 36 , 37 , 46 – 9 , 50 , 53 monumental statues, 263 North India, 259 moral integrity, 127 – 8 , 130 North Ossetia, 229 moral obligations, 125 – 6 Northern Caucasus, 206 – 8 , 225 – 6 , morality, 113 – 15 , 121 228 – 42 , 244 personal, 115 Northern Shanxi, 49 , 51 mortuary sites, 295 – 7 Northern Song, 35 , 39 mountains, 46 , 207 , 227 , 228 , 243 , 244 , 275 Northern Zhou, 51 MP, see Middle Persian nucleation, 296 Mtskheta, 207 , 227 – 8 , 243 , 244 Numa, King, 106 Mu, King, 158 numismatists, 255 – 6 Mu Bosi, 52 Mugallu of Melid, 67 – 9 oases, 275 – 6 , 277 – 8 , 296 – 8 Mugallu of Tabal, 71 ; see also Muggalu of oaths, 28 , 129 Melid obligations, moral, 125 – 6 murder, 126 Octavianus, 98 , 105 – 6 ; see also Augustus murderers, 125 – 6 Odyssey , 155 – 7 , 163 – 4 , 167 M uṣ aṣ ir, 66 , 70 Oebarsius, 21 Musk, 54–6t. 2.3 o i cials, 37 , 39 , 113 – 14 , 116 , 117 – 19 , 123 – 5 , mutilating punishments, 7 , 118 , 120 – 1 , 126 – 7 , 129 – 30 , 138 124 , 129 local, 44 , 51 , 126 , 130 Mutschler, F., 2 Oghuz tribes, 62 Oğuzname, 62 N a b o p o l a s s a r , 7 4 O k t a r , 2 0 Nagy, G., 156 , 159 Old Turkish, 178 , 184 , 193 , 194 natural reproduction, 136 old Zhou nobility, 117 , 124 Neo- Assyrian Empire, 5 , 65 , 67 – 74 , 314 Olympiodorus, 19 Nero, Emperor, 93 Onegesius, 20 – 1 Nestorian Christianity, 174 , 181 , 183 , 194 – 5 open space, 283 , 288 , 289 – 93 , 303 Neustria, 25 Ordos, 46 – 7 New Tang History , 34 , 43 Orlat, 251 niches, 230 – 1 , 263 Orosius, 74 Nicomedes IV, 91 Ossetia, North, 229 Nike, 260 Ossetians, 236 Nile Valley, 190 owners, 136 , 138 , 140 , 142 Nineveh, 65 , 73 – 4 ownership, 139 , 165 Ning, 48 Oxus, 177 , 179 , 263 Ningxia, 41t. 2.1 , 51 , 56t. 2.3 Ningzhou, 54t. 2.3 P a k i s t a n , 2 5 9 – 6 0 Nisa, 196 palaces, 36 – 7 , 121 , 145 , 263 , 292t. 11.2 Nizhnii- Dzhulat, 229 Palasa- Syrt, 230 nobility, 7 , 18 , 21 , 22 – 3 , 26 , 51 , 64 , 87 , 128 – 9 Pali, 193

328

328 Index

Palmyra, 191 , 192 Plutarch, 94 , 99 , 104 Pamir Mountains, 179 , 181 , 193 poems, 2 , 48 , 153 – 6 , 158 – 61 , 162 – 4 , 168 – 71 Panemus, 254 political capitals, 275 , 303 – 5 Pannonia, 243 political organization, 4 , 15 – 17 , 20 , 22 , 28 , 64 , Pantaleon, 267 313 , 314 papyri, 156 – 7 , 164 , 165 , 188 quasi- feudal, 5 Hellenistic, 163 of steppe empires, 15 – 29 wild, 157 political power, 1 , 165 , 296 , 306 Paralatai, 64 political systems, 17 , 19 , 21 – 3 , 26 , 28 , 303 , 306 parents, 97 , 123 , 127 , 134 , 168 – 70 , 171 P o l y b i u s , 9 6 – 7 Paris, 166 – 7 pomerium, 86 Paropamisadae, 254 , 255 – 6 Pompeius (Cn. Magnus), 92 , 101 – 2 , 103 – 5 Parthian language, 192 , 196 Pontic steppes, 20 Parthians, 177 , 179 – 80 , 183 , 188 , 192 – 6 , 206 , P o n t i f s, 86 251 – 4 , 259 , 265 Pontius Aui dianus, 89 in India, 254 – 5 population movements, 9 , 213 , 243 , 316 Pasargadae, 304 portraits, 48 , 261 , 285 – 6 Pasirik, 251 Poseidon, 260 – 1 pastoralism, 37 , 277 , 295 , 297 , 302 , 306 positions of honour, 21 transhumant, 277 post- funerary disturbance, 225 , 244 pasture, 34 – 5 , 40 pottery, 119 , 211 , 231 , 234 , 296 , 302 l o c a l , 4 0 – 1 Alanic, 240, 241 Patika, 254 poverty, 111 – 12 , 119 patria potestas , 88 Powell, B., 155 – 6 patrimony, 24 , 27 power, 18 – 19 , 47 , 49 , 66 – 7 , 69 – 71 , 75 – 6 , 236 , patronage, 112 254 – 5 , 306 royal, 180 , 257 , 259 elite, 7 , 315 Pella, 164 – 5 , 261 n e w , 6 7 penal labor, 144 political, 1 , 165 , 296 , 306 penal servitude, 39 , 144 – 5 , 146 Scythian nomadic, 60 , 76 Pepin, 26 State, 7 , 147 Pergamon, 164 – 5 Tang imperial, 5 Pērōz, 181 praetorian prefectures, 26 persecution, 8 , 176 , 182 , 190 , 192 praetorian rank, 92 , 104 Persepolis, 304 – 5 prefectures, 27 , 37 Persia, 15 , 52 , 64 , 69 , 75 , 174 , 179 , 181 , 191 – 2 Tang, 37 , 54t. 2.3 Achaemenid, 9 pre- Hellenistic period, 299 Sasanian, 8 , 21 , 175 , 181 , 316 pre- imperial nobility, 7 , 129 Persians, 71 , 75 , 176 , 181 , 183 , 190 , 259 prestige, 9 , 92 , 107 , 116 , 129 , 232 , 236 , 306 personal morality, 115 cultural, 165 Peshawar, 256 , 259 – 60 , 264 pride, 89 , 99 , 100 , 102 – 3 , 115 Pharro, 264 and shame, 6 , 87 , 96 – 7 , 101 Pharsalia, 102 , 103 – 5 prime ministers, 19 Philhellenism, 196 Priscus (late- Antique historian), 20 – 1 philosophers, 111 , 114 , 263 private sector, 143 , 146 – 8 Phoenicia, 69 proconsuls, 91 , 100 , 102 , 105 – 7 Phraortes, 73 Procopius, 20 Phrygia/ Phrygians, 63 , 65 – 7 , 69 – 70 , 72 , production, 43 , 153 , 155 , 277 , 282 , 289 , 295 – 7 74 – 5 , 314 agricultural, 302 pins, 223–7 , 244 crat , 296 , 302 – 3 long, 225 iron, 141 – 2 , 288 pit and jar burials, 230 metal, 293t. 11.2 , 303 Pi- t’ien, 301 proi t, 112 , 118 , 121 – 2 , 141 pits, 215 – 18 , 225 – 7 , 230 – 1 , 238f. 9.12 , 243 Protothyes, 63 , 69 Plato, 157 Provence, 26

329

Index 329

psalms, 185 , 188 , 189 Ripuarian Franks, 24 Psammetichus I, 72 rituals, 111 , 116 , 118 – 19 , 161 , 224 Pteria, 72 secondary, 218 – 21 public service, 115 , 121 – 5 Roman Egypt, 185 , 191 – 2 public triumphs, 95 , 106 – 7 Roman Empire, see Rome, Empire Puda, 255 Roman Republic, see Rome, Republic Pulcher, P. Clodius, 90 Romans, 26 – 8 , 85 – 9 , 96 – 7 , 99 , 102 , 105 – 7 , Punic Wars, 93 – 4 135 , 190 , 314 – 15 punishments, 38 – 9 , 97 – 8 , 111 , 113 – 14 , 116 , Rome, 2 – 3 , 8 , 129 , 133 – 6 , 143 , 174 – 5 , 176 – 7 , 120 , 129 , 161 , 242 196 , 313 mutilating, 7 , 118 , 120 – 1 , 124 , 129 ambassadors, 19 – 21 Punjab aristocratic nature of Roman Pakistani, 260 polity, 85 – 7 western, 254 , 260 centurions, 98 , 101 , 178 Pushkalavati, 255 – 7 and China, 174 , 196 , 314 citizens, 89 , 91 , 94 , 176 Q a p a g h a n Q a g h a n , 4 7 elites, 87 , 143 Qi, 48 , 161 , 162 Empire, 2 , 6 – 8 , 137 , 146 – 7 , 175 – 7 , 181 , Qiang 190 – 2 , 314 , 316 Western, 54t. 2.3 families, 6 , 85 Qin, 124 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 161 honour and shame, 87 – 91 Qinzhou, 54t. 2.3 forced labor, see forced labor Qiujiuque, 255 , 257 – 8 Manichaean mission, 175 – 7 Qiulin clan, 22 military, 87 , 96 – 106 Qizhou, 54t. 2.3 p o l i t y quality horses, 34 , 45 aristocratic nature, 85 – 7 quarries, 135 , 144 , 175 , 304 Republic, 6 , 87 , 92 , 96 , 105 , 142 , 315 queens, 169 – 70 , 171 honour and shame, 85 – 107 Q u r i a n i , 6 2 Senate, 86 – 7 , 92 – 5 , 106 slavery, see slavery Rabatak inscription, 255 – 8 state, 7 , 27 , 135 , 144 , 146 – 7 radiocarbon readings, 210 , 228 , 238f. 9.12 Romulus, 88 , 106 Ragnachar, 24 Rosetta Stone, 184 ranches, 37 – 43 , 45 – 7 , 51 , 53 Rough Cilicia, 63 , 68 , 71 – 2 breeding, 48 Rouran, 5 , 23 herds, 44 , 46 – 7 royal courts, 180 , 306 Hexi, 47 itinerant, 9 , 305 , 317 Longyou, 41 – 4 , 48 , 52 royal families, 20 – 3 , 26 , 27 p e r s o n n e l , 3 8 – 9 royal heirs, 23 , 27 regional supervisors, 39 – 41 , 43 , 45 royal patronage, 180 , 257 , 259 supervisors, 41 Ruga, 20 rank, 19 , 22 – 3 , 28 , 91 – 3 , 98 – 9 , 104 , 121 , 145 ruling dynasties, 23 , 27 , 64 – 5 , 194 Rapoport, A., 305 ruling elites, 9 , 276 , 278 , 280 , 288 , 298 , Rashuk, 257 301 , 304 – 6 refuges, 289 , 294 , 296 Rusa I, 66 regional ranch supervisors, 39 – 41 , 43 , 45 Rusa II, 66 – 7 religions, 8 , 175 , 177 , 178 – 82 , 187 , 190 – 3 , 236 foreign, 180 , 190 , 191 , 195 Šābuhragān, 180 , 183 , 190 reproduction, natural, 136 saddles, 48 , 54–6t. 2.3, 232 Republican Rome, see Rome, Republic Sagala, 255 , 260 Res Gestae Divi Saporis , 183 , 196 Sakas, see Scythians retainers, 125 , 129 Salomon, R., 253 revenge, 125 – 6 ; see also vengeance salt, 40 , 125 , 141 – 2 , 145 rewards, 38 , 96 – 8 , 113 , 129 , 315 Samarkand, 301 Rhaetia, 26 Šamaš- šumu- ukin, 71

330

330 Index

Samtavro, 207 – 11 , 223 , 235 , 237 , 238 , 242 – 4 non- nucleated, 276 , 304 archaeological evidence, 213 – 28 Xiongnu, 302 – 3 artefacts, 224f. 9.7 , 233f. 9.9 sexual rights, 136 cemetery, 209f. 9.1 , 213 , 216f. 9.2 Shaanxi, 41t. 2.1 , 54t. 2.3 chronology, 227 s h a t - and- chamber tombs, 229 II, 213 Shahanshah, 175 III, 214 , 217f. 9.3 , 222 shame, 6 – 7 , 87 – 8 , 96 – 7 , 99 , 101 – 2 , 110 – 21 , IV, 224 , 227 124 – 5 , 127 – 9 , 314 – 15 location, 206–8 in Han China, 110 – 30 Sandakkurru, see Sandakšatru and honour, 6 – 7 , 85 – 107 , 110 – 11 , 114 – 16 , Sandakšatru, 63 , 72 129 – 30 , 314 – 15 Sandašarme, 69 , 71 – 2 and pride, 6 , 87 , 96 – 7 , 101 Sandauarri, 68 – 9 , 72 redei nition in Warring States, 110 – 16 Sanskrit, 178 , 193 in Roman family, 87 – 91 Sappho, 154 in Roman military, 96 – 106 sarcophagi, clay, 215 – 17 , 238f. 9.12 in Roman Republic, 85 – 107 Sardis, 71 i n R o m a n S e n a t e , 9 2 – 5 Sargon II, 62 – 3 , 65 – 7 Shanxi, 41t. 2.1 , 49 , 56t. 2.3 Sarmatians, 205 , 230 – 2 , 243 Northern, 49 , 51 Sasanian dynasty, 181 , 193 Shanyu (Chanyu), 18 Sasanian Empire, 174 , 183 , 190 , 191 – 2 Shapur, 180 , 190 , 196 Sasanian Iran/ Persia, 8 , 15 , 21 , 175 , 181 , 205 , Shaughnessey, E., 158 210 , 316 sheep, 37 , 47 , 139 , 236 , 292t. 11.2 , 296 Saxon tribes, 28 Shi Daode, 51 Scipio, 104 Shi Jing , 8 , 153 – 5 , 158 – 63 , 164 , 166 , 168 – 9 , Sciri, 20 171 , 316 scribes, 37 , 195 dating, 158 – 9 Scythia, 20 , 62 , 64 S h i T i e b a n g , 5 1 – 2 kings of, 63 , 69 , 261 An Shigao, 193 – 4 Scythian invasions, 5 , 73 Shiji , 64 Scythians, 60 – 5 , 68 – 70 , 72 – 4 , 75 – 6 , 205 , 251 – Shravana, 253 4 , 259 , 266 – 7 , 313 – 14 Sialkot, 255 , 260 Black Sea, 64 Sicily, 94 – 5 in India, 254 – 5 Sidon, 68 – 9 Išgigulū , 6 1 , 6 6 Sigibert, 24 as nomadic power, 61 – 5 Sileni, 267 seating arrangements, 21 , 263 Siling Vandals, 25 Sebastianus, 190 Silis, 174 secondary rituals, 218 – 21 silk, 38 – 9 , 45 , 53 Seistan, 181 Silk Road, 3 , 180 , 184 , 194 – 5 Seleucids, 251 Sima Qian, 161 self, sense of, 120 single combat, 94 , 96 , 105 , 166 self- sacrii ce, 7 , 128 – 9 Sin- šar- iškun, 74 Senate, 86 – 7 , 92 – 5 , 106 Sir- Tardush, 47 senatorial aristocracy, 6 , 86 , 107 Śiva, 258 – 60 , 262 , 265 senators, 87 – 8 , 92 , 103 – 4 six horn kings, 22 seniority, 27 , 92 – 3 skeletons, 123 – 4 , 212 , 221 – 4 Sennacherib, 65 , 67 , 70 skull modii cation, see cranial modii cation servi poeni , 134 , 144 slave employment, 141 – 2 servitude, penal, 39 , 144 – 5 , 146 slave labor, 136 , 138 – 42 , 143 , 144 settlement patterns, 8 , 276 , 294 , 298 , 302 , agrarian, 139 304 , 305 incentive structures, 142 – 3 dispersed, 298 slavery, 7 , 88 , 133 – 48 , 232 early Medieval Mongolian states, 303 agrarian, 139 , 141 Khorezm, 276 , 294 – 7 , 305 chattel, 144 , 147 mobile or agro- pastoral adaptation, 297 – 8 scale, 137 – 8

331

Index 331

slaves, 6 , 7 , 49 , 53 , 113 , 117 , 134 , Stratagems of the Warring States, 114 136 – 43 , 144 – 7 sub- kings, 19 – 20 , 22 , 24 – 8 , 64 Bo, 52 Suetonius, 91 , 98 Chinese, 141 Sui dynasty, 37 , 42 , 50 – 1 , 55t. 2.3 numbers, 138 , 140 suicide, 7 , 117 , 119 , 123 , 127 , 129 – 30 state- owned, 136 – 7 , 140 , 147 Sulla (dictator), 92 – 3 status and sources, 134 – 6 Sun Ao, 127 social processes, 211 , 213 , 232 , 236 Sun Xiaolin, 40 socketed arrowheads, 69 Sung- Yun, 260 Sogdiana, 179 , 251 – 3 Superbus, L. Tarquinius, 90 Sogdians, 48 , 177 , 178 – 9 , 184 , 193 , 194 – 5 , 196 , supreme command, 93 , 102 – 4 , 106 299 – 301 , 305 supreme kings, 63 – 4 merchants, 179 , 180 , 193 Susa, 71 , 304 – 5 solar divinities, 215 Sutton Hoo, 234 soldiers, 45 , 86 , 91 , 95 , 98 , 99 – 100 , 102 , Swat, 257 146 , 262 swords, 225 , 234 common, 115 – 16 Synaxeis of the Living Gospel, h e, 185 Song, 35 , 39 , 148 S y r a c u s e , 9 4 – 5 Northern, 35 , 39 Syr- darya delta, 298 – 9 sons, 18 , 20 , 21 , 49 – 51 , 88 , 90 , 123 – 4 , Syriac, 174 – 5 , 178 , 187 – 8 , 189 – 91 , 196 257 – 8 , 261 – 2 Estrangela, 183 , 192 Soter Megas, 256 – 8 Syro- Aramaic, 194 – 5 coins, 257 South Asia, 3 , 9 , 316 T a b a l , 6 7 , 7 0 – 1 Southern Caucasus, 205 – 45 Tacitus, 92 s o u t h e r n I t a l y , 9 5 Tahkal Bala, 264 south- western Iran, 65 – 6 , 71 Taisi, 169 – 70 Spain, 25 Taiyuan, 51 Spartacus, 106 Taizong (Tang emperor), 48 – 9 , 51 spears, 96 , 234 , 262 Tajikistan, 259 Spolia Opima, 94 – 5 , 105 – 6 Tanais, 230 Sri Lanka, 232 Tang (dynasty), 5 , 34 , 35 – 6 , 39 , 42 , 47 – 51 , 53 , state farms, 40 – 2 180 – 1 , 313 – 14 state power, 7 army, 36 and economic development, 147 – 8 government, 52 , 180 – 1 state slaves, 136 – 7 , 140 , 147 h e r d s , 4 6 – 7 statecrat , 71 , 75 , 113 , 116 horse system, 34 , 47 , 53 statues, 70 , 263 prefectures, 37 , 54t. 2.3 monumental, 263 tax system, 53 status, 117 , 128 , 130 , 134 , 135 , 141 , 145 , Tangut, 56t. 2.3 162 , 305 Tarentum, 95 Stein, M.A., 184 – 5 Tarim basin, 19 steles, 44 , 49 – 50 Tarquinius, Sex., 90 steppe empires, political organization, 15 – 29 Tash- kyrman- tepe, 297 steppes, 17 , 21 , 28 , 34 , 205 , 275 – 8 , 298 , Tatian, 177 301 , 306 taxes, 19 , 22 , 44 – 5 , 140 , 145 Inner Asia, 3 , 8 – 9 , 316 Taxila, 254 , 259 , 260 , 262 Kazakh, 277 , 298 Tchkandiskedi, 216 – 17 , 227 – 8 , 238f. 9.12 Mongolian, 302 – 3 teachers, 122 – 3 , 180 , 185 Pontic, 20 temples, 66 , 263 – 4 , 293t. 11.2 stockbreeding, 37 – 9 , 231 Ten h ousand Horsemen, Lords of, 18 , 21 – 2 stone cist graves, 209f. 9.1, 217f. 9.3 tenants, 139 – 40 , 142 stone cist tombs, 215 – 21 , 225 – 8 , 238f. tents, 98 , 104 , 295 9.12 , 243 – 4 Tepe Zargaran, 257 stone cists, 215 – 20 , 227 , 243 Tepe- Shotor, 266 Strabo, 62 , 67 , 72 , 165 Terek (river), 229

332

332 Index

Teshik- kala, 279t. 11.1 Uldin, 19 t e t r a r c h y , 2 6 Umā, 262 Teušpa, 63 , 68 Upper Tigris, 65 – 7 Teutones, 99 , 100 , 102 Ur III, 133 h eodosius, 176 Urartu/ Urartians, 62 – 3 , 65 – 7 , 69 – 73 , 75 , 314 h ermus, M. Minucius, 91 U r d u t u , 6 7 h essaly, 104 usurpers, 257 – 8 h uringia, 26 Uzbekistan, 9 , 259 , 275 Tianzhu, 257 Tiberius, 92 Vajrapā ṇ i , 2 6 5 – 6 Tibet, 44 , 47 , 54t. 2.3 Vakhtang, 207 Tigris, 192 Valerian, 183 U p p e r , 6 5 – 7 Valerius Maximus, 89 , 91 tile- lined tombs, 215 – 21 , 225 – 8 , 238f. values, 2 , 8 , 27 , 110 – 11 , 123 9.12 , 243 Vandals, 177 tiles, 216 – 18 Hasding, 25 Til- Garimmu, 67 Siling, 25 Tiliya Tepe, 251 , 267 Varro, learned, 92 Timurids, 278 , 301 Vasa- Abdagases, 254 titles, 4 , 18 , 21 , 129 , 174 , 179 – 80 , 207 vassal kings, 137 Tocharian, 184 vassals, 19 , 21 , 28 , 70 , 72 – 3 tombs, 48 , 51 , 138 , 141 , 213 – 14 , 215 – 28 , 229 – Vasudeva I, 260 30 , 232 , 236 – 42 Venetus, 164 stone cist, 218 – 21 , 225 – 8 , 238f. 9.12, 244 vengeance, 7 , 125 – 8 , 129 ; see also revenge tile- lined, 215 – 21 , 225 – 8 , 238f. 9.12, 243 veterinarians, 37 , 52 types, 212 , 215 – 21 , 224 – 5 , 229 , 243 vice ministers, 37 , 43 , 50 – 1 tools, 89 , 146 , 224 , 227 Vikrama era, 253 trade, 69 , 124 – 5 , 141 , 227 , 292t. 11.2 , 303 villages, 20 , 117 , 195 , 207 horses, 36 , 70 Vima Kadphises, 255 – 8 , 265 Tradition of Zuo , 110 – 11 Vima Taktu, 256 – 8 Transcaucasia, 9 , 62 , 65 violence, 7 , 115 , 129 transhumant pastoralism, 277 Han, 125 – 8 Transoxania, 181 of vengeance, 7 , 129 tribunes, 91 , 96 viticulture, 143 , 294 – 6 military, 91 , 101 , 106 Vogelsang, K., 159 , 299 , 305 tribute, 22 , 146 , 185 Vonones, 254 triumphs, public, 95 , 106 – 7 Trojan War, 153 , 154 walled sites, 275 – 6 , 278 T- shaped catacombs, 230 walls, 96 , 145 , 218 , 231 , 263 , 280 , 285 – 7 , 292t. Tsibilium, 223f. 9.6 , 231 , 232 – 41 11.2 , 301 Tugdamme, 63 , 64 , 70 – 2 , 74 – 5 Wang Delun, 51 Turfan, 40 , 52 – 3 , 182 – 4 , 188 , 196 Wang Fu, 122 Türk, 36 , 44 , 46 – 7 Wang Jun, 50 Turkestan, east, 177 , 179 , 181 – 2 Wang Mang, 134 , 143 , 161 – 3 T u r k e y Wang Maozhong, 45 , 46 , 49 – 50 , 52 central- west, 65 Wang Shiping, 35 south- eastern, 65 , 74 war captives, 135 – 6 , 143 , 145 Turkish, Old, 178 , 184 , 193 , 194 warfare, 35 , 49 , 51 , 111 , 113 , 116 , 118 , 253 Turkmenistan, 60 , 258 Warring States era, 7 , 129 , 135 , 143 , 147 Tuwana, 68 shame, 110 – 16 twin handles, 129 wars, 71 , 74 – 5 , 94 – 5 , 97 , 99 , 101 – 4 , 110 , Tyche, 260 135 , 136 civil, 42 , 50 , 74 , 86 , 101 , 103 – 5 , 129 , 140 Uighurs, 8 , 35 – 6 , 51 , 182 , 193 , 195 , 303 , 305 , 316 water supply canals, 275 , 288 – 9 Ukraine, 19 , 236 , 244 wattle- and- daub type housing, 292t. 11.2

333

Index 333

wealth, 111 , 112 , 120 , 121 – 3 , 128 – 30 , 140 , 242 , Xuanzong, 44 – 6 , 47 – 51 304 , 306 Xubu, 22 weapons, 34 , 97 , 234 , 244 Xulianti, 22 Weizhou, 54t. 2.3 Xun Yue, 126 Wenyuti kings, 18 West, M., 156 yakshas, 267 West, S., 156 Yangaozhen, 257 – 8 Western Anatolia, 70 Yanzhou, 54t. 2.3 Western Iran, 62 – 3 , 64 – 8 , 73 – 4 , 75 Yazdgird III, 181 Western Qiang, 54t. 2.3 Yiqun Zhou, 2 Western Wei, 51 Yozgat, 72 Western Zhou, 158 Yuanshou, 51 , 56t. 2.3 Wilbur, C.M., 137 – 9 , 147 Yuezhi, 251 – 4 , 256 Winnall II, 222 wives, 89 – 90 , 122 , 169 , 181 Zagros region, 66 , 68 women, 2 , 89 – 90 , 100 , 136 , 141 , 154 , 167 , Zenodotus, 164 , 167 – 8 231 – 2 , 243 Zeus, 260 – 1 workshops, 227 , 234 , 288 aegis- bearing, 167 Wu, Empress, 44 , 47 h undering, 261 Wu Zixu, 127 – 8 Zhang Anshi, 141 Wuhuan, 5 Zhang Changzong, 45 Zhang Jingshun, 50 X i a n b e i , 4 – 5 Zhang Wansui, 43 , 49 , 50 Xiapu, 195 – 6 Zhanjiang kings, 18 Xiazhou, 56t. 2.3 Zhao Dun, 125 Xiongnu, 4 – 5 , 15 , 17 , 18 – 25 , 26 , 302 – 3 , 313 , Zheng Xuan, 162 , 169 – 70 315 , 317 Zhongzong, 44 , 47 dual kingship, 22 Zhou, 162 , 169 Empire, 18 , 22 , 25 Duke of, 162 enclosures, 303 , 305 nobility, 117 , 124 government, 19 Northern, 51 metal production, 303 Western, 158 settlement patterns, 302 – 3 Zilgi, 229 system, 19 , 21 Zixu, 127 Xixia, 35 Zoroaster, 215 Xu Gan, 127 Zoroastrianism, 181 , 190 , 193