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CENTRAL WATER & SANITATION PROJECT An Australia/ Development Cooperation Project

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""'* • • / '•••. AusAID . >K (THE AuSTRAIi|^I:«4|@ENCY"is6R INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT) 4f ;;;! =; , ' AND THE ' « GOWRNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES If you visited the central Philippines town of Ubay two 'Sustainability' has become the holy grail in this quest. years ago you may have found it. easier to get hold of a Unless the water and sanitation systems set up under these can of Coke than a glass of water to quench your thirst. bilateral projects are sustainable in the long term, they Ubay, like many of its neighbouring rural communi- will not achieve their key goals of improving the health, ties, relied on travelling carts and shallow wells for its living conditions and economic status of poorer commu- water needs, accepting the gruelling shortage of clean nities. water as a long-standing tradition. The Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project is It is hardly surprising, then, that the Mayor of Ubay pioneering a method which seeks sustainability through now becomes noticeably excited when it comes to the a very h igh level of community consultation and involve- subject of water. "People are taking showers and ment. planting trees", he says. "The arrival of the Central For some time now the traditional practice of leav- Visayas Water and Sanitation Project has been the ing control of development projects in the hands of catalyst for all kinds of changes in Ubay." engineers has been widely superseded by a 'bottom-up' As the Year 2000 approaches - the target date for the approach, where technical specialists are closely involved United Nations 'dean water for all' policy - water and with the local community. With greater consultation, sanitation projects throughout the developing world are the new systems are more likely to meet the needs of grappling with the problems of devising systems suited the communities being serviced and the communities to local communities. are better equipped to look after them.

LIBRARY IRC lox 93190, 2509 AD T"H£ HA3UE lei.:+31 70 30 Fax: +31 70 35 89! ARCODE: O: The Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project, the project team have been found to fit into the pro- a joint initiative of the Australian Government and cesses of decentralisation and devolution. the Government of the Philippines, is taking the idea It may take several years after the completion of the of community partnership one step further. Not only Project to assess whether the new systems are truly sus- do the communities targeted by the Project, help plan tainable. But early indicators arc highly positive and and construct their new water and sanitation systems, the Philippines Government has acknowledged this by they also become the owners of the systems through taking the unusual step of increasing funding above the the formation of community waterworks cooperatives. level of Australia's aid contribution (at a ratio of about. Known as Community-Based Water and Sanitation 55% to Australia's 45%) for the water supply construc- Organisations, these cooperatives are owned by the tion component of the project. This Philippine users of the water. Their primary goal is to provide an contribution from national, provincial and municipal adequate supply of domestic water for the use of mem- governments as well as from individual congressmen is bers at. a reasonable cost. And through their secondary in addition to contributions from the recipient projects, access to water can become a springboard to a communities. range of improvements from health training to liveli- In the villages and towns targeted by the Project, hood projects which bring economic growth. the contribution of the communities and local govern- This community-based approach to development, has ment personnel is also impressive. Whether it's been reinforced by the implementation of the 1991 organising a dance to raise funds for new latrines or Local Government Code which has empowered local community tree planting to protect water sources, the government units to make their own decisions over is- people of the Philippines arc demonstrating increasing sues affecting the communities. While time has been support for the new systems. needed to perfect the process, the systems installed by THE PLAYERS

• Scheduled to run from 1991 to 1997, the Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project is jointly funded by the Australian Government (A$ 21.5 million, including A$ 7.5 million for water supply facilities) and the Government of the Philip- pines (A$ 10 million lor water supply facilities).

• The Australian Agency for Inter- national Development (AusAID) has contracted leading Australian environmental consultants Sinclair Knight Merz, in association with DCCD Engineering Corporation of the Philippines, to guide all staff working on the Project and adminis- ter Australian funded inputs. CVWSP Technical Working Croup presided over by CVWSP Project Manager, Fernando Fajardo.

• The Philippines Government: has levels. A key goal is to community organising. Their work is created a Project Management: Unit, improve the skills of local govern- initially supervised by the Project: based in City, to supervise the ment staff in the areas of planning, advisers, with local government: implementation of the Project in project implementation, community units gradually raking on. more of coordination with project: consul- organising and health education. this responsibility as their personnel tants and other agencies involved. become more experienced. A total of • NGOs are selected by Sinclair fifteen, different NGOs have provided • A field team of Australian and Knight. Mer.z and local Philippine community organising services for Filipino advisers funded by the authorities to assist in planning and CVWSP. Australian Government and selected by the. consultants is working closely with the Philippines Government Project Management m Unit and with government person- nel at the provincial, municipal and

Rainwater collector construction inspected byM&E Specialist, dun David; Community Organising Specialist, Rudy Caayupan; AusAID Counsellor, Ian Anderson and Engineer Planner, Keith Roberts,

The heartland of the Project is the plans and manage their own fishing and farming 'barangays' of the development. central Philippines. Here, for many Before the Project began, about households, clean water is a luxury 40 per cent of the rural popula- and sanitation facilities are poor or tion in the Central Visayas had non-existent. inadequate water supplies and These barangays lie within the about. 30 per cent had unsatisfac- Central Visayas, a group of four island provinces (Bohol, tory sanitation facilities or none at all. The aim was to Cebu, and ) which are home choose those municipalities with the poorest health, to about 4.5 million people - three quarters of them lowest, incomes and least, access to potable water. living in rural areas and the majority working as farm- About one quarter of the municipalities in the ers, fishermen and plantation workers. Central Visayas arc being targeted, with the hope that Clusters of five to ten households form the pulse this will produce a substantial flow-on effect as other points of the community in the rural barangays. They municipalities draw on the new capabilities introduced may border the village square with its chapel, barangay into their region and attract local funding to set up hall, elementary school and rural clinic, or lie beside similar projects. the sea coast where the fishermen and their families Within these targeted municipalities some 10,000 make a living, or by the riverside where farmers divert, households (.38%) will be directly served by new the water by canal to the local farms. or improved water systems, about 24,000 households Foremost in the minds of the Project's community (1.3%) will benefit from improved sanitation organisers who walk the trails of the barangays are facilities, and some 400 community-based water and questions on how best to harness the capacities of the sanitation organisations will be formed to manage and people to identify community needs, formulate action operate the systems.

STEPS IN THE PROJECT • The community organisers help METHOD establish community-based water arid sanitation organisations (CBWSOs) which will own and operate the comple- • Municipalities are chosen to partici- ted water supply systems. This requires pate on the basis of their level oj need intensive organising and training to for improved water and sanitation, the develop in the. rural communities the availability of useable water, and the knowledge, skills and attitudes to level oj amimunity interest in taking become self'Sufficient. part. • Community organisers help local • Ccn\struction of the. larger systems is • Once a municipality and its barangays communities develop their own water carried out by contract or by direct have been selected, a project team and supply and sanitation plans. Proposals administration of labour. Contractors an N(J(.) organise meetings to explain are prepared for each small water supply, are. required to use unskilled labour the Project and enlist the support of the including sketches and cost estimates from the. community wliere the job is community and local government where possible, together with an indica- located, personnel. tion of what labour and materials the community is prepared to commit. • For small systems, contracts are • The NGO, through its community normally arranged for drilled wells and organisers, develops a profile of each * The proposals are prioritised by the. other specialised components but, as far barangay including details of its water community then assessed by provincial as possible, the local community is resources, health and sanitation engineering staff, ami an agreed jrrogram encouraged to carry out the construc- conditions, and demographics, and is drawn up. Wherever feasible the tion. The community is also required to frrepares spot maps. Potential leaders ideas and wishes oj the coynmunity arc contribute local materials, such as sand within each community are identified. incorporated in the design. ami gravel.

The rusty hand pump at the cen- has been the handing over of opera- tre of the town square in , near tions and management of the water , stands as a reminder that systems to the people of Argao in sustainability is the key word in mod- January 1995, placing responsibility ern development projects. with the community itself rather than By the early 1970s, the water sys- local government. tem developed by the Argao Munici- It is on this principle of self-ma- pality had fallen into disrepair, with nagement that the success of the pipes leaking and poor distribution Project relies. to individual households. Residents COWASSCO Office, Argao, Cebu. The new community-based water were forced to fetch water from far-away and unsafe and sanitation organisation, COWASSCO, is aware that sources until 1992, when Argao became the first mu- to survive, it must, avoid the poor tariff collection which nicipality to participate in the Central Visayas Water resulted from the inadequate water supply services and Sanitation Project. , • • provided by the old municipal system. Households must Thirty deep wells, three rain collectors and several now pay promptly for connection and for water. piped water systems have been installed through the Initial results from Argao show a high tariff collec- Project and more than 1,000 households provided with tion rate (90%), and new connections of 45 per month, latrines. And while these changes arc revolutionary which exceeds initial projections. enough in themselves, perhaps the most important, change

TAPPING INTO LOCAL RESOURCES

Given the community-based nature of the Project, its success in any town or barangay will depend on the level of support enlisted within the local popu- lation. In Argao, community organi- sers successfully tapped into some valuable local resources:

• A base of well-developed community cooperatives already existed in Argao — including jishing and agricultural cooperatives and some groups set up by Cebu Engineer Planner, Ernest Batt with the user group at Level I deepwell in Argao, Cebu. Plan International — and these became an important entry point for the * Community organisers sought out community organisers. local retirees, particularly ex-govern- ment employees and retired school • Strong- support from the Mayor of teachers, to serve in the water associa- Argao, Dan Sesaldo, has been vital to tions , recognising that they had signi- the success of the Project. When fund- ficant experience and skills to offer. ing ran low the Mcryor cut council expenses to come up with PI million and • A strong emphasis has been placed on personally lobbied to secure P7 million training from the outset of the Project from the Central Government and and the water associations in Argao will PI .5 million from the Office of the continue the practice, paying for further President. training themselves. Australian Ambassador Richard Smith presents the Argao Water Supply turnover certificate to Argao Mayor Daniel Snsaldn. THE WATER SYSTEMS

Water ay stems in the. Philippines are categorised under three kveh uf services:

• Level One • Level Two • Level Three A drilled or dug well equipped with a A piped system with communal faucets, A piped system with the capacity for hand pump, or a protected spring with a each serving 4 to 12 households with a metered connections to individual single distribution point. The system is suj)j>ly of 40'60 litres per capita per households and businesses. The design suitable [or 5 to 25 households, day. Each faucet, group is metered. supply rate varies from HO to 200 litres supplying a minimum of 30 litres per per capita per day. Consumers are capita per day. responsible for the cost of individual connections.

TYPE OF WATER SYSTEMS

NO. OF WATER SYSTEMS NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS COVERED TOTAL 1,850 TOTAL 67, OOO

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LtU CLi LU Q. .1.1- i.il 'Projected figures by completion of project *! owl II system supply waier to public taps *Level III system supply water to housa connection Construction of reservoir tor Level II / III system in San Remegio, Cebu.

Spring box for Level II system in San Juan, Siquijor. Rainwater collector in Colawin, Argao (Cebu).

The role of women has been activities associated with the Project. tackled right from the beginning in Community organisers working with the Central Visayas Project. the women on this issue of multiple As domestic managers, women arc burdens have found that, the men can the major users of water in the house- often, help in simple ways - husbands hold, deciding how much water to minding the children while their collect, how to recycle used water wives go to a meeting, for example. and how to store water. They also Generally, the participation of the tend to set the agenda for health and women has been slow at the outset, hygiene within the family. Their cooperation in any gathering momentum with growing confidence in the sustainable community-based development project is potential of the Project. Women have become involved essential. in all activities, including construction of water and Gender awareness sessions are part of the orienta- sanitation facilities and management of the new sys- tion workshops for project implementors and commu- tems. Mothers have also become the most effective nity members. Initially these sessions are often attended medium for disseminating information and training in mostly by men but women gradually take part, some- health practices. times encouraged by their husbands. It is important As yet, women are not well represented in the chair that both men and women are aware of the value of and vice chair positions of the big water associations, participation by women. although many are board members. It is more common Many of the women in the rural communities in the to find female office holders within the second level Central Visayas are full-time housewives and mothers and, and smaller water associations. at the same time, income earners, so it can be difficult for them to find the time to participate in the many

THE WOMEN OF .SANTA Evidence of further change came, in S1BONGA WOMEN CATAL1NA 1994 when many of the women were recommended to run for the harangay Women from 14 of the water and elections. So many of them were sanitation committees set up under the In the. very earliest stages of the successful that, the women on the. council Project have, joined together to form the Project in Santa Catalina (Negros now outnumber the men. Women's Organisation. In one Oriental), few of the women in the barangay, these women have set about barangay participated. More joined in improving their relatively poor econo- for the construction of the community mic position by establishing backyard latrine system, mixing cement to make gardens and selling the produce at the toilet bowh, and by the time it came to market. formulating the constitution and by- laws of the water users group, a majority of the women were taking part. While finding time has sometimes been difficult, the women of Santa Catalina say they are glad of the opportunity to work on other projects besides domestic work. They believe the skills they have acquired have raised their value in the eyes of the community and their families. HEALTH AND SANITATION

Embedded in the Project is the • One out of every ten households concept that clean water is a means in the barangays is selected as the to better standards in community representative responsible for identi- health. The following methods are fying and reporting any water or used to improve health practices in sanitation problems that may arise. target areas: • A system for water quality • NGOs and local Department of surveillance has been put in place I Iealth staff are responsible for and the Project has provided training community members and equipment for nine laboratories in rural sanitary inspectors in health various cities and municipalities in matters including the proper the four provinces. disposal o! faeces, water quality Medical technologist conducting a water quality analysis at a CVWSP supported laboratory. surveillance, personal hygiene and • Educational materials such as flip environmental, sanitation. Training charts, video tapes and broadcasting of trainers is also provided for materials have been prepared to help departmental staff. communicate the health education message. These materials include information in the Visayan language.

HEALTH STATION orimem IWMPIONR. mt.on.

Rural Sanitary Inspector explaining health education Ilipchart to a group of household unit representatives. • Sanitation facilities consist of simple pit latrines with concrete bowls and floor slabs - generally water seal bowl latrines. Where water is scarce, ventilated, improved pit non-water seal latrines may be used.

"The Project has become a catalyst for the economic growth of the province, whose main strategies focus on eco-tourism, small-scale industry and tourism. These strategies all require adequate water supply."

(Ben P. Aquino, Governor of Siquijor)

Access to clean water is certainly Some water associations, for an end in itself but. it also has the example, have purchased electric potential to stimulate a variety of fans which make the job of rice economic improvements in poorer winnowing three times faster by communities. dispersing the rice husks. The fans In the towns, a good water sup- can also be rented out to farmers ply is a basic requirement for the in other communities. growth of commerce, tourism and In one barangay the water as- light industry. In the villages, it can sociation invests in production of also become the starting point for latrine bowls which arc sold at. less new commercial ventures. than market, price to other The cooperative structure of the Project seeks to barangays. The association provides the materials and maximise such flow-on benefits by encouraging local pays labourers 10 pesos per bowl, channelling profits communities to come up with their own entrepreneurial from sales back into its reserve funds. schemes and helping to develop the skills to organise Seed capital for these new ventures comes from and execute them. savings made from project funds. The water associations buy raw materials lor the new water and sanitation In the rural communities,,. systems at a lower price than the Project could, thereby In the rural barangays surrounding the town of Ubay earning the difference. They also earn a small amount (Bohol), a burst of new economic activity is underway. of capital by donating their labour instead of hiring With a small amount of start-up capital earned through labour. Once the systems are up and running, a small the Project half of the 14 water associations in the area percentage of the water tariffs paid by water users is have begun to operate their own income-generating also available for new economic ventures. projects, including rice trading, emergency loans, micro Seven to ten households are served by a typical Level lending and equipment rental. One system (open dug well) in these barangays. When the pumps are installed, each household pays an aver- Before the Project was set up in Ubay, the lack of age of five pesos a month to the water association, of groundwater in the municipality meant the town had which 80 per cent is allocated to operation and main- to rely on shallow wells and water delivered by push tenance and the remaining 20 per cent goes into a re- carts. At 2 pesos per 18 litres, cart water was expen- serve fund. sive and not really suitable for drinking in the rainy Besides generating income and some employment season. in the barangays around Ubay, the water associations A large amount of surface water for irrigation was are planting fruit trees to protect the watershed and available, however, and this was extended and im- lobbying tor better household sanitation. Two water as- pounded for use in a system with the capacity for indi- sociations have constructed their own offices using the vidual connections to households and businesses in money saved on labour to pay for materials. The of- Ubay. Most of the households now have latrines and fices provide a place for meetings and training sessions the seven communal latrines constructed in the cen- and a site to store fertiliser. tre of the town arc regularly inspected. "It has been difficult to gat people, to In the towns... come here or keep people here when they The Mayor of Ubay, Eutiquio arrive. Now people from Cehu will come, Bernales, is highly optimistic about the it will give us a very different picture, es- economic prospects for his town: "In pecially economically," says the Mayor. the past, not a single industry has come in Besides the 2,000 Ubay households - no water, so no investment. Now we which will benefit from the new water can have meat processing, crab meat pro- system, the town is selling water to cessing, already we have some new invest' people on the neighbouring islands - ment in shops for electrical appliances and at only .5 pesos a can and .25 pesos for pawnshops. These are very visible improve- members, which is much cheaper than ments ." before.

Ubay Mayor Eutiquio Bernales samples water from a communal faucet during the turnover ol the level It/Ill water system >"-•*'•

M/atef Treatment Plant in Ubay, Bohol.

TREES FOR LIFE

the. barangay should plant at least one. planted, nurtured and guarded from tree. Seedlings were propagated by the destruction by animals. A local community using seeds of the mahogany ordinance passed in support of the and jack fruit trees growing locally. venture now provides for penalties for Known as the frees far Life Project, owners of animals caught destroying the scheme has been adopted by other trees or seedlings. harangays in Sibonga. In Ubay, almost 10,000 trees have Throughout the Central Visayas, been planted around surface water local communities participating in die sources within a period of three months. Project are learning of the. connection After a heavy rain local government between vegetation and water. They employees pitch m with community recognise that the planting of trees will members to plant seedlings from the help maintain water levels and keep the local government nursery and the. water supply clean. Department of Environment and And, most importantly, the schemes Natural Resources. In Manatati, an upland fcarangaji in for the greening of the environment are. Filipinos are well known for their Sibonga, Ccbu, the. local jorests have initiated by the. people themselves. love of gardens and plants and with been devastated through illegal eutting In the. municipality of Argao, for new systems bringing water directly to by people, outside the barangay. Many instance, energetic young men and the houses or a nearby outlet, many of the. springs in the area have, dried up women have formed a youth association households are planting vegetable as a result. pledged to support a massive, tree- gardens and acquiring plants to beautify When representatives of the. water planting drive. Beside the. river and their homes, hi Sibonga, a Senator is users group met to discuss the problem creeks, steep barangay roads and giving prizes for the best vegetables it was agreed that every household in slopes, mahogany seedlings are being grown in the. barangays. , B'iliSW^1 ••••••U'vlLvi !• Some important lessons have been learned on the Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project and some key indicators for success identified. The points listed below reflect the cumulative experience of those working on the Project and, more broadly, give some insight into the workings of community-based development schemes.

• NQOs and their organisers experienced in a set for- community organisers mula for development may suffer The effectiveness of the NGO from tunnel vision and miss the op- appointed for each municipality is portunities provided by a more in- a key success indicator. It is the novative approach. NGO, through its community organisers, which acts as the main • Role of the mayor and conduit between the communities, other elected officials technical project staff and local government. It is also Political leadership is essential to the success of the the NGO which oversees the development of crucial Project. A supportive local mayor can speed implemen- management skills within the communities. tation, help with funding and inspire community coop- NGOs arc chosen on the basis of their track record eration. in the region and proven skills in community organising. On the other hand, conflicts may arise where the The budgets they submit arc considered only after they mayor sees the water and sanitation project as a vehicle have been ranked according to their skills and experience. for political advancement or where there are political tensions between the mayor and the key community Much depends on the quality of the community leaders working on the project. In some cases, the mayor organisers supplied by the NGOs. Problems may arise may be reluctant to hand the new water and sanita- where the community organisers allow their own po- tion resources over to the community, seeing them as litical agendas or social ideals to become disruptive. a potential source of revenue. Their ability to form good working relationships with The most effective combination has been where a the local mayor and other community leaders, such as mayor is both politically active - able to secure resources teachers and doctors, is paramount and relies on tact from government at provincial and central levels - and and a cooperative approach. A maxim for success in community oriented, seeing the this role is to aim to become a com- new systems as a matter of commu- munity resource rather than a com- nity development rather than a munity leader. vehicle for political power or Through training and education increased revenue. in the principles of development It is advantageous to establish the management, community organisers role of the community organisers as should be able to broaden their vi- early as possible so that, they have sion from the immediate benefits of the opportunity to develop a rela- clean water and sanitation to by- tionship with the local mayor and products such as economic growth elected officials and win their and environmental protection. confidence in the community There is a danger that community orientation of the project. AusAID representative Mick Rice and Australian Team Leader Ross Kcarton with NGO representatives. • Experience of the community to feasible outcomes. Strategies which can help achieve The level of community organisation which already this include providing communities and NGOs with exists in a target area is an important indicator. Expe- relevant data at the start of the project, ensuring rience suggests that where cooperative ventures have community organisers do not raise high expectations already been set up - agricultural associations, health and ongoing consultation between communities and centres, etc - the established networks and technical personnel. organisational frameworks these provide are enormously useful. Similarly, community members who have some • Cooperation with other agencies kind of management, experience provide an invaluable Linkages with other funding agencies can broaden resource. the reach and increase the effectiveness of a single de- Without this kind of community support, the chances velopment project. The Central Visayas Project has of success for the development project arc greatly re- worked in productive cooperation with Plan Interna- duced and a high level of community enthusiasm is tional, a major World Bank funded Water and Sanita- required to compensate. Such enthusiasm is only likely tion Project, and the Gcnnan funded Photovoltaic Water to be found in communities where the perceived need Pumping Project. for new amenities and facilities is very high. A community's experience of other development • Funding community participation projects - whether good or bad - can also have an effect The high level of donor funding (about 10%) allo- on any new venture. Where previous projects have prom' cated to social preparation and community organisation ised too much and failed to deliver, the community may in this Project is considered a key element, for success. be sceptical about, the prospects of the new scheme and It allows greater input from local communities and sup- less willing to devote their time and ports the principle of self-manage- energy. Also, communities in areas ment which underpins the entire where local conditions restrict the Project. potential for development - scar- city of suitable water sources, for • Funding from the. host country instance - may be over-optimistic The Project includes a relatively about what the project can offer. high level of funding from the In either case it is advisable to Philippines Government at central, try to link community expectations provincial and municipal levels. Sibonga Mayor, Bonifacio Bacaltos; Australian Ambassador, Richard Smith and Cehu Governor, Pablo Garcia at the Sibonga Level ll/lll turnover ceremony.

Australian Team Leader, Ross Kcarton; Bohol Governor, Rene Relampagos; AusAID Director General, Trevor Kanaley; PEO Engineer, Leloy Bustamante; Presidential Assistant for Visayas, Rhett Pelaez and Former Australian Minister AusAID Counsellor, Les Walters; AusAID First secretary. Mick Rice and ATL, Ross for Development Cooperation and Pacific Island Affairs, Gordon Bilney al ribbon Kearton at deepwcll handpump in Argao, Cebu. cutting ceremony tor rainwater collector in Bien Unirio, Bohol. This multilevel funding demonstrates commitment to • Dialogue with technical advisers community management and community ownership. Both the engineering staff and the community Funding from local communities, in the form of labour organisers play a crucial role yet often neither know a and materials, has also been high (up to 30% in some great deal about the other's expertise. Maintaining a municipalities), once again reinforcing the perception dialogue between the two has become a feature of CVWSP. that the Project is valuable. Community organisers receive some technical train- Experience suggests that, local government funding ing and engineering staff are made aware of the impor- and community funding are critical success indicators tance of community information on local conditions - the Project has forged ahead in areas where these are and requirements. Frequent liaison between the two highest and tended to experience more problems in areas groups occurs throughout development and construc- where they are low. tion of the new systems.

• Tariff collection • Timeframe In the past, poor tariff collection has been an im- A long lead time has proved to be essential to this portant factor in the demise of some of the municipal kind of community-based initiative. Originally it was water systems established in the Philippines. If the new estimated that water and sanitation facilities would be systems arc to be sustainable, tariffs must be collected handed over 18 months after the Project started up in regularly and access denied to users who don't meet a particular community. This was extended to two years their payments. but experience indicates it can take anywhere from two To facilitate this process, economists were employed to three years. by the Project to identify appropriate tariff levels by taking into account what particular communities could afford to pay as well as what levels of funding were needed for the systems to be self-sustaining. All financial fea- sibility studies resulted in a tariff considerably less than COWASSCO (Argao) five percent of household income, which is the World REVENUE COLLECTION Bank guideline for affordability. Communities were asked FISCAL YEAH 1995- 1996

to approve the tariff structure, which penalises high TARGET / PROJECTION water consumers and includes a disconnection policy for non payment.

Photovoltaic Pumping Project in , Cebu - a project of cooperation between German De ve lop men I Assistance andC VWSP.

TRAINING

Teaching the fanners and fisher- • technical training for engineers trained in hydrogeological investiga- men of the barangays the skills to fix from the. provincial and municipal tions including electric logging of leaking pipes and replace broken planning and development offices wells and georesistivity surveys. parts in a water system removes the • fellowships to Australian Univer- They have also prepared case studies need t.o bring in a local technician sities for Filipino engineers and on water supply design, carried out and is just: one of the ways in which health personnel applications of piped network analy- the Project is working toward the sis programs and received training in goal of self-reliant communities. Engineers working with the contract documentation and Funds from the Australian provincial and municipal planning implementation. Government: have been used to and development offices are being At the barangay and municipal prepare and produce training level, the Project Team has con- materials and to conduct workshops ducted capacity building seminars and training sessions including: and workshops on leadership formation, team building, water • orientation workshops for project system planning, latrine construc- and government agencies in com- tion and gender sensitivity. Finan- munity development methodology cial management training, including • training of community organisers basic accounting and auditing, is • training of community core leaders also part of ensuring that the • training of provincial and district managers of the new water coopera- health educators of the Depart- tives are able to carry out their ment of Health responsibilities.

PPDO Groundwater Management trainees being presented with certificates by Project Director, Peter Cassell after completion of training at the University of Technology, Sydney. TRAINING IN AUSTRALIA

Delia Cabatana of the Provin- cial Planning and Development Office in Cebu was one. of four recipients of a 15-week fellowship in Viroundwater Engineering at the University of Technology, Sydney. The Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project made these ] fellowships possible.. "This training in Australia and continued assistance from CYWSP technical per5onnel in field activities has given me the confi- dence and skills to perform the. required hydrogeological investiga- tions to protect Cebu's scarce water resources" (Delia Cabatana). Province of Negros Oriental, (AusAID Australian Agency for International Development 62 Northbourne Avenue Canberra City Civic ACT 2600 Australia Telephone (06) 206 4000 Fax (06) 206 4864 \ ^

AusAID- 5th F Salustian Building 104 Paseo de Roxa.s corner Perea Street , , Philippines Telephone (632) 754 6181 Fax (632) 754 6265

Regional Development Council National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA-VII) 2nd Floor, Leonisa Building Escario Street, Cebu City Telephone (6332) 253 8959 / 253 8126 Fax (6332) 253 0489

Central Visayas W ater