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Systematic Botany at Harvard

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Systematic Botany at Harvard A+AAH+AMES+ECON+FH+GH+NEBC= "HUH": Systematic Botany at Harvard Harvard’s diverse herbaria and their associated libraries make up one of the world’s greatest centers for research in systematic botany The rich and diverse botanical collections The Libraries. Comparable in depth and housed in the Harvard University Herbaria comprehensiveness to the collections of the building at 22 Divinity Avenue and in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Komarov adjacent Farlow Herbarium are world- Botanical Institute, Leningrad, the combined renowned. Botanists working at the cutting libraries of the Arnold Arboretum, the Gray edge of plant systematics converge from Herbarium, the Farlow Herbarium, the Eco- around the world to consult specimens of nomic Botany Herbarium, and the Oakes vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, algae, Ames Orchid Herbarium are particularly fungi, and lichens maintained in Harvard’s rich in early botanical literature. These col- half-dozen specialized herbaria. Designated lections greatly facilitate research in system- "HUH" among systematic botanists at atic and evolutionary botany. All have grown Harvard, the combined Harvard University from the research collections of their found- Herbaria consist of the Herbarium of the er-scientists. This fact is easily sensed when Arnold Arboretum (designated "A"), the Oakes one uses a volume that was originally owned Ames Orchid Herbarium ("AMES"), the Eco- and annotated by Charles Sprague Sargent, nomic Herbarium of Oakes Ames ("ECON"),(, Oakes Ames, William Gilson Farlow, or Asa the Gray Herbarium ("GH"), the Farlow Her- Gray. barium of Cryptogamic Botany ("FH") The Arnold Arboretum’s library now has (actually housed in an adjacent, connected over 90,000 books and pamphlets and some building), the Gray Herbarium ("GH"), and 11,000 microforms, the Gray library over the Herbarium of the New England Botamcal 62,000 books and pamphlets and an archive Club ("NEBC"~. collection of many thousands of items. Together, the archives of the two institutions are basic source material critical to the The Herbaria study Harvard University (HUH) of the development of evolutionary philoso- , Building phy and the plant sciences in North America. The Harvard University Herbaria building, ~ The Arnold Arboretum Herbarium (A). completed in 1954, is located at the end of The Arnold Arboretum Herbarium was Divinity Avenue in Cambridge, in the center established by Charles Sprague Sargent in of the Harvard complex devoted to the nat- 1879, when he resigned his directorship of ural sciences. It houses the Oakes Ames the Harvard Botanic Garden in order to Orchid Herbarium, the herbarium and library devote full time to the Arboretum. It con- of the Gray Herbarium (formerly maintained tains important collections from all over the at the "old Gray" on the Botanic Garden site globe and complements the Gray Herbarium on Garden Street), part of the library and her- (see below), inasmuch as it is especially rich barium of the Arnold Arboretum, and, since in materials from eastern Asia, particularly 1985, the Economic Botany Herbarium. The China, the Philippines, western Malesia, and library and herbarium of the New England Papuasia. The large and important contri- Botanical Club are also located in the building. butions of E. H. Wilson, J. F. Rock, G. Forest, 40 and the New Guinea collections of contains some 10,000 type specimens or type L. J. Brass are prominent among the Arbor- collections of species. One of its unique hold- etum’s 1,154,000 specimens housed in ings is a set of life-size drawings of types, Cambridge. Its herbarium of cultivated plants together with drawings of floral details of in Jamaica Plain ( "AAH"~ includes over types of orchids described by Rudolf Schlech- 174,200 sheets and is the largest collection ter, which were prepared under his personal of its kind in the world. supervision. The actual type specimens from To supplement its herbarium collections, which these were made were destroyed in the Arboretum maintains an extensive Berlin during World War II. AMES is excep- vouchered wood collection of some 30,000 tionally complete in material from the Phil- specimens and 45,000 prepared microscope ippines, Malesia, Mexico, Central America, slides of wood, pollen, seeds, etc., and an South America, and China. important fruit and seed collection. ~ The Economic Herbarium (ECON). The ~ The Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames, housed (AMES). The Orchid Herbarium of Oakes until recently in the Botanical Museum, con- Ames was founded in 1899 by Professor sists of 45,000 specimens of economically Oakes Ames, the Harvard Botanical important plants, especially from South Museum’s second director. It is the largest America, and includes extensive collections herbarium in the world devoted to a single of such genera as Zea (maize), Hevea (rubber), family. Originally a private institution, it was and Cinchona (quinine). intended to be a working tool to facilitate the O The Farlow Library and Herbarium (FH). identification of orchid species and the The Farlow Reference Library and Her- preparation of orchid floras. In developing his barium of Cryptogamic Botany is housed in herbarium, Ames emphasized from the very the former Divinity School Library, built in beginning the accumulation of scientific 1886; it is connected to the HUH building information in every conceivable manner, on the west and the Biological Laboratories rather than solely the storing of dried speci- on the east. Stemming from the extensive mens. Consequently, the collection of nearly herbarium and library of William Gilson 130,000 sheets is very rich not only in type Farlow, who joined the Harvard faculty in specimens, but also in records and tran- 1874 and endowed the collections at his scripts of holotypes from institutions located death in 1919, the herbarium now includes throughout the world. There are also a spint 1,125,000 accessions of bryophytes, fungi, collection of 3,000 plants and flowers and lichens, and algae; the library has holdings of 25,000 slides of dissected orchid flowers. Its over 60,000 items. Included within the col- specimens, drawings of floral details, color lections are the M. A. Curtis collection of plates, paintings, and descriptions make fungi and William Starling Sullivant’s her- AMES a umque and indispensable tool in tax- barium of mosses, both of which Farlow onomy. In 1939, Ames formally presented his brought to Harvard. The nearly quarter of a Orchid Herbarium, together with his orchid million specimens of types and authentic library, which now consists of 5,000 books specimens m FH indicate the richness and and pamphlets, to the Botanical Museum. In importance of the collection for systematic 1957, all of the orchid specimens of the Gray and evolutionary studies. Herbarium and of the Arnold Arboretum’s 0 The Gray Herbarium (GH). The collec- herbarium were integrated with those of tions of the Gray Herbarium date from 1842, AMES for an indefinite duration. when Asa Gray was appointed Director of Housed in the Herbaria building, AMES the Harvard Botanic Garden and Fisher Pro- 41 Two preserved specimens of manne algae from the Farlow Herbanum On the left is Padrna pavonica, a brown alga that hves m warm manne waters worldHnde On the nght is Heterosiphonia coccmea, a yellow-green, or yellow- golden, manne alga. These are only two of the one and a quarter milhon specimens of mosses, algae, fungi, and hchens m the Farlow’s world-renowned collections. Courtesy Farlow Library and Herbanum. fessor of Natural History. Although system- endangered species. In concentrating on such atic botanical studies were initiated in 1807, a small area, NEBC makes it possible to when the Botanic Garden was established by study genetic variability from one popula- W. D. Peck, the Herbarium was established tion of a species to another. by Asa Gray and grew steadily because of his research and that of his colleagues and suc- The Botanical Museum cessors. the Herbarium numbers Today, Gray founded in 1888 when The collections of the Although officially 1,823,300 specimens. the named Professor Lin- are Worldwide in University George early explorers promment. coln Goodale its first the collections GH is rich in North director, scope, especially of the Botanical Museum dated from American materials and mcludes early col- 1858, when Asa to assemble a collec- lections from western North America and Gray began tion of "vegetable products, etc." that were Mexico and the types and collections of Gray, augmented materials of economic Sereno Watson, B. L. Robinson, and M. L. by plant sent to him his Wil- Fernald. importance by friend, liam Jackson Hooker. The Economic Her- ~ Herbarium of the New England Botani- barium (ECON) is now housed in the HUH cal Club (NEBC). The 250,000 specimens in building (see above). The Botanical Museum’s the Herbarium of the New England Botanical library has a notable collection of some Club were collected within New totally titles that has from the Harvard 32,000 grown largely England by knowledgeable amateurs, research collections of Oakes Ames and and others. Serving to document professors, George Lincoln Goodale. the flora of the region, its specimens are also a rich resource for research on rare and.
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