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This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The Rise of the Curator: Archiving the Self in Contemporary American Fiction Robert Lederer PhD English Literature The University of Edinburgh 2014 ! ! 1 Declaration This is to certify that the work contained within has been composed by me and is entirely my own work. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Signed: ! ! 2 ! ! 3 Abstract / Lay Summary Concurrent with a bloom of interest in the archive within academic discourse, an intense cultural fascination with museums, archives, and memorials to the past has flourished within the United States. The ascendency of digital technologies has contributed to and magnified this “turn” by popularising and habituating the archive as a personal memory tool, a key mechanism through which the self is negotiated and fashioned. This dissertation identifies a sustained exploration of the personal archive and its place in contemporary life by American novelists in the twenty-first century. Drawing on theories of the archive and the collection, this dissertation analyses the parameters of the curated self through close-readings of recent novels by five US authors. The first two chapters read Paul Auster’s Sunset Park through trauma theory and Siri Hustvedt’s What I Loved through psychoanalysis, noting that in each the system of archiving generates moments of catharsis. The two chapters argue that, for the subject shattered by trauma, archiving activates and fulfils psychoanalytic processes that facilitate the self’s reintegration and prompts a discursive revelation about the painful past. The texts, thus, discover in the archive strategies for achieving, however provisionally, a kind of stability amongst unexpected change. The next two chapters reveal the complicity of archival formations with threats posed in the digital age and articulate alternative forms of self-curation that counteract these pernicious forces. To ward off information overload, E.L. Doctorow’s Homer and Langley advocates the ethical flexibility of “blind” narration that, wending through time, accommodates a broad range of perspectives by refusing to fantasise about its own ultimate and total claim to accuracy. Jennifer Egan’s A Visit from the Goon Squad, meanwhile, diagnoses the cultural anxiety over increasingly invasive surveillance measures. While the novel situates the digital archive, or database, at the heart of this new dataveillance, it recommends investing the self in material collections, where personal meaning is rendered in the inscrutable patois of objects that disintegrate over time. For Egan, the material archive thereby skirts the assumed readability and fixity of data on which this surveillance thrives. The conclusion analyses Dana Spiotta’s Stone Arabia, observing within it and the other novels a consistent concern with archival destruction, erosion, and stagnation. Together, the texts suggest that the personal archive is persistently stalked by disintegration and failure. Yet, within this contemporary moment in which curation has become a widespread means of self-fashioning, they also show how these hazards can be creatively circumvented or actively courted, can threaten the subject or be harnessed by it. ! ! 4 ! ! 5 Table of Contents Declaration 1 Abstract / Lay Summary 3 Table of Contents 5 Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 9 Terminology: Curate, Archive, Personal Archive 13 Archive Fiction and Art 20 Between Posthumanism and Humanism 26 Chapters, Themes, Tropes 33 Archiving Trauma and Financial Collapse in Paul Auster’s Sunset Park 41 Broken Homes and the Terrain of Trauma 45 Archival Working-Through 53 The Crisis of Futurity 67 Becoming Archive 79 The Archive as Psychoanalytic Mirror in Siri Hustvedt’s What I Loved 87 Looking Indirectly 90 Artistic Plethora and Representing the Mixed Self 95 Hysteria, Overmixing, and the False Self 100 Using People as Objects 106 Archival Play 110 Potential Space and Narrative 118 Self-Distance and Clutter 123 Archive Fever in the Doomed Domestic of E.L. Doctorow’s Homer and Langley 129 Perspective and the Politics of Realism 134 Homer and Langley and the Nineteenth-Century Realist Novel 146 Impossible Self-Reliance 151 Archive Fever and the Violent Future 157 Homer and Langley’s Archive Fever 163 Information Overload 168 Curation, the Newspaper, and the Novel 173 Ghosts and Computers 185 ! ! 6 Archive 2.0: Blank Spaces and Database Surveillance in Jennifer Egan’s A Visit from the Goon Squad 189 Digital Subjects 193 Liquid Postmodern Time 195 Space and Intimacy in a Digitised Culture 200 Parallel Personhood and the Representation of Simultaneity 206 Database Gaps 214 Database Recombination 219 Databases and the Superpanopticon 226 Goon Squad: Panoptic to Superpanoptic Surveillance 232 Return to the Material Archive 239 Conclusion: The Personal Archive and the Death Drive 247 Works Cited 261 ! ! ! 7 Acknowledgements I am massively thankful for the funding that I received at the University of Edinburgh. This dissertation benefitted incalculably from the generous support of the Scottish Overseas Research Student Awards Scheme and the University’s College Research Studentship. Ken Millard’s words of support and perceptive criticisms encouraged me to think about my topic in unexpected ways. I am immensely appreciative for the energy he brought to the supervision of this project. I am grateful for late-stage editing by Shahidha, Lila, and Laurence; for my parents—Tom and Melissa—and my sister, Julia, who (usually) stopped asking questions about my dissertation when I couldn’t stand to think about it anymore; and, again, for Laurence, who listened when I couldn’t help nervously talking about it. ! ! 8 ! ! 9 Introduction Without realising it, I began rehearsing for this dissertation almost a decade ago, when Facebook first permitted university students where I studied in Canada to sign up for its then-fledgling social networking website. Like so many early users, I shared my likes, thoughts, and photographs without deeply scrutinising what defining myself online achieved intellectually and emotionally. The popularity of social networking websites, and the now-ubiquitous practice of rendering the self according to their museum interfaces, elicits several questions about contemporary subjectivity. How does self- consciously gathering and displaying personal information inhere in the notion of the self, what it is composed of and how it changes over time? What personal work takes place on online profiles: narcissistic exhibitionism, public performance, psychological self-analysis, personal diarising, or temporal anchoring? Facebook is just one of a multiplicity of platforms on which modern-day people assemble records of themselves. The fascination with self-documentation through diaries, photographs, and videos seems to have intensified in recent years with the propagation of digital technologies and the Internet. An array of digital applications allows users to monitor their everyday lives, from the vagaries of their moods to a daily count of their footsteps, in an effort to harvest data and, from it, extract self-knowledge that would otherwise go unmeasured. Together, these programmes form a movement known as Quantified Self, whose practitioners unite around ‘a belief that gathering and analysing data about their everyday activities can help them improve their lives’.1 While the name ‘Quantified Self’ is sparsely known, its premises infuse the cultural consciousness and its activities pervade the behaviour of people in the West. Both Facebook and Quantified Self incorporate acts of assembling, arranging, and examining an archive of data into the process of actualising the self and registering knowledge about it. The emergence of digital self-archiving has a relevant prehistory in the rise of personal collections in the 1980s, when Susan Pearce and Paul Martin date the emergence a ‘new’ populist and inclusive form of collecting. It is during this decade, !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 ‘Counting Every Moment’, Economist, 3 March 2012 <http://www.economist.com/node/21548493> [accessed 23 June 2014]. ! ! 10 they suggest, that the dominant object of personal collections moves from the rare or exotic item towards typical, everyday wares, making collecting accessible to a broader reach of people.2 The widespread appeal of collecting, they conclude, shows that ‘it is undeniably an integral part of how we relate to the contemporary world.’3 Leah Dilworth similarly notes a ‘collecting mania’ in twenty-first century America, with a history that extends back two hundred years, but she curiously omits the kinds of archives typically housed on digital devices.4