The Anatomist's Vade-Mecum

THE ANATOMIST’S VADE-MECUM; C NING THE ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY or THE Suntan 33otrp* THE THIRD EDIT REVISED AND ENLARGED BY ROBERT HOOPER, OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, M.D. F.L.S. Nifi utile eft quod facimus, ftulta eft gloria. LON D 0 N: Printed for Murray and Higheey, Fleet Street 3 And J. Harding, St. James’s Street. 1800. Printed by S. Gosvell, Little Queen Street, Holborn. INTRODUCTION. It is the Intention of the writer, In the following Compendium, to prefent to the ftudent a ufeful anato- mical confpeftus, or pocket manual of anatomy and phyfiology; giving a fhort but accurate defcription of the different parts of the human body and theirfunc- tions ; with a gloflary, or explanation of the principal terms ufed in that fcience. The utility of fuch a performance will be generally acknowledged, efpecially when it is confidered that there is no fuch work written upon a fimilar plan. The motive that induced the author to form and colleCl together, in one fmall pocket volume, this ele- mentary production, was his having himfelf experi- enced the want of fuch an affiftant when applying to that branch of philofophy. He, therefore, folicits permiflion to recommend it to fludents, not as a work wherein any thing new is to be met with, but merely as their occafional companion in the profecution of their ftudies. St. Marylebone Infirmary, September 23, 1800. V CONTENTS, Page Introduction — — — iv — — Anatomy, Divi/ion of — i — — Osteology — ib. — Table of the Bones — — 3 Bones of the Cranium — — — 5 Face — — — — 18 Cavities of the Face — — — 24 — — Bones of the Trunk — 27 — Chef — — 29 — —• upper Extremity — 32 lower Extremity —— — 36 Periosteum — — — 3 9 — — Cartilages — ib. — — Osteogeny — 40 — — Connexion of Bones — 42 — — Syndesmology — 44 Myology — — — — 50 Mufcles of the Cranium — — — 52 — Eyelids — — ib. , Eyeball — — — 53 Nofe and Mouth, —• — ib. — external Ear — — 55 internal Ear — — 56 — lower Java — — 57 Mufcles about the Neck — — 58- 7° Fauces — — 61 Pharynx — — 62 Glottis — — 63 of the Abdomen — — 64. 68 —— Male Organs — 65 Anus —- — 66 Female Organs — — 67 upper Extremity — — 75 Page Mufcles of the Os Humeri 77 on j}ie Pore-arm 7 8 Hand 8 x of the lower Extremity Si on the Thigh —B4 • Leg 86 Physiology and Phenomena of muscular Mo- tion 9° Bursalogy 9^ Angiology 99 Arteries ib. Aftion ofArteries XOp Veins 110 Aiiion of Veins —r 115 Abforbents n6 Phyfology of Abforption 12® Sanguification X2l Neurology • ib. Nerves of the Brain 122 ■ /final Marrow 128 Great intercofial Nerves 132 Phyfiology of the Funflions of the nervous Syfietn 133 Smelling 134 Seeing ib. Hearing 135 Tafing 136 Touching ib. Adenology 137 Glands of the Skin 138 Cranium ib. Neck 140 Thorax 141 Abdomen ib. Male Organs 143 ; Female Organs 143 Phyfiology of Secretion ■— 144 Splanchnology 145 Common Integuments 146 Phyfology of Perfpiration 147 Vifcera of the Head 148 Dura Mater 149 Membrana arachnoidea ib. Pia Mater 150 Brain ib. Cerebellum 151 VII Page Medulla oblongata 151 • fpinalis ib. Ailion of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata) and Medulla fpinalis isz Eye 153 Ear 155 Nofe —■ 156 Mouth ib. Phyfology of Mafication 157 Tongue ib. Fauces 158 Pharynx ib. Oefophagus 159 Phyfology of Deglutition ib. Larynx 160 Phyfology of the Voice 161 Speech ib. Ventriloquifm ib. Trachea ib. Breajis 162 Pleura 163 Diaphragm ib. Lungs 164 Phyfology of Refpiration 165 Pericardium 166 Heart ib. Circulation of the Blood —■ 169 Of the Abdomen and its Vifcera 171 Peritoneum ib. Omentum ib. Stomach 172 or Digeftion, Chymifcation _ 173 Chylifcation Expulfon of the Farces V. ib. Liver Xr- 177 Gall-bladder ArtVCyW- 178 Spleen ~r ib - Pancreas 179 Lacieals ib. Kidneys 180 Excretion of the Urine ib. Supra-renal Capfule 181 Of the Pelvis ib. Urinary Bladder —— —• ib. Male Organs of Generation 18z vili Page Penis ■— 182 Tefticles 183 Secretion and Excretion of the Semen —■ 184 Vefculce feminales 185 Female Organs of Generation 186 Vagina —> ib. Uterus ib. Plyfology of Menfruation ■— 187 Conception 188 Of the gravid Uterus • 189 Placenta ib. Funiculus umbilicalis 19© Membranous Ovum of the Foetus ib. Liquor Amnii ib. Foetus 191 Peculiarities in the arterial and venal Syjiem of the Foetus ib. Circulation of the Blood in the Foetus 192 Hygrology —• ib. The Blood 193 The Lymph ■— 194 The Vapour of the Sheaths of the Nerves ib. Fluids in the Cavity of the Cranium ib. - Noflrils 195 ... Mouth ib. Fauces ib. Eyes ib. Ears 197 Neck ib. Thorax 198 Breajls ib, Abdomen 199 Parts of Generation in Men 200 Women 201 Articulations 202 Bones ib. of the common Integuments ib, A Glossary 205 ANATOMY, A SCIENCE which explains the ftruflure and life of every part of the human body. The examination of brute animals, fillies, rep- tiles, plants, polypi, See. in order to illuftrate more clearly, or to demonftrate by analogy the ftruc- ture and funftions of man, is called Comparative Anatomy. Anatomy is divided into nine parts —namely, Ofleology, Bones, Synddmology, the Ligaments. Myology, of M uTeles. Burfalogy, Burfe mucofae, Angiology, )> Veffels. Neurology, Nerves. Adenology, doftrine Glands, Splanchnology, Vifcera. Hygroiogy, or Fluids. OSTEOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE BONES. Bones are hard fubftances compofed of animal earth and gluten, which fupport and form the Ma- ture of the body, defend its vifcera, and give adhe- as fion to its mufcles. Substance. Comjiafl, in the bodies of the long bones; fpongy , as in the extremities of thelong bones; and reticular, calledalfo the cancelli ofbones, as in the cavities ofbones which have marrow. Colour. Whitifh. Figure. Various. Divi- sion. Long and irregular fhaped bones are divided into a bodyand extremities; and flat bones into body and margins. Bones are varioufly named; fome from their fituation, as the frontal, parietal, occipital, nafal, malar, &c.; others, from their figure, as the ethmoid bone, clavicle, os cuboides, naviculare, tibia, &c,; and fome from their ufe, as the fphsenoid bone, the maxillary bone, the femur, &c. The jiro- cejfies and 'cavities of bones are named after their figure, as the acetabulum of the os innominatum, the odontoid procefs of the fecond cervical vertebra, the coracoid procefs of the fcapula, &c.; or from their ufe, as the trochanters of the thigh bone; or from their fituation, as the nafal, palatine, orbitar procefles, See. &c. When the bones are deprived of their foft parts, and hung together, in their natural fituation, by means of wire, the whole is termed an artificial Jkcleton: but when they are kept together by means of their ligaments, it is called a natural Jkeleton. A Table of the Bones, No, 'Os frontis - 1 Ofla parietalia - 2 The bones of the Os occipitis - 1 cranium, or Jkull Ofla temporalia - a m Os ethmoides - 1 fphamoides - 1 'Ofla maxillariafup. 2 jugalia - 2 to. - a nafalia 2 The bones of the lachrymalia - a He face palatina - 2 the fpongiofa infer. 2 Os vomer - 1 of maxillare infer. 1 ' Incifores - 8 Cufpidati - 4 Bones Dentes, or teeth. Bicufpides - 8 Molares - 8 - ' Sapientice 4 V * - Bone of the tongue, or Os hyoides i Bones of the internal ’Malleus - 2 ‘ tar, fituated'with- Incus - 2 in the temporal' Stapes - 2 bone _Os orbiculare - 2 •• Cervical 7 Vertebra; Dorfal x2 The fpine Lumbar 5 Trunk. Sacrum - 1 I the LOs coccygis - - 1 of The thorax Sternum - - i Ribs - - 24 Bones The pelvis Ofla innominata - 2 No, Clavicula - The fiouldn 2 Scapula - 2 The artn Os humeri - 2 The Ulna - 2 fore-arm Radius - 2 Os naviculare 2 Extremities. lunare 2 cuneiforme 2 Upper " Carpus, orivrift orbiculare 2 trapezium 2 the trapezoides 2 The hand « of magnum 2 unciforme 2 - Metacarpus • 10 Bones Phalanges - - 28 - "The thigh Os - tn femoris 2 W Patella - 2 H The leg Tibia - 2 *S u Fibula - % Os calcis • 2 ohl aftragalus - 2 Tarfus cuboides - 2 pq od naviculare 2 w foot £ The cuneiformia 6 o Metatarfus - - jo ,Phalanges - - 28 240 hones at the thumb and toe, oc- Sefamoid great 8 caflonally found - - Total 248 The Ikeleton is divided into head, trunk, and extremities. OF THE HEAD. The head is divided into the cranium and face. OF THE CRANIUM, OR SKULL. Shape. / Various, according to the cuftoms of different nations, the bones of the child being fo tender as to be moulded into almoft any form. It is com- posed of eight bones—viz. one os frontis, which forms the forehead; two offa parietalia, fituated at the upper part and tides of the head ; two olfa tem- porum, placed below the parietal bones; one occipital, forming the back part of the head; one fphasnoidal, placed in the middle of the balls of the cranium; and one ethmoid, fituated behind the root of the nofe. Upon viewing the fuperior part of a fkull exter- nally, feveral zigzag lines are obfervable ; that which extends from one temple acrofs over the head to the other temple is termed the coronal future; it unites the frontal bone to the two parietal: that which pro- ceeds from behind one ear upwardsacrofs to the other is the occip.ital or lambdoidal future; it unites the occipital bone to the two parietal: and the future which extends upon the crown of the head, from the lambdoidalto thecoronal, uniting the two parietal bones, is called the fagittal. They are fometimes true to termed the futures, diftinguilh them from on two fpurious or fquamous, which are found, one each fide of the cranium, extending from the temple backwards, in the form of an arch, and uniting part of the temporal bone to the parietal. There are, fometimes, one or more triangular- fhaped bones obferved in the courfe of feme of the are futures; thefe called ojficula triquetra, triangu- laria, or Wormiana.

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