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Home , Heterelmis, Heterelmis stephani, Synuchus

Systematics, Phylogeography and Conservation of Arthropods in the Madrean Sky Island Region

Wendy Moore, PhD Associate Professor, Insect Systematics Curator, UA Insect Collection Department of Entomology University of Arizona

Kingdom Animalia...... 1,327,047 species

Arthropods...... 1,139,120 species 85% of all animal species

all other animal species Arthropods

15%

85 Arthropods % University of Arizona Insect Collection (UAIC)

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h"p://www.UAInsectCollec3on.com/ Collections in Support of Biological Research (DBI-1203398) “Critical Renovation and Revitalization of the University of Arizona Insect Collection”

Newly renovated UAIC 2012-13 Renovation

Declared Extinct 10 of those specimens belong to a beetle species, Heterelmis stephani (Stephan’s rifﬂe beetle)

UAIC rifﬂe beetle collection

The beetle lived in two springs in Madera Canyon, a habitat the Center for Biological Diversity said was degraded by livestock grazing, spring water piping and hiking trails. Declared Extinct 10 of those specimens belong to a beetle species, Heterelmis stephani (Stephan’s rifﬂe beetle)

PARATYPE Photos by James Robertson UAIC1098458

The beetle lived in two springs in Madera Canyon, a habitat the Center for Biological Diversity said was degraded by livestock grazing, spring water piping and hiking trails. In: Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III; 2012 May 1-5; Tucson, AZ. Proceedings. RMRS-P-67. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Moore et al 2013

Madrean Sky Island Region

65 mountain ranges

Formed during the Tucson Miocene, 15-6 MYA as part of the the Basin-and-Range Extensional Provence. Santa Catalina Mountains 9157 ft 10000 ft

9000 ft

8000 ft North Facing South Facing 7000 ft Slopes Slopes

6000 ft

5000 ft

4000 ft

3000 ft Basin/Valley 2000 ft Brusca and Moore 2013 What arthropods inhabit Arizona’s Sky Islands? How are these species distributed within the region? What are their biogeographic afﬁliations? Have arthropods diversiﬁed or radiated within the region? Are there repeated phylogeographic patterns?

2013 to present

Santa Catalina Mountains

Desertscrub

Oak-Grassland

Chaparral

Pine-Oak Woodland

Pine Forest

Mixed Conifer Forest

Oak Woodland

Desert Grassland

Desert Grassland Grazing Disturbed 10 pitfall traps were arranged 10 m apart along each 100 m transect line

Undergraduate Research ASAP Coleoptera Collection ASAP Coleoptera Collection

Gene Hall Univ. of Arizona Carl Olson Univ. of Arizona Jason Schaller Univ. of Arizona James Robertson Univ. of Arizona Nico Franz Arizona State University Aaron Smith Arizona State University Alaudes n. sp. ? Kim Franklin, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Paul Marek, Virginia Tech

Carl Olson, UA Insect Collection Garrett Hughes, University of Arizona

Warren Savary, Tucson, Arizona Sandy Brantley, University of New Mexico Soil Dwelling Arthropod Communities in the Santa Catalina Mountains

Mixed Conifer Pine Pine/Oak Oak Woodlands Chaparral Grasslands Desert Scrub

ANOSIM Results: Mixed Conifer ≠ Pine ≠ Pine/Oak ≠ Chaparral ≠ Grassland ≠ Desert Scrub Meyer et al 2015 PLoSOne Arizona Sky Island Arthropods Research Questions

Systematics, biogeography, and ecology of ground-dwelling arthropods

1. What arthropods inhabit Arizona’s Sky Islands? How are these species distributed within the region? What are the biogeographic afﬁliations?

2. Have arthropods diversiﬁed or radiated within the Sky Island Region? If so, are there repeated phylogeographic patterns? Madrean Sky Island Region

Temperate Biota 65 mountain ranges

Formed during the Miocene, 15-6 MYA as part of the Basin-and-Range

Sonoran Chihuahuan Extensional Provence. Desert Desert Biodiversity hotspot: one of the most biologically rich Tropical Biota regions in the United States Scaphinotus petersi 6 subspecies of Scaphinotus petersi

Pinals

Piñalenos Scaphinotus petersi petersi Scaphinotus petersi grahami

Catalinas

Rincons

Chiricahuas

Santa Ritas

Huachucas

Scaphinotus petersi catalinae Scaphinotus petersi corvus

Ball 1966 Scaphinotus petersi Scaphinotus petersi kathleenae biedermani Have other arthropods diversiﬁed within this region? “Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN): A model for collections digitization to promote taxonomic and ecological research”

Advancing Digitization of Biological Research Collections

Neil Cobb (Northern Arizona University), Boris C Kondratieff (Colorado State University), Charles S. Bundy (Regents of New Mexico State University), Frank Krell (Denver Museum of Nature and Science), James C. Cokendolper (Texas Tech University), John D. Oswald (Texas AgriLife Research), M. Deane Bowers (University of Colorado), Nico Franz (Arizona State University), Wendy Moore (University of Arizona)

2013 - present “Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN): A model for collections digitization to promote taxonomic and ecological research”

Digized to date:

Carabidae Tenebrionidae Scarabaeidae Scolynae Platypodinae Formicidae Orthoptera Isoptera research voucher Gene Hall, UAIC Collections Manager specimens

Advancing Digitization of Biological Research Collections

2013 - present “Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN): A model for collections digitization to promote taxonomic and ecological research”

Advancing Digitization of Biological Research Collections

2013 - present S. impunctatus S. dubius S. semirufus

Alan Yanahan PhD Student

Synuchus

S. impunctatus S. dubius S. semirufus Unlike Scaphinotus petersi, Synuchus dubius is not endemic to Synuchus dubius the Madrean Sky Island region.

Utah Colorado

Arizona

New Mexico

Gene: COI Maximum Likelihood Tree RAxML S. semirufus Synuchus dubius

Utah Colorado

Arizona

New Mexico

Gene: COI Maximum Likelihood Tree RAxML S. semirufus Antonio Gomez Master’s Student

Rhadine approximately 30 species Genes: COI, 28S, CAD Maximum Likelihood Tree RAxML Garrett Hughes PhD Candidate

ﬂightless (non-phoretic) pseudoscorpions ﬂightless (non-

photo

100

Genes: COI and 28S Maximum Likelihood Tree RAxML John Palting PhD student

Lichen moths

Crambidia spp. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) Arizona Sky Island Arthropods Research Questions

Systematics, biogeography, and ecology of ground-dwelling arthropods

1. What arthropods inhabit Arizona’s Sky Islands? How are these species distributed within the region? What are the biogeographic afﬁliations?

2. Have arthropods diversiﬁed or radiated within the Sky Island Region? If so, are there repeated phylogeographic patterns? VISITING SYSTEMATIST PROGRAM

Supported by an endowment from the Schlinger Foundaon Award is intended to help oﬀset expenses for vising systemasts to work in the UAIC on their specialty group Enhance knowledge of their group in the Sonoran Desert Region and enhance the curatorial state of the specimens and associated digital data. Amount: Annual awards up to $25,000. VISITING SYSTEMATIST PROGRAM

Dr. Michael Sharkey Dr. Terry Erwin Dr. Tom Atkinson University of Kentucky Smithsonian Dr. Robert Anderson University of Texas Canadian Museum of Nature Braconid Wasps Ground Beetles Ambrosia Beetles 2013-2014 2014-2015 Weevils 2015-2016 Coming soon! ANCIENT DNA LAB Coming soon!

Next Generation sequencing technology

Acknowledgements

Collaborators: Undergraduate Students: Postdoctoral Fellows: Gene Hall Reilly McManus James Robertson Kim Franklin Emmanuel Bernal Marty Meyer John Wiens Emily Hall Jeff Eble Ryan McInroy Rick Brusca Jeff Henkel Graduate Students: Sandy Brantley Chelsea Powers Reilly McManus Aaron Smith Carol Tepper Garrett Hughes Warren Savary Chris McGinnis Jason Schaller Carl Olson Shawna Rogers Antonio Gomez Eryn Wuori John Palting Heeya Ju Alan Yanahan Kayla Jones Rebecca Compoy Perming: Gabe Oropeza Don Swan- Saguaro Naonal Park US Forest Service Special Use Permit # SAN0287