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Asian Ecological Transect: Evaluation of Biodiversity of Soil and Animal Communities in Central Siberia

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Asian Ecological Transect: Evaluation of Biodiversity of Soil and Animal Communities in Central Siberia Asian Ecological Transect: Evaluation of Biodiversity of Soil and Animal Communities in Central Siberia L. B. Rybalov T. E. Rossolimo Abstract—Distribution of invertebrate populations along the in the diversity of many organisms have been studied. The Asian Ecological Transect was studied. Attention was paid to soil invertebrate community presents one of the most con- Carabidae distribution as the most diverse and numerous taxon. venient objects for research of this kind due, in part, to the Invertebrate species diversity was correlated with environmental great abundance of invertebrates in any biocenosis and a zonality and with landscape profile, poorness or richness of the great diversity of soil-dwelling taxa. In addition, soil- locality, and the hydrothermic regime of the site. The analyses of dwelling animals are good indicators of environmental Carabidae population distribution along transects on two levels quality and trends (Rybalov and Rossolimo 1996). (zonal and landscape) reveal the real centers of biodiversity for this model insect taxon. Parallel with the increasing of Carabidae diversity from the north to the south (meridional transect) are the Material and Methods ____________ regional, landscape centers of this taxon diversity. Long-term in- Study Sites vestigations in the subzone of middle taiga forest in the central part of the Asian Transect has demonstrated that soil invertebrate This study was conducted in Central Siberian Russia populations of concrete landscape catena involves 30 to 40 percent during seven field seasons from 1985 to 1995, along the of all the fauna of the region. middle and lower Yenisey River. Investigations are a part of the Asian Ecological Transect Project. Locations chosen for our study were: Sibiryakov Island (73° N, 80° E), Changes of climatic parameters from north to south, Vorontsovo (71.5° N, 83° E ), Karaul (70° N, 83° E ), Potapovo especially temperature changes, have a great influence on (69° N, 86° E), Goroshikha (66° N, 87° E), Bakhta and soil biota. This is illustrated through increasing numbers of Mirnoye (62° N, 89° E), Ust’-Pit (59° N, 94° E), and Predivinsk soil invertebrates, zoomass, and diversity of all animal (57° N, 93° E). taxa, including the soil biota (Chernov 1975; Chernov and The region includes three landscape zones with eight Penev 1993). In Central Siberia, the greatest diversity of subzones: arctic, typical tundra, southern tundra, forest the main soil invertebrate taxa is observed in the South tundra, northern taiga, middle taiga, and southern taiga, taiga and subtaiga forests. It is characteristic of the Asian and subtaiga forests. The transect from Sibiryakov Island Transect that large numbers of invertebrate species are (73° N, 80° E), at the north, to Predivinsk (57° N, 93° E), at found in several of the most investigated subzones. the south spans nearly 2,500 km. In each location, soil Transect studies are often used for investigations of global communities were sampled on uplands (eluvial elements trends in species diversity (Rybalov and Rossolimo 1995; of the landscape), at transit (midslope) locations, and on Whittaker 1970; Wilson and Mohler 1983), as well as studies accumulative (toe slope) elements, which composed a transect of soil macrofauna diversity. Studies of animal populations of the second order or landscape-stream order (catena). along transects of different scales reveal centers of diver- Applying a catena approach to the animal population re- sity on the global (longitudinal) level and on regional or veals centers of diversity of various taxa (Mordkovich and landscape levels as well. The transect method provides an others 1985; Rybalov 1996; Stebaev 1976; Striganova 1996). opportunity to estimate a-diversity and b-diversity as well In each of the inventoried regions, a minimum of three and may help reveal changes resulting from global climatic biocenoses were chosen for investigation: upland, accumula- changes or anthropogenic transformation of the landscape. tive, and transit parts of the landscape. A large number of The Asian Transect (Yenisey River) is one of the most well sites (15) were explored in the middle stream of the Yenisey known ecological transects in the world, where the changes River, at the field station Mirnoye. All study locations were situated on the right bank of the Yenisey River. In each element of the landscape, three or more sites of similar vegetation and soil composition were sampled. At 2 In: Watson, Alan E.; Aplet, Greg H.; Hendee, John C., comps. 1998. each location eight soil samples of 0.625 cm (25 x 25 cm) Personal, societal, and ecological values of wilderness: Sixth World Wil- were collected and 10 pitfall traps were installed for 10 days. derness Congress proceedings on research, management, and allocation, volume I; 1997 October; Bangalore, India. Proc. RMRS-P-4. Ogden, UT: U.S. In a geobotanical description of the studied vegetation Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research communities, dominant species were noticed for each plant Station. layer: A = dominant species in tree layer; B = dominant L. B. Rybalov and T. E. Rossolimo are Scientists at The Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Russian Acad. Sci., Leninsky Prospekt 33, Moscow, 117071 species in grass or shrub-grass layer; C = dominant species Russia. E-mail: [email protected] ~ [email protected]. in moss or moss-lichen layer. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-4. 1998 49 Sibiryakov Island—The most northern study location forest. A - Picea abies; B - Calamagrostis obtusata, Aconi- along the Transect, located in a subzone of Arctic tundra. tum septentrionale, Stellaria bungeana; C - Rhytidiadelphus Element 1. Two sites were studied here. Dwarf shrub- triquetrus. lichen tundra. B - Salix nummularia and Polygonum Element 2. At this area two types of vegetation communi- viviparum; C - Alectoria nigricans, Pertusaria sp., and Ce- ties were studied, each of them including three sites with traria nivalis. similar vegetation and soil composition. Mixed coniferous Element 2. Two sites were studied here. Carex-moss forest. A - Pinus sibirica; B - Vaccinium myrtillus and Equise- tundra with bleak polygons. B - Luzula wahlenbergii, tum pratense; C - Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium Lusula confusa, Salix reptans; B - Polytrichum strictum, schreberi. Aulacomnium turgidum. Element 3. At this location three types of vegetation Element 3. Polygon-lichen-moss tundra. B - Salix num- communities were studied, each of them including three mularia, Dryas punctata; C - Cetraria cucculata, Cetraria sites with similar vegetation and soil composition. Mixed tenuipholia, Cladonia gracilis, Dicranum spadicium, coniferous forest. A - Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica; B - Aulocomnium tirgidum, Polytrichum alpinum. Vaccinium myrtillus; C - Hylocomium splendens and Pleur- Vorontsovo (Taimir Peninsula)—Typical tundra ozium schreberi. subzone. Element 1. Two sites were studied here. Salix bush tun- Ust’-Pit—Situated in southern taiga subzone of taiga dra. B - Salix glauca with equisetum arvense and Petasites zone. sibicus; C - with Mnium spp. Element 1. Mixed coniferous forest. A - Picea abies; B - Oxalis Element 2. Moss-Dryas-Equisetum tundra. B - Dryas octo- acetosella, Maianthemum bifolium. petala, Equisetum arvense, Salix polaris; C - Tomentypnum Element 2. Mixed coniferous forest. A - Abies sibirica; nitens in the moss continuous cover. B - Carex macroura. Element 3. Two sites were studied here. Moss-lichen and Element 3. Mixed coniferous forest. A - Abies sibirica; dwarf shrub tundra with bleak polygons. B - Carex arcti- B - Oxalis acetosella and Maianthemum bifolium; C - Hylo- sibirica and Empetrum nigrum; C - Dicranum elongatum comium splendens. and Hylcomium splendens var. obtusifolium. Predivinsk—The southernmost region of the studied Karaul (Taimir Peninsula)—Southern tundra subzone. part of the Transect, situated in the zone of subtaiga forest. Element 1. Salix bush tundra. A - Salix jenisseensis; Element 1. Mixed coniferous forest. A - Picea abies; B - B - Equisetum arvense, Geranium albiflorum; C - Mnium spp. Matteccia struthiopteris and Stellaria bungeana. Element 2. Alnus bush tundra. A - Alnus fruticosa; B - Dryas Element 2. Mixed coniferous forest. A - Abies sibirica; octapetala, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Stellaria graminea; C - Hylo- B - Oxalis acetosella and Dryopteris linnaeana; C - Hylocom- comium splendens. ium splendens. Element 3. Moss-lichen and dwarf shrub tundra with Element 3. Mixed coniferous forest. A - Pinus sibirica and polygon bleak spots. B - Vaccinum uliginosum, Salix hastata, Pinus sylvestris; B - Carex macroura and Jris ruthenica. Carex holostoma; C - Ptilidium ciliare, Dicranum angustum, Cladina spp. Potapovo (Taimir Peninsula)—Situated in transitional Animal Material subzone - forest tundra. Element 1. Deciduous mixed forest. A - Betula tortuosa; Field investigations of the soil invertebrate populations B - Cirsium heterophyllum and Calamagrostis purpurea. of different biocenoses used standard methods of soil zoo- Element 2. Birch Forest. A - Betula tortuosa; B - Equise- logical research: hand sorting of soil samples (Gilarov 1975), tum arvense and Mertensia sibirica. pitfall traps (Balogh 1958), and sifting of soil and litter Element 3. Lichen-moss and dwarf shrub tundra. A - rare (Balogh 1958; Tikhomirova 1975). Carabidae populations Larix sibirica and Alnus fruticosa trees B - Vaccinium uligino- were studied in detail. In this region, Carabidae is one of sum, Ledum palustre and Empetrum
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