DOCSLIB.ORG

V E G E Tat I O N M a N a G E M E Nt R E P O

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
V E G E Tat I O N M a N a G E M E Nt R E P O CCCOOOUUUNNNTTTYYY OOOFFF SSSAAANNN DDDIIIEEEGGGOOO VVVEEEGGGEEETTTAAATTTIIIOOONNN MMMAAANNNAAAGGGEEEMMMEEENNNTTT RRREEEPPPOOORRRTTT A Report on Vegetation Management in the Unincorporated Area of San Diego County March 25, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................iii SECTION I: INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................6 1.1 Purpose of the Report .................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1 Board of Supervisor’s Direction..........................................................................6 1.1.2 Report ‘Take Away’ ................................................................................................6 1.2 Fire Issues in San Diego County ................................................................................ 7 1.2.1 Regional Issue.........................................................................................................7 1.2.2 F.A.S.T. Target Areas............................................................................................8 1.3 System Approach to Wildfires ..................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 Fire Suppression...................................................................................................10 1.3.2 Damage Assessment ..........................................................................................10 1.3.3 Fire and Building Codes .....................................................................................10 1.3.4 Vegetation Management ....................................................................................11 1.3.5 Land Use Planning ...............................................................................................11 1.3.6 Education and Outreach.....................................................................................12 1.3.7 Overview 12 1.4 Vegetation Management Technical Committee ..................................................... 12 1.4.1 Committee and Workshops ...............................................................................12 1.4.1.1 Committee Makeup ............................................................ 12 1.4.1.2 Workshop Setting ............................................................... 13 1.4.2 Areas of Discussion and Consensus..............................................................13 1.4.2.1 Vegetation Considerations ................................................. 13 1.4.2.2 Overall Approach to Vegetation Management:................... 15 1.4.2.3 Management Efforts along the Wildland Urban Interface ... 15 1.4.2.4 Strategies for Vegetation Management .............................. 16 SECTION II: VEGETATION MANAGMENT RESOURCES...................................................18 2.1 Vegetation Modification Tools ................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Hand Cutting ..........................................................................................................18 PAGE i 2.1.2 Mastication..............................................................................................................18 2.1.3 Herbivores...............................................................................................................19 2.1.4 Prescribed Burning...............................................................................................19 2.1.5 Herbicides ...............................................................................................................20 2.1.6 Post Management Monitoring...........................................................................21 2.1.7 Treatment Costs....................................................................................................21 2.2 Unique Regulations Specific to Controlled Burns and Other Treatments.......... 21 2.2.1 State 22 2.2.1.1 California Environmental Quality Act .................................. 22 2.2.1.2 CAL FIRE ........................................................................... 22 2.2.1.3 Air Pollution Control District................................................ 24 2.2.2 Local 24 SEC. 87.501. CLEARING PERMIT REQUIRED.......................... 25 SEC. 87.502. EXEMPTIONS. ...................................................... 25 SEC. 86.501. FINDINGS, PURPOSE AND INTENT. .................. 25 SEC. 86.502. APPLICATION OF REGULATIONS. ..................... 25 SEC. 86.503. EXEMPTIONS. ...................................................... 26 SECTION III: VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES .................................................27 3.1 Approach to Defining the Priorities........................................................................... 27 3.2 Summary of the Priority Areas .................................................................................. 29 3.2.1 Priority Area #1: Palomar Mountain...............................................................29 3.2.2 Priority Area #2: I-8 Laguna Fire.....................................................................29 3.2.3 Priority Area #3: Southeastern County .........................................................30 3.2.4 Priority Area #4: Greater Julian.......................................................................31 3.2.5 Priority Area #5: San Luis Rey West .............................................................31 3.2.6 Priority Area #6: Rancho (Santa Fe) .............................................................31 3.2.7 Priority Area #7: Santa Margarita ...................................................................32 3.2.8 Priority Area #8: Northeast County – Warner Springs .............................32 3.2.9 Priority Area #9: Cuyamaca - Laguna..........................................................32 SECTION IV: VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PROJECTS ..................................................34 4.1 Federal and Tribal Lands ........................................................................................... 34 4.1.1 Cleveland National Forest..................................................................................34 4.1.2 Bureau of Land Management ...........................................................................35 PAGE ii 4.1.3 Bureau of Indian Affairs ......................................................................................35 4.1.4 Natural Resource Conservation Service .......................................................35 4.2 State Agencies............................................................................................................. 35 4.2.1 CAL FIRE ................................................................................................................35 4.2.2 California State Parks..........................................................................................36 4.2.3 California Department of Fish and Game......................................................36 4.3 County of San Diego................................................................................................... 37 4.3.1 Multiple Species Conservation Program .......................................................37 4.3.2 County Owned Lands..........................................................................................39 4.3.3 Fuels Reduction Program...................................................................................41 4.3.4 Defensible Space Inspection Program...........................................................41 4.4 Resource Conservation District of Greater San Diego County, and Fire Safe Council of San Diego County and Community Fire Safe Councils ..................... 42 SECTION V: VEGETATION MANAGEMENT NEXT STEPS................................................44 5.1 Priority Specific Vegetation Management Plans .................................................... 44 5.1.1 Plan Development ................................................................................................44 5.1.2 Plan Implementation ............................................................................................44 5.1.3 Plan Monitoring......................................................................................................45 5.2 Local Legislative Policy .............................................................................................. 45 5.3 State Legislative Change ........................................................................................... 45 5.4 Seasonal Park Closures............................................................................................. 45 5.5 Ornamental Landscape Regulations........................................................................ 46 5.6 Research on Fire Behavior and Ember Production............................................... 46 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................47 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................49 Appendix A: 10-Year Fire History – San Diego County Appendix B: FAST Project Areas
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Community Wildfire Protection Plan and Other Natural Disasters
    Laguna Beach Community Wildfire Protection Plan And Other Natural Disasters Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3 1. Laguna Beach History......................................................................................................... 3 2. Covered Area ...................................................................................................................... 3 3. CWPP Purpose .................................................................................................................... 3 II. CITY RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................. 3 1. Fire ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Floods ................................................................................................................................ 39 3. Tsunamis ........................................................................................................................... 41 4. Earthquakes ....................................................................................................................... 47 5. Evacuation Plan ................................................................................................................ 53 III. PUBLIC RESOURCES ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Major Fires in San Diego County History
    Major fires in San Diego County history September 1913: Barona fire burned 65,470 acres. September 1928: Witch Creek fire near Santa Ysabel charred 33,240 acres. September 1928: Beauty Peak fire near the Riverside County border in the North County blackened 67,000 acres. October 1943: Hauser Creek fire in the Cleveland National Forest, at least 9 firefighters dead (including 7 marines), 72 injuries and 10,000 acres burned. August 1944: Laguna Junction fire burned 60,000 acres August 1950: Conejos Fire charred 64,000 acres. [Month unknown] 1952: Cuyamaca fire burned 64,000 acres November 1956: Inaja fire killed 11 firefighters and burned 43,904 acres near Julian. September 26-Oct. 3 1970: The Laguna fire, the county's largest fire in modern times, burned 175,425 acres, killed eight people and destroyed 382 homes. In 24 hours the fire burned from near Mount Laguna into the outskirts of El Cajon and Spring Valley. September 1978: PSA Crash in North Park June 1985: Normal Heights fire destroyed or damaged 116 houses, causing $8.6 million in damage. October 1993: Guejito fire east of Escondido charred 20,000 acres and destroyed 18 houses. Estimated $1.25 million damage. October 1996: Harmony Grove fire burned 8,600 acres, from Harmony Grove west of Escondido to La Costa, destroying nearly 110 homes and killing one man. August 1997: Lake Wohlford fire northeast of Escondido - an arson blaze - destroyed seven houses and burned 500 acres. October 1999: La Jolla Fire (La Jolla Indian Reservation) burned approximately 7,800 acres and 1 firefighter died.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume-1-San-Diego-Main-Report
    Folsom (Sacramento), CA Management Consultants Regional Fire Services Deployment Study for the CountyCounty ofof SanSan DiegoDiego OfficeOffice ofof EmergencyEmergency ServicesServices Volume 1 of 3 – Main Report May 5, 2010 2250 East Bidwell St., Ste #100 Folsom, CA 95630 (916) 458-5100 Fax: (916) 983-2090 This page was intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page VOLUME 1 of 3 – (this volume) PART ONE—EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i. Executive Summary ......................................................................................... 1 Policy Choices Framework .................................................................... 2 Overall Attributes of the County of San Diego’s Fire Services............. 2 Accomplishments to Date ...................................................................... 3 Main Challenges..................................................................................... 3 Fire Plan Phasing.................................................................................. 17 ii. Comprehensive List of Findings and Recommendations ........................... 19 PART TWO—PROJECT BACKGROUND Section 1 Introduction and Background to the Regional Deployment Study .......................................................................................... 37 1.1 Project Approach and Research Methods.................................. 38 1.2 Report Organization................................................................... 38 1.3 Project Background...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Forest Trees in California." 1976
    Map 52 86 Map 53 87 Map 54 (top) Map 55 (bottom) 88 Map 56 89 Map 57 (top) Map 58 (bottom) 90 Map 59 91 Map 60 (top) Map 61 (bottom) 92 Map 62 93 Map 63 94 Map 64 (top) Map 65 (bottom) 95 Map 66 96 Map 67 (top) Map 68 (bottom) 97 Map 69 98 Map 70 99 Map 71 (top) Map 72 (bottom) 100 Map 73 101 Map 74 102 Map 75 (top) Map 76 (bottom) 103 Map 77 (top) Map 78 (bottom) 104 Map 79 (top) Map 80 (bottom) 105 Map 81 106 Map 82 (top) Map 83 (bottom) 107 Map 84 108 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF PLACE NAMES Name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Adin Pass 41°21' 120°55' Caliente 35°17.5' 118°37.5' Aetna Springs 38°39' 122°29' Caliente Mt. 35°02' 119°45.5' Alder Creek 35°52' 121°24' Callahan 41°18.5' 122°48' Amador City 38°25' 120°49.5' Canyon Creek 40°56' 123°01' Anastasia Canyon 36°20.5' 121°34' Canyon Creek Lakes 40°58.5' 123°01.5' Anchor Bay 38°48' 123°34.5' Carmel Valley 36°30' 121°45' Anderson Valley 39°00' 123°22' Cascade Canyon 34°12.5' 117°39' Antelope Valley 34°45' 118° 15' Castle Crags 41°11' 122°21' Applegate 39°00' 120°59.5' Castle Lake 41°13.5' 122°23' Arroyo Seco 36°16' 121°23' Castle Peak 39°22' 120°21' Asbill Creek 39°55.5' 123°21.5' Cedar Basin 40°11' 122°59' Ash Creek 40°28' 122°00' Cedar Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Wildfire Rebuilding and New Development in California Indicates Minimal Adaptation to Fire Risk
    Land Use Policy 107 (2021) 105502 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Land Use Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol Post-wildfire rebuilding and new development in California indicates minimal adaptation to fire risk H. Anu Kramer a,*, Van Butsic b, Miranda H. Mockrin c, Carlos Ramirez-Reyes a, Patricia M. Alexandre a,d, Volker C. Radeloff a a SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA b Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, 231 Mulford Hall, Berkeley CA 94720, USA c Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 5523 Research Park Dr. Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA d Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Every year, wildfires destroy thousands of buildings in the United States, especially in the rapidly growing Wildfire wildland-urban interface, where homes and wildland vegetation meet or intermingle. After a wildfire there is a Housing growth window of opportunity for residents and public agencies to re-shape patterns of development, and avoid Wildland urban interface development in locations that are inherently at higher risk of wildfire destruction. We examined 28 of the most Policy destructive wildfiresin California, the state where most buildings are destroyed by wildfires,to evaluate whether Planning locations of rebuilt and newly constructed buildings were adaptive (i.e., if building occurred in lower risk areas). In total, these fires burned 7,075 buildings from 1970 to 2009. We found minimal evidence for adaptation both in the number and placement of buildings post-fire.
    [Show full text]
  • Rancho La Puerta, 2016
    The Journal of The Journal of SanSan DiegoDiego Volume 62 Winter 2016 Number 1 • The Journal of San Diego History Diego San of Journal 1 • The Number 2016 62 Winter Volume HistoryHistory The Journal of San Diego History Founded in 1928 as the San Diego Historical Society, today’s San Diego History Center is one of the largest and oldest historical organizations on the West Coast. It houses vast regionally significant collections of objects, photographs, documents, films, oral histories, historic clothing, paintings, and other works of art. The San Diego History Center operates two major facilities in national historic landmark districts: The Research Library and History Museum in Balboa Park and the Serra Museum in Presidio Park. The San Diego History Center presents dynamic changing exhibitions that tell the diverse stories of San Diego’s past, present, and future, and it provides educational programs for K-12 schoolchildren as well as adults and families. www.sandiegohistory.org Front Cover: Scenes from Rancho La Puerta, 2016. Back Cover: The San Diego River following its historic course to the Pacific Ocean. The San Diego Trolley and a local highrise flank the river. Design and Layout: Allen Wynar Printing: Crest Offset Printing Editorial Assistants: Cynthia van Stralen Travis Degheri Joey Seymour Articles appearing in The Journal of San Diego History are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. The paper in the publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. The Journal of San Diego History IRIS H.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Vegetation Communities of San Diego County
    DRAFT VEGETATION COMMUNITIES OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY Based on “Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California” prepared by Robert F. Holland, Ph.D. for State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game (October 1986) Codes revised by Thomas Oberbauer (February 1996) Revised and expanded by Meghan Kelly (August 2006) Further revised and reorganized by Jeremy Buegge (March 2008) March 2008 Suggested citation: Oberbauer, Thomas, Meghan Kelly, and Jeremy Buegge. March 2008. Draft Vegetation Communities of San Diego County. Based on “Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California”, Robert F. Holland, Ph.D., October 1986. March 2008 Draft Vegetation Communities of San Diego County Introduction San Diego’s vegetation communities owe their diversity to the wide range of soil and climatic conditions found in the County. The County encompasses desert, mountainous and coastal conditions over a wide range of elevation, precipitation and temperature changes. These conditions provide niches for endemic species and a wide range of vegetation communities. San Diego County is home to over 200 plant and animal species that are federally listed as rare, endangered, or threatened. The preservation of this diversity of species and habitats is important for the health of ecosystem functions, and their economic and intrinsic values. In order to effectively classify the wide variety of vegetation communities found here, the framework developed by Robert Holland in 1986 has been added to and customized for San Diego County. To supplement the original Holland Code, additions were made by Thomas Oberbauer in 1996 to account for unique habitats found in San Diego and to account for artificial habitat features (i.e., 10,000 series).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4: Fire Hazards
    TECHNICAL BACKGROUND REPORT to the 2003 SAFETY ELEMENT CITY of GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA CHAPTER 4: FIRE HAZARDS 4.1 Wildland Fires Due to its weather, topography and native vegetation, the entire southern California area is at risk from wildland fires. The extended droughts characteristic of California’s Mediterranean climate result in large areas of dry vegetation that provide fuel for wildland fires. Furthermore, the native vegetation typically has a high oil content that makes it highly flammable. The area is also intermittently impacted by Santa Ana (or Santana) winds, the hot, dry winds that blow across southern California in the spring and late fall. These winds often fan and help spread fires in the region. Combine these conditions with the fact that more people than ever are living and playing in wildland areas, and the potential for major wildland fires to occur increases even further. In fact, the wildfire risk in the United States has increased in the last few decades with the increasing encroachment of residences and other structures into the wildland environment and the enduring drought conditions that have affected some regions. Between 1990 and 1999 inclusive, there were on average 106,347 wildfires annually in the United States, for a combined average annual burn of nearly 3.65 million acres of brush (htpp://nifc.gov/fireinfo/1999/highlites.html). These fires are for the most part caused by people: between 1988 and 1997, human-induced fires burned nearly eight times more acreage than fires caused by lightning. A wildfire that consumes hundreds to thousands of acres of vegetated property can overwhelm local emergency response resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix C Lake Wohlford Dam Replacement Project
    APPENDIX C LAKE WOHLFORD DAM REPLACEMENT PROJECT BIOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT Lake Wohlford Dam Replacement Project EIR Appendices BIOLOGICAL TECHNICAL REPORT FOR THE LAKE WOHLFORD DAM REPLACEMENT PROJECT Prepared for: City of Escondido Utilities Department 201 North Broadway Escondido, California 92025 Prepared by: AECOM 401 West A Street, Suite 1200 San Diego, California 92101 (619) 610-7600 Contact: Lyndon Quon August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1.0 – INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose of Study and Project Background ............................................................. 1 1.2 Project Description.................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Project Location ..........................................................................................5 1.2.2 Project Purpose ............................................................................................5 1.2.3 Project Description ......................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2.0 – METHODS ........................................................................................................13 2.1 Biological Study Area ........................................................................................... 13 2.2 Biological Field
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Risk Is Up; Is Rattlesnake Risk Up, Too?
    Fire Safety News Serving the communities of Castle Creek, Champagne Village, Deer Springs, West Lilac, Gordon Hill, Hidden Meadows, Jesmond Dene, Rimrock, and the Welk Resort A 501(c)(3) Community Service Organization SEPTEMBER 9, 2014 Ground forces move to the front in the battle against the 32,000-acre Eiler Fire, one of several fires to strike Northern California this summer. / Photo, Jeff Hall, CAL FIRE VIP Photographer Inside This Issue Forward this issue to a friend Parched Brush Intensifies Fire Risk Rattlesnakes Invading Deer Springs? Well, Maybe Not Drought Advice: Be Careful Out There Have you heard (or seen) ... Helpful Phone Numbers Parched Brush Intensifies Fire Risk As California firefighters chase blazes from the Oregon to the Mexico borders, fear grows that Southern California is on the verge of a catastrophic fire. San Diego County has already experienced an unprecedented event this year — Santa Ana wind-driven fires in the month of May. “Santa Ana winds have started many fires that historically have resulted in the loss of many lives and structures in San Diego County,” said CAL FIRE Battalion Chief Nick Schuler, who is based in Deer Springs. But the fires that struck North San Diego County in May struck with surprising ferocity. “This was the first time that we’ve seen a fire in a coastal community that moved so rapidly,” Schuler said of the Poinsettia Fire, which hit Carlsbad on May 14. “Within minutes of the fire breaking out, homes were threatened and self-evacuations were occurring. The magnitude of the fire was alarming.” Six hundred acres of tinder-dry brush burned in Carlsbad in a matter of hours, destroying five single-family residences, 18 apartment units and a large commercial building, and damaging other structures.
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Topographic Maps of California
    USGS Topographic Maps of California: 7.5' (1:24,000) Planimetric Planimetric Map Name Reference Regular Replace Ref Replace Reg County Orthophotoquad DRG Digital Stock No Paper Overlay Aberdeen 1985, 1994 1985 (3), 1994 (3) Fresno, Inyo 1994 TCA3252 Academy 1947, 1964 (pp), 1964, 1947, 1964 (3) 1964 1964 c.1, 2, 3 Fresno 1964 TCA0002 1978 Ackerson Mountain 1990, 1992 1992 (2) Mariposa, Tuolumne 1992 TCA3473 Acolita 1953, 1992, 1998 1953 (3), 1992 (2) Imperial 1992 TCA0004 Acorn Hollow 1985 Tehama 1985 TCA3327 Acton 1959, 1974 (pp), 1974 1959 (3), 1974 (2), 1994 1974 1994 c.2 Los Angeles 1994 TCA0006 (2), 1994, 1995 (2) Adelaida 1948 (pp), 1948, 1978 1948 (3), 1978 1948, 1978 1948 (pp) c.1 San Luis Obispo 1978 TCA0009 (pp), 1978 Adelanto 1956, 1968 (pp), 1968, 1956 (3), 1968 (3), 1980 1968, 1980 San Bernardino 1993 TCA0010 1980 (pp), 1980 (2), (2) 1993 Adin 1990 Lassen, Modoc 1990 TCA3474 Adin Pass 1990, 1993 1993 (2) Modoc 1993 TCA3475 Adobe Mountain 1955, 1968 (pp), 1968 1955 (3), 1968 (2), 1992 1968 Los Angeles, San 1968 TCA0012 Bernardino Aetna Springs 1958 (pp), 1958, 1981 1958 (3), 1981 (2) 1958, 1981 1981 (pp) c.1 Lake, Napa 1992 TCA0013 (pp), 1981, 1992, 1998 Agua Caliente Springs 1959 (pp), 1959, 1997 1959 (2) 1959 San Diego 1959 TCA0014 Agua Dulce 1960 (pp), 1960, 1974, 1960 (3), 1974 (3), 1994 1960 Los Angeles 1994 TCA0015 1988, 1994, 1995 (3) Aguanga 1954, 1971 (pp), 1971, 1954 (2), 1971 (3), 1982 1971 1954 c.2 Riverside, San Diego 1988 TCA0016 1982, 1988, 1997 (3), 1988 Ah Pah Ridge 1983, 1997 1983 Del Norte, Humboldt 1983
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-First Century California, USA, Wildfires: Fuel-Dominated Vs. Wind- Dominated Fires Jon E
    Keeley and Syphard Fire Ecology (2019) 15:24 Fire Ecology https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0 FORUM Open Access Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: fuel-dominated vs. wind- dominated fires Jon E. Keeley1,2* and Alexandra D. Syphard3 Abstract Since the beginning of the twenty-first century California, USA, has experienced a substantial increase in the frequency of large wildfires, often with extreme impacts on people and property. Due to the size of the state, it is not surprising that the factors driving these changes differ across this region. Although there are always multiple factors driving wildfire behavior, we believe a helpful model for understanding fires in the state is to frame the discussion in terms of bottom-up vs. top-down controls on fire behavior; that is, fires that are clearly dominated by anomalously high fuel loads from those dominated by extreme wind events. Of course, this distinction is somewhat artificial in that all fires are controlled by multiple factors involving fuels, winds, and topography. However, we believe that fires clearly recognizable as fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated provide interesting case studies of factors behind these two extremes. These two types of fires differ greatly in their (1) geographical distribution in the state, (2) past fire history, (3) prominent sources of ignition, (4) seasonal timing, (5) resources most at risk, and (6) requirement for different management responses. Keywords: fire prevention, fire suppression, fuel loads, house protection, land planning, North Winds, population growth, Santa Ana Winds, silvicultural practices Resumen Desde comienzos del siglo veinte, California, EEUU, ha experimentado un incremento substancial en la frecuencia de grandes incendios, frecuentemente con grandes impactos en la gente y en las propiedades.
    [Show full text]